Thai and Lao Braille: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Braille alphabets of the Thai and Lao languages}} |
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{{Infobox writing system |
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{{Contains special characters|Braille}} |
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| altname = Lao Braille |
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| type = alphabet |
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| typedesc = |
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| time = |
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| languages = [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]] |
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| fam1 = [[Braille]] |
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| fam2 = [[English Braille|English]] and [[Japanese Braille]] |
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| children = [[Cambodian Braille]] |
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| sample = |
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| imagesize = |
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| note = none |
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}} |
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{{BrailleChars}} |
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'''Thai Braille''' |
'''Thai Braille''' ({{Lang|th|อักษรเบรลล์}}) and '''Lao Braille''' ({{lang|lo|ອັກສອນເບຣລລ໌}}) are the [[braille]] alphabets of the [[Thai language]] and [[Lao language]]. Thai Braille was adapted by [[Genevieve Caulfield]], who knew both English and Japanese Braille. Unlike the print [[Thai alphabet]], which is an [[abugida]], Thai and Lao Braille have full letters rather than diacritics for vowels. However, traces of the abugida remain: Only the consonants are based on the international [[World Braille|English and French]] standard, while the vowels are reassigned and the five vowels transcribed ''a e i o u'' are taken from [[Japanese Braille]]. |
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With a few minor modifications, it's also used for [[Lao language|Lao]]. |
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==Braille charts== |
==Braille charts== |
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Thai and Lao Braille run as follows:<ref>[http://stu-aff.oop.cmu.ac.th/QA/KM/KM5304.pdf คู่มือการอ่าน การเขียน และการผลิตเอกสารอักษรเบรลล์ขั้นพื้นฐาน]</ref><ref>[http://www.slri.or.th/th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=361%3A2011-02-27-09-33-06&catid=58%3Abl6-dxl&Itemid=91]</ref><ref>UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064 World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.</ref> |
Thai and Lao Braille run as follows:<ref>[http://stu-aff.oop.cmu.ac.th/QA/KM/KM5304.pdf คู่มือการอ่าน การเขียน และการผลิตเอกสารอักษรเบรลล์ขั้นพื้นฐาน]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref>[http://www.slri.or.th/th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=361%3A2011-02-27-09-33-06&catid=58%3Abl6-dxl&Itemid=91] (Parked Domain)</ref><ref>UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064 World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.</ref> |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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Consonants follow English and international conventions except where, as in ''b'' and ''f'', there is interference from the Japanese-derived vowels. Low-tone-class ''kh, ng, ch, s, th, f'' are derived from English Braille ''k, g, st, s, th, f'' by adding dot 6. ''B'' and low ''ph'' are derived from high ''ph'' through reflection; ''p'' is a superposition of ''b'' and ''ph''; the three consonants had been transcribed ''b, bp, p'' in Caulfield's day. |
Consonants follow English and international conventions except where, as in ''b'' and ''f'', there is interference from the Japanese-derived vowels. Low-tone-class ''kh, ng, ch, s, th, f'' are derived from English Braille ''k, g, st, s, th, f'' by adding dot 6. ''B'' and low ''ph'' are derived from high ''ph'' through reflection; ''p'' is a superposition of ''b'' and ''ph''; the three consonants had been transcribed ''b, bp, p'' in Caulfield's day. |
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<span style="font-size:250%;"> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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<!-- row --> |
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|- align=center |
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<!-- thai --> |
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![[Thai alphabet|Thai]]<br>[[Lao alphabet|Lao]] |
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|- align=center |
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|ก ''k''<br>ກ ''k''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ข ''kh''<br>ຂ ''kh''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ฃ ''*kh''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ค ''kh''<br>ຄ ''kh''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฅ ''*kh''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฆ ''kh''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ง ''ng''<br>ງ ''ng'' |
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![[Thai alphabet|Thai]] |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ก ''k'' |
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!Braille |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ข ''kh'' |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠛}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠅}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴|⠅}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠥}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠤|⠥}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠥}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠻}} |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ฃ ''*kh'' |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ค ''kh'' |
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|rowspan=3| ||rowspan=2|จ ''c''<br>ຈ ''ch''||rowspan=2 {{bg-c|#fff}}|ฉ ''ch''<br> ||rowspan=3| ||rowspan=2 {{bg-c|#ccc}}|ช ''ch''<br> ||rowspan=2 {{bg-c|#ccc}}|ซ ''s''<br>ຊ ''s''||rowspan=2 {{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฌ ''ch''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ญ ''y'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฅ ''*kh'' |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฆ ''kh'' |
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| ຢ ''y'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ง ''ng'' |
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|- align=center |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠚}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠌}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠬}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠮}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠬}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠽}} |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|- align=center |
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|ฎ ''d''||ฏ ''t''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ฐ ''th''||rowspan=2| ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฑ ''th''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฒ ''th''||rowspan=2| ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ณ ''n'' |
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![[Lao alphabet|Lao]] |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ກ ''k'' |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠙}}|| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠳}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠞}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠾}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠤|⠾}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠝}} |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ຂ ''kh'' |
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|- align=center |
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| | |
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|ด ''d''<br>ດ ''d''||ต ''t''<br>ຕ ''t''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ถ ''th''<br>ຖ ''th''||rowspan=2| ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ท ''th''<br>ທ ''th''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ธ ''th''<br> ||rowspan=2| ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|น ''n''<br>ນ ''n'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຄ ''kh'' |
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|- align=center |
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| | |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠙}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠳}}|| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠞}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠾}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴|⠾}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠝}} |
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| | |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ງ ''ng'' |
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|บ ''b''<br>ບ ''b''||ป ''p''<br>ປ ''p''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ผ ''ph''<br>ຜ ''ph''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ฝ ''f''<br>ຝ ''f''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|พ ''ph''<br>ພ ''ph''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฟ ''f''<br>ຟ ''f''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ภ ''ph''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ม ''m''<br>ມ ''m'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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<!-- braille --> |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠧}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠯}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠏}}|| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠭}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠹}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠫}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠹}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠍}} |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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!Braille |
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|{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ย ''y''<br>ຍ ''ⁿy''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ร ''r''<br>ຣ ''r''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ล ''l''<br>ລ ''l''||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ว ''w''<br>ວ ''w'' |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠛}} |
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|{{bg-c|#fff}}|ศ ''s''<br> ||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ษ ''s''<br> ||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ส ''s''<br>ສ ''s''||{{bg-c|#fff}}|ห ''h''<br>ຫ ''h'' |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠅}} |
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|- align=center |
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| |
|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴|⠅}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠥}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠤|⠥}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠥}} |
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| |
|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠻}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|rowspan=2| ||อ '<br>ອ '||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฬ ''l''<br> ||{{bg-c|#ccc}}|ฮ ''h''<br>ຮ ''h'' |
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|- |
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|- align=center |
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|colspan=8| |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠇}}|| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠿}} |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|จ ''c''<br> |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ฉ ''ch''<br> |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ช ''ch''<br> |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ซ ''s''<br> |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฌ ''ch''<br> |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ญ ''y'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ຈ ''ch'' |
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| | |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຊ ''s'' |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ຢ ''y'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠚}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠌}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠬}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠮}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠬}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠽}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|- |
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|colspan=8| |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ฎ ''d'' |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ฏ ''t'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ฐ ''th'' |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฑ ''th'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฒ ''th'' |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ณ ''n'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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| | |
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| | |
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| | |
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| | |
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| | |
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| | |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠙}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠳}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠞}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠾}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠤|⠾}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠝}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|- |
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|colspan=8| |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ด ''d'' |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ต ''t'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ถ ''th'' |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ท ''th'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ธ ''th'' |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|น ''n'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ດ ''d'' |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ຕ ''t'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ຖ ''th'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ທ ''th'' |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ນ ''n'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠙}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠳}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠞}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠾}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴|⠾}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠝}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|- |
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|colspan=8| |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|บ ''b'' |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ป ''p'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ผ ''ph'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ฝ ''f'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|พ ''ph'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฟ ''f'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ภ ''ph'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ม ''m'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ບ ''b'' |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ປ ''p'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ຜ ''ph'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ຝ ''f'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ພ ''ph'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຟ ''f'' |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ມ ''m'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠧}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠯}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠏}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠭}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠹}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠫}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠹}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠍}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|- |
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|colspan=8| |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ย ''y'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ร ''r'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ล ''l'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ว ''w'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ศ ''s'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ษ ''s'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ส ''s'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ห ''h'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຍ ''ⁿy'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຣ ''r'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ລ ''l'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ວ ''w'' |
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| | |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ສ ''s'' |
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|style="background-color: #fff; color: #000"|ຫ ''h'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠽}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠗}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠇}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠺}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠎}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠤|⠎}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠎}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠓}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|- |
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|colspan=8| |
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<!-- row --> |
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<!-- thai --> |
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|- align=center |
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|rowspan=3| |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|อ ' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฬ ''l'' |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ฮ ''h'' |
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<!-- /thai --> |
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<!-- lao --> |
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|- align=center |
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|style="background-color: #888; color: #fff"|ອ ' |
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| | |
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|style="background-color: #000; color: #fff"|ຮ ''h'' |
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<!-- /lao --> |
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<!-- braille --> |
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|- align=center |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠠|⠇}} |
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|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠿}} |
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<!-- /braille --> |
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<!-- /row --> |
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|} |
|} |
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Letters with asterisks are obsolete. Light cells are high tone-class letters in Thai, medium cells mid tone class, and dark cells low tone class. Consonants of different tone classes have distinct braille letters; complete homonyms, found in Thai only, are distinguished by prefixes. The one prefix in Lao is found in {{IPA|/jaː/}} (ຢ {{bc|⠠|⠽}} ''y''), which corresponds to Thai ''ying'' (ญ {{bc|⠠|⠽}} ''y'') in Braille but corresponds to Thai ''yak'' (ย {{bc|⠽}} ''y'') in alphabetic (non-Braille) position. Lao {{IPA|/ɲúŋ/}} (ຍ {{bc|⠽}} ''ny'') corresponds to Thai ''yak'' (ย {{bc|⠽}} ''y'') in Braille and looks but corresponds to Thai ''ying'' (ญ {{bc|⠠|⠽}} ''y'') in alphabetic position. |
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</span> |
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Letters with asterisks are obsolete. Light cells are high tone-class letters in Thai, medium cells mid tone class, and dark cells low tone class. Consonants of different tone classes have distinct braille letters; complete homonyms (found in Thai only) are distinguished by prefixes. The one prefix in Lao is found with what was historically ''y'', but is written as in the Thai ''y'' that was historically ''ny''. |
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In |
In Thai, {{bc|h}} ''h'' is prefixed to low-class nasal stops and non-plosives {{bc|⠻| |⠠|⠽| |n| |m| |r| |l| |w}} ''ng y n m r l w'' to move them to the high-tone class. Lao has the same system for similar characters {{bc|⠻| |y| |n| |m| |l| |w}} ''ng ny n m l w''. |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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The short vowels transcribed ''a e i o u'' are taken from Japanese Braille, and the long vowels ''ā ē ī ō ū'' are derived from these. ⠕ ''ǫ'' ({{ipa|ɔ}}) is French |
The short vowels transcribed ''a e i o u'' are taken from Japanese Braille, and the long vowels ''ā ē ī ō ū'' are derived from these. {{bc|⠕}} ''ǫ'' ({{ipa|ɔ}}) is French and international ''o'', and {{bc|⠪}} ''eu/ue'' is French ''œ''. The other vowels have little recognizable connection to other braille alphabets. |
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All vowels are written after the consonant in braille, regardless of their order in print. Although the vowels have different forms in print, depending on their environment, they have a single form in braille with few exceptions (short ''a'' and in Lao short ''o''). |
All vowels are written after the consonant in braille, regardless of their order in print. Although the vowels have different forms in print, depending on their environment, they have a single form in braille with few exceptions (short ''a'' and in Lao short ''o''). |
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Line 82: | Line 262: | ||
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠜}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠣}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠋}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠊}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕}} || colspan=2|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕|⠁}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠩}} |
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠜}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠣}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠋}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠊}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕}} || colspan=2|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠕|⠁}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠩}} |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| ำ ''am''<br>◌ໍາ ||ไ◌ ''ai''<br>ໄ◌ ||colspan=2|ใ◌ ''ai''<br>ໃ◌ ||เ◌ |
| ำ ''am''<br>◌ໍາ ||ไ◌ ''ai''<br>ໄ◌ ||colspan=2|ใ◌ ''ai''<br>ໃ◌ ||เ◌า ''ao''<br>ເ◌ົາ || ัว ''ūa''<br>◌ົວ ||เีย ''īa''<br>ເ◌ຍ ||เือ ''e͞ua''<br>ເ◌ືອ |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠵}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠱}} || colspan=2|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠱|⠂}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠖}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠑}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠷}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠟}} |
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠵}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠱}} || colspan=2|{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠱|⠂}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠖}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠑}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠷}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠟}} |
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>Lao has reassigned {{bc|c}} to ◌ົ ''o'' and moved ◌ຸ ''u'' to {{bc|-}}. |
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Lao has reassigned {{bc|c}} to ◌ົ ''o'' and moved ◌ຸ ''u'' to {{bc|-}}. |
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When |
When {{angle bracket|ะ}} is used in print to indicate a short vowel, {{angle bracket|{{Braille cell|type=text|⠁}}}} is appended to the vowel in braille. ฤๅ and ฦๅ are written as ฤ or ฦ plus า in braille. The one irregularity in Thai, also found in Lao, is {{angle bracket|{{Braille cell|type=text|⠕|⠁}}}} for {{angle bracket|เ–าะ}} short ''ǫ'', written in braille though not in print as the short variant of {{Braille cell|type=text|⠕}} –อ long ''ǭ''. Lao has additional, similar regularization of print conventions: {{bc|sh|1}} for short ເ◌ິ ''oe'', and similarly the braille short sign for a different print diacritic in short ເ◌ຶອ ''eua'' and ເ◌ັຍ ''ia''. |
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===Tone letters |
===Tone letters=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|่ ''¹'' |
| ่ <br> ◌່ <br> ''¹''|| ้ <br> ◌້ <br> ''²'' || ๊ <br> ◌໊ <br> ''³'' || ๋ <br> ◌໋ <br> ''⁴'' |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠔}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠔}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠲}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠶}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠦}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠂}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠄}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|bb}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|l}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠲}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠶}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠦}} |
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|} |
|} |
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===Other symbols === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- align=center |
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| ์ || ๆ || ็ ฺ || ฯ || ฯลฯ || ◌̊ |
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|- align=center |
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| || ໆ || || || || |
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|- align=center |
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| silent characters || [[reduplication]] || denotes short vowel || [[abbreviation]] || ''etc.'' || [[anusvara]] |
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|- align=center |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠴}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠂}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|⠄}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|bb}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|l}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|5}} |
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|} |
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The short sign ({{bc|3}} ็) is also used for the rarer [[virama]] ({{bc|3}} ฺ). |
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==Numbers== |
==Numbers== |
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Numbers are the same as in other braille alphabets, though dot six {{bc|6}} is prefixed to the {{bc|#}} to specify that they're Thai |
Numbers are the same as in other braille alphabets, though dot six {{bc|6}} is prefixed to the {{bc|#}} to specify that they're Thai or Lao digits. Thus, a sequence of numbers begins with {{bc|6|#}}. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- align=center |
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| prefix denoting numbers |
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|- align=center |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|6|#}} |
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|} |
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{| class=wikitable |
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|- align=center |
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! |
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! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 |
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! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 0 |
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|- align=center |
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!Thai Numerals |
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| ๑ || ๒ || ๓ || ๔ || ๕ |
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| ๖ || ๗ || ๘ || ๙ || ๐ |
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|- align=center |
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!Lao Numerals |
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| ໑ || ໒ || ໓ || ໔ || ໕ |
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| ໖ || ໗ || ໘ || ໙ || ໐ |
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|- align=center |
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!Braille |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠁}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠃}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠉}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠙}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠑}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠋}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠛}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠓}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠊}} |
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| {{bc|type=image|size=30px|⠚}} |
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|} |
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==Punctuation== |
==Punctuation== |
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Single (though not paired) clause-final punctuation may introduced with {{bc|456}}, but is otherwise as in English Braille. |
Single (though not paired) clause-final punctuation may introduced with {{bc|456}}, but is otherwise as in English Braille. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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Line 120: | Line 354: | ||
|} |
|} |
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There is some variability in the use of the {{bc|456}} to mark stop/period, comma, and the exclamation point. Thai Braille seems to use {{bc|3}} for the comma, while Lao Braille uses {{bc|456|2}}, unless the latter is a copy error in Unesco (2013). |
There is some variability in the use of the {{bc|456}} to mark stop/period, comma, and the exclamation point. Thai Braille seems to use {{bc|3}} for the comma, while Lao Braille uses {{bc|456|2}}, unless the latter is a copy error in Unesco (2013). |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| |
| – || = || [[ditto mark|″]] || % |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|36}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|gg}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|5|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|4|jj}} |
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|36}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|56|gg}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|5|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|4|jj}} |
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Line 131: | Line 365: | ||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| “ |
| “ ... ” || ( ... ) || ........ || ----- |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|hh||jj}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|gg||gg}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|3|3|3|3|3}} |
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|hh}}...{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|jj}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|gg}}...{{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|gg}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|3|3|3|3|3}} |
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| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|kk|3|3|3|3|kk}} |
| {{Braille cell|type=image|size=30px|kk|3|3|3|3|kk}} |
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|} |
|} |
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==Example== |
==Example== |
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:{| |
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<span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|vn|วิกิพีเดีย}}</span> |
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|- align=center |
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!Braille |
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<span style="font-size:250%;">⠺⠃⠛⠃⠹⠆⠙⠷</span> |
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|{{bc|w|b|size=250%}}||{{bc|g|b|size=250%}}||{{bc|th|bb|size=250%}}||{{bc|d|of|size=250%}} |
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|- align=center |
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!Thai |
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|style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|th|วิ}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|th|กิ}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|th|พี}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|th|เดีย}} |
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|- align=center |
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!Lao |
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|style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|lo|ວິ}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|lo|ກິ}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|lo|ພີ}}||style="font-size:220%"|{{lang|lo|ເດຍ}} |
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|} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 21:30, 28 August 2023
Thai Braille (อักษรเบรลล์) and Lao Braille (ອັກສອນເບຣລລ໌) are the braille alphabets of the Thai language and Lao language. Thai Braille was adapted by Genevieve Caulfield, who knew both English and Japanese Braille. Unlike the print Thai alphabet, which is an abugida, Thai and Lao Braille have full letters rather than diacritics for vowels. However, traces of the abugida remain: Only the consonants are based on the international English and French standard, while the vowels are reassigned and the five vowels transcribed a e i o u are taken from Japanese Braille.
Braille charts
[edit]Thai and Lao Braille run as follows:[1][2][3]
Consonants
[edit]Consonants follow English and international conventions except where, as in b and f, there is interference from the Japanese-derived vowels. Low-tone-class kh, ng, ch, s, th, f are derived from English Braille k, g, st, s, th, f by adding dot 6. B and low ph are derived from high ph through reflection; p is a superposition of b and ph; the three consonants had been transcribed b, bp, p in Caulfield's day.
Thai | ก k | ข kh | ฃ *kh | ค kh | ฅ *kh | ฆ kh | ง ng |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lao | ກ k | ຂ kh | ຄ kh | ງ ng | |||
Braille | |||||||
จ c |
ฉ ch |
ช ch |
ซ s |
ฌ ch |
ญ y | ||
ຈ ch | ຊ s | ຢ y | |||||
ฎ d | ฏ t | ฐ th | ฑ th | ฒ th | ณ n | ||
ด d | ต t | ถ th | ท th | ธ th | น n | ||
ດ d | ຕ t | ຖ th | ທ th | ນ n | |||
บ b | ป p | ผ ph | ฝ f | พ ph | ฟ f | ภ ph | ม m |
ບ b | ປ p | ຜ ph | ຝ f | ພ ph | ຟ f | ມ m | |
ย y | ร r | ล l | ว w | ศ s | ษ s | ส s | ห h |
ຍ ⁿy | ຣ r | ລ l | ວ w | ສ s | ຫ h | ||
อ ' | ฬ l | ฮ h | |||||
ອ ' | ຮ h | ||||||
Letters with asterisks are obsolete. Light cells are high tone-class letters in Thai, medium cells mid tone class, and dark cells low tone class. Consonants of different tone classes have distinct braille letters; complete homonyms, found in Thai only, are distinguished by prefixes. The one prefix in Lao is found in /jaː/ (ຢ ⠠⠽ y), which corresponds to Thai ying (ญ ⠠⠽ y) in Braille but corresponds to Thai yak (ย ⠽ y) in alphabetic (non-Braille) position. Lao /ɲúŋ/ (ຍ ⠽ ny) corresponds to Thai yak (ย ⠽ y) in Braille and looks but corresponds to Thai ying (ญ ⠠⠽ y) in alphabetic position.
In Thai, ⠓ h is prefixed to low-class nasal stops and non-plosives ⠻⠀⠠⠽⠀⠝⠀⠍⠀⠗⠀⠇⠀⠺ ng y n m r l w to move them to the high-tone class. Lao has the same system for similar characters ⠻⠀⠽⠀⠝⠀⠍⠀⠇⠀⠺ ng ny n m l w.
Vowels
[edit]The short vowels transcribed a e i o u are taken from Japanese Braille, and the long vowels ā ē ī ō ū are derived from these. ⠕ ǫ (ɔ) is French and international o, and ⠪ eu/ue is French œ. The other vowels have little recognizable connection to other braille alphabets.
All vowels are written after the consonant in braille, regardless of their order in print. Although the vowels have different forms in print, depending on their environment, they have a single form in braille with few exceptions (short a and in Lao short o).
*Lao has reassigned ⠉ to ◌ົ o and moved ◌ຸ u to ⠤.
When ⟨ะ⟩ is used in print to indicate a short vowel, ⟨⠁⟩ is appended to the vowel in braille. ฤๅ and ฦๅ are written as ฤ or ฦ plus า in braille. The one irregularity in Thai, also found in Lao, is ⟨⠕⠁⟩ for ⟨เ–าะ⟩ short ǫ, written in braille though not in print as the short variant of ⠕ –อ long ǭ. Lao has additional, similar regularization of print conventions: ⠩⠁ for short ເ◌ິ oe, and similarly the braille short sign for a different print diacritic in short ເ◌ຶອ eua and ເ◌ັຍ ia.
Tone letters
[edit]่ ◌່ ¹ |
้ ◌້ ² |
๊ ◌໊ ³ |
๋ ◌໋ ⁴ |
Other symbols
[edit]์ | ๆ | ็ ฺ | ฯ | ฯลฯ | ◌̊ |
ໆ | |||||
silent characters | reduplication | denotes short vowel | abbreviation | etc. | anusvara |
The short sign (⠄ ็) is also used for the rarer virama (⠄ ฺ).
Numbers
[edit]Numbers are the same as in other braille alphabets, though dot six ⠠ is prefixed to the ⠼ to specify that they're Thai or Lao digits. Thus, a sequence of numbers begins with ⠠⠼.
prefix denoting numbers |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai Numerals | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ | ๐ |
Lao Numerals | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ | ໐ |
Braille |
Punctuation
[edit]Single (though not paired) clause-final punctuation may introduced with ⠸, but is otherwise as in English Braille.
. | ? | ! | ; | : | / |
There is some variability in the use of the ⠸ to mark stop/period, comma, and the exclamation point. Thai Braille seems to use ⠄ for the comma, while Lao Braille uses ⠸⠂, unless the latter is a copy error in Unesco (2013).
- | = | ″ | % |
“ ... ” | ( ... ) | ........ | ----- |
... | ... |
Example
[edit]Braille ⠺⠃ ⠛⠃ ⠹⠆ ⠙⠷ Thai วิ กิ พี เดีย Lao ວິ ກິ ພີ ເດຍ
References
[edit]- ^ คู่มือการอ่าน การเขียน และการผลิตเอกสารอักษรเบรลล์ขั้นพื้นฐาน[permanent dead link]
- ^ [1] (Parked Domain)
- ^ UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.