Jump to content

Abu Said Uthman III: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Nimetapoeg (talk | contribs)
62,152 edits
 
(26 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Marinid Sultan of Morocco (r. 1398–1420)}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Abu Said Uthman III
| title = [[List of rulers of Morocco|Sultan of Morocco]]
| title =
| image =
| name = Abu Said Uthman III
| caption =
| full name = Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim
| reign = 19 March 1398 to 1420
| image = Abusaiduthmaniiicoin.jpg
| coronation =
| caption = Coin of Abu Said Uthman III
| succession = [[Marinid Sultanate|Sultan of Morocco]]
⚫
| investiture =
| full name = Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim
| reign1 = 19 March 1398 – 21 October 1420
| predecessor1 = [[Abu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad]]
| native_lang1 =
⚫
| successor1 = [[Abdalhaqq II]]
| native_lang1_name1 =
| native_lang2 =
| spouse =
| issue = [[Abd al-Haqq II]]
| native_lang2_name1 =
| othertitles =
| house = [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]]
| baptism =
| house-type = Dynasty
⚫
| father =
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| birth_place =
| mother =
| birth_date = 1383
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth) -->
| death_place =
| birth_place =
| burial_date =
| death_date = 21 October 1420
| death_place =
| burial_place = <!-- <br /> {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| predecessor = [[Abu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad]]
| religion = [[Islam]]|
| suc-type =
| heir =
⚫
| successor = [[Abdalhaqq II]]
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]]
| father =
| mother =
| children =
| religion = Muslim
| signature =
}}
}}

'''Abu Said Uthman III''' (Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim) (died 1420) was [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]] ruler of Morocco from 19 March 1398 to 1420,
'''Abu Said Uthman III''' ({{Lang-ar|عثمان الثاني المريني}}) (Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim), (1383 – 21 October 1420) was [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]] ruler of Morocco from 19 March 1398 to 1420, the last effective ruler of that dynasty. He ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen.{{sfn|Ibn Khaldūn|1952|p=111}} He succeeded his brother, [[Abu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad]]. His forces were involved in an unsuccessful attempt to acquire [[Gibraltar]] from the [[Emirate of Granada]] in 1410. In 1415 the Portuguese seized the port of [[Ceuta]]. Abu Said Uthman III failed in an attempt to recover Ceuta, and was shortly after assassinated. His vizier gained control of the kingdom, establishing the [[Wattasid dynasty]] of rulers of Morocco.
the last effective ruler of that dynasty.
He ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen.{{sfn|Ibn Khaldūn|1952|p=111}}
He succeeded his brother, [[Abu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad]]. His forces were involved in an unsuccessful attempt to acquire [[Gibraltar]] from the [[Emirate of Granada]] in 1410.
In 1415 the Portuguese seized the port of [[Ceuta]]. Abu Said Uthman III failed in an attempt to recovered Ceuta, and was shortly after assassinated. His vizier gained control of the kingdom, establishing the [[Wattasid dynasty]] of rulers of Morocco.


==Siege of Gibraltar==
==Siege of Gibraltar==


The garrison of Gibraltar rebelled in 1410 against the Granadan ruler, [[Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf III]], and declared allegiance to Abu Said Uthman III. Abu Said Uthman III sent his brother, Abu Said, to take charge with an army numbering some 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. They occupied a number of castles in the area as well as the ports of [[Estepona]] and [[Marbella]]. A Granadan counter-offensive in 1411 drove Abu Said back to Gibraltar, where he took refuge. Yusuf III's son Ahmad [[Sixth Siege of Gibraltar|laid siege to Gibraltar]] and defeated several Moroccan attempts to break out. Eventually a Granadan sympathizer in the garrison helped the besiegers to gain entrance. They stormed the [[Moorish Castle]], forcing Abu Said to surrender, and restored Granadan control over Gibraltar.{{sfn|Hills|1974|p=89}}
The garrison of Gibraltar rebelled in 1410 against the Granadan ruler, [[Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf III]], and declared allegiance to Abu Said Uthman III. Abu Said Uthman III sent his brother, Abu Said, to take charge with an army numbering some 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. They occupied a number of castles in the area as well as the ports of [[Estepona]] and [[Marbella]]. A Granadan counter-offensive in 1411 drove Abu Said back to Gibraltar, where he took refuge. Yusuf III's son Ahmad [[Sixth Siege of Gibraltar|laid siege to Gibraltar]] and defeated several Moroccan attempts to break out. Eventually a Granadan sympathizer in the garrison helped the besiegers to gain entrance. They stormed the [[Moorish Castle]], forcing Abu Said to surrender, and restored Granadan control over Gibraltar.{{sfn|Hills|1974|p=89}}


Back in Morocco, Abu Said Uthman III reacted by writing to Yusuf III to ask him to execute Abu Said for disloyalty. Instead, the Granadan sultan gave Abu Said an army and sent him back to Morocco to launch an ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against Abu Said Uthman III.{{sfn|Hills|1974|p=89}}
Back in Morocco, Abu Said Uthman III reacted by writing to Yusuf III to ask him to execute Abu Said for disloyalty. Instead, the Granadan sultan gave Abu Said an army and sent him back to Morocco to launch an ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against Abu Said Uthman III.{{sfn|Hills|1974|p=89}}
Line 47: Line 34:


In 1415 King [[John I of Portugal]] seized [[Ceuta]]. This conquest marked the beginning of overseas European expansion.
In 1415 King [[John I of Portugal]] seized [[Ceuta]]. This conquest marked the beginning of overseas European expansion.
The Portuguese [[Battle of Ceuta|capture of Ceuta]] in 1415 had taken the Moroccans by surprise.
The Portuguese [[Conquest of Ceuta|capture of Ceuta]] in 1415 had taken the Moroccans by surprise.
In 1419 Abu Said Uthman III led an army to recover it, but his [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|siege of Ceuta]] failed.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}
In 1419 Abu Said Uthman III led an army to recover it, but his [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|siege of Ceuta]] failed.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}
The besieging forces included those of Abu Said Uthman III and allied forces from the [[Emirate of Granada]].
The besieging forces included those of Abu Said Uthman III and allied forces from the [[Emirate of Granada]].
The Portuguese garrison of Ceuta was led by [[Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real]].
The Portuguese garrison of Ceuta was led by [[Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real]].
The Portuguese gathered a fleet under the command of princes [[Henry the Navigator]] and [[John of Reguengos]] to relieve Ceuta. According to the chroniclers, the relief fleet turned out to be quite unnecessary. In a bold gambit, D. Pedro de Menezes led the Portuguese garrison in a sally against the Marinid siege camp and forced the lifting of the siege before the relief fleet even arrived.{{sfn|Quintella|1839}}
The Portuguese gathered a fleet under the command of princes [[Henry the Navigator]] and [[John of Reguengos]] to relieve Ceuta. According to the chroniclers, the relief fleet turned out to be quite unnecessary. In a bold gambit, D. Pedro de Menezes led the Portuguese garrison in a sally against the Marinid siege camp and forced the lifting of the siege before the relief fleet even arrived.{{sfn|Quintella|1839}}


==Assassination and succession==
==Assassination and succession==


The failure to recapture Ceuta led to widespread disaffection with the sultan and instability in the Marinid state. This culminated in a coup in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1420, in which the sultan Abu Said Uthman III was assassinated, leaving behind only a one-year-old child, [[Abd al-Haqq II|Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II]] as son and heir. A succession struggle broke out immediately as other pretenders quickly emerged. Opportunistically, the [[Nasrid]] rulers of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]] and the [[Abdalwadid]]s of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] intervened, each sponsoring different candidates for the Moroccan throne.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}
The failure to recapture Ceuta led to widespread disaffection with the sultan and instability in the Marinid state. This culminated in a coup in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1420, in which the sultan Abu Said Uthman III was assassinated, leaving behind only a one-year-old child, [[Abd al-Haqq II|Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II]] as son and heir. A succession struggle broke out immediately as other pretenders quickly emerged. Opportunistically, the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] rulers of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]] and the [[Abdalwadid]]s of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] intervened, each sponsoring different candidates for the Moroccan throne.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}


At the time, [[Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi]] was serving as the long-time governor of [[Salé]] for the Marinids.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}
At the time, [[Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi]] was serving as the long-time governor of [[Salé]] for the Marinids.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195}}{{sfn|Abun Nasr|1987|p=114}}
Hearing the news of the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and seized control of the royal palace of [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], proclaiming the orphan child Abd al-Haqq as the new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and chief minister ([[vizier]]). Morocco quickly descended into disorder and strife. Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their allegiance to the highest bidder, [[Sufi]]-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of urban centers and take to the field, while rowdy rural nomads, the [[Banu Hilal|Hilalian]] [[Bedouin]] tribesmen, availed themselves of the general breakdown of law and order to launch a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}
Hearing the news of the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and seized control of the royal palace of [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], proclaiming the orphan child Abd al-Haqq as the new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and chief minister ([[vizier]]). Morocco quickly descended into disorder and strife. Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their allegiance to the highest bidder, [[Sufi]]-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of urban centers and take to the field, while rowdy rural nomads, the [[Banu Hilal|Hilalian]] [[Bedouin]] tribesmen, availed themselves of the general breakdown of law and order to launch a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.{{sfn|Julien|1931|p=195-196}}
However, the vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi eventually gained control, becoming the effective ruler of Morocco, founder of the [[Wattasid dynasty]] of viziers and later sultans.
However, the vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi eventually gained control, becoming the effective ruler of Morocco, founder of the [[Wattasid dynasty]] of viziers and later sultans.


==References==
==References==

'''Citations'''
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

'''Sources'''
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Abun Nasr |first=J.M. |year=1987 |title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv
⚫
*{{cite book|last=Hills|first=George|title=Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar|publisher=Robert Hale & Company|year=1974|location=London|isbn=0-7091-4352-4}}
⚫
|last=Abun Nasr |first=J.M. |year=1987 |title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Julien |first=Charles-André |title=Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830 |year=1931 |publisher=Payot |location=Paris}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv
⚫
*{{cite book|author=Ibn Khaldūn|title=Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A.h.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"
⚫
|last=Hills|first=George|title=Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar|publisher=Robert Hale & Company|year=1974|location=London|isbn=0-7091-4352-4}}
⚫
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT5w5bk4ZLMC&pg=PA111|access-date=2013-05-13
*{{cite book |ref=harv
⚫
|last=Julien |first=Charles-André |title=Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830 |year=1931 |publisher=Payot |location=Paris}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv
⚫
|author=Ibn Khaldūn|title=Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A.h.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"
⚫
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fT5w5bk4ZLMC&pg=PA111|accessdate=2013-05-13
|year=1952|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:F0091PP7QLT}}
|year=1952|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:F0091PP7QLT}}
⚫
*{{cite book |author=Quintella |year=1839 |title=Annaes da Marinha Portugueza |volume=1}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv
⚫
|author=Quintella |year=1839 |title=Annaes da Marinha Portugueza |volume=1}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{Rulers of Morocco}}
{{Rulers of Morocco}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Said, Uthman}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Said, Uthman}}
⚫
[[Category:People from Fes]]
[[Category:Marinid dynasty]]
[[Category:1420 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Morocco]]
[[Category:14th-century Berber people]]
⚫
[[Category:Sultans of Morocco]]
⚫
[[Category:14th-century Moroccan people]]
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Africa]]
⚫
[[Category:14th-century Moroccan people]]
[[Category:15th-century Berber people]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:15th-century Moroccan people]]
[[Category:15th-century Moroccan people]]
[[Category:15th century in Gibraltar]]
[[Category:History of Ceuta]]
⚫
[[Category:Marinid sultans of Morocco]]
[[Category:Royalty from Fez, Morocco]]
⚫
[[Category:People of the Reconquista]]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 29 August 2023

Abu Said Uthman III
Coin of Abu Said Uthman III
Sultan of Morocco
Reign19 March 1398 – 21 October 1420
PredecessorAbu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad
SuccessorAbdalhaqq II
Born1383
Died21 October 1420
IssueAbd al-Haqq II
Names
Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim
DynastyMarinid
ReligionIslam

Abu Said Uthman III (Arabic: عثمان الثاني المريني) (Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim), (1383 – 21 October 1420) was Marinid ruler of Morocco from 19 March 1398 to 1420, the last effective ruler of that dynasty. He ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen.[1] He succeeded his brother, Abu Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad. His forces were involved in an unsuccessful attempt to acquire Gibraltar from the Emirate of Granada in 1410. In 1415 the Portuguese seized the port of Ceuta. Abu Said Uthman III failed in an attempt to recover Ceuta, and was shortly after assassinated. His vizier gained control of the kingdom, establishing the Wattasid dynasty of rulers of Morocco.

Siege of Gibraltar

[edit]

The garrison of Gibraltar rebelled in 1410 against the Granadan ruler, Yusuf III, and declared allegiance to Abu Said Uthman III. Abu Said Uthman III sent his brother, Abu Said, to take charge with an army numbering some 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. They occupied a number of castles in the area as well as the ports of Estepona and Marbella. A Granadan counter-offensive in 1411 drove Abu Said back to Gibraltar, where he took refuge. Yusuf III's son Ahmad laid siege to Gibraltar and defeated several Moroccan attempts to break out. Eventually a Granadan sympathizer in the garrison helped the besiegers to gain entrance. They stormed the Moorish Castle, forcing Abu Said to surrender, and restored Granadan control over Gibraltar.[2]

Back in Morocco, Abu Said Uthman III reacted by writing to Yusuf III to ask him to execute Abu Said for disloyalty. Instead, the Granadan sultan gave Abu Said an army and sent him back to Morocco to launch an ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against Abu Said Uthman III.[2]

Ceuta

[edit]

In 1415 King John I of Portugal seized Ceuta. This conquest marked the beginning of overseas European expansion. The Portuguese capture of Ceuta in 1415 had taken the Moroccans by surprise. In 1419 Abu Said Uthman III led an army to recover it, but his siege of Ceuta failed.[3][4] The besieging forces included those of Abu Said Uthman III and allied forces from the Emirate of Granada. The Portuguese garrison of Ceuta was led by Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real. The Portuguese gathered a fleet under the command of princes Henry the Navigator and John of Reguengos to relieve Ceuta. According to the chroniclers, the relief fleet turned out to be quite unnecessary. In a bold gambit, D. Pedro de Menezes led the Portuguese garrison in a sally against the Marinid siege camp and forced the lifting of the siege before the relief fleet even arrived.[5]

Assassination and succession

[edit]

The failure to recapture Ceuta led to widespread disaffection with the sultan and instability in the Marinid state. This culminated in a coup in Fez in 1420, in which the sultan Abu Said Uthman III was assassinated, leaving behind only a one-year-old child, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II as son and heir. A succession struggle broke out immediately as other pretenders quickly emerged. Opportunistically, the Nasrid rulers of Granada and the Abdalwadids of the Kingdom of Tlemcen intervened, each sponsoring different candidates for the Moroccan throne.[3][4]

At the time, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi was serving as the long-time governor of Salé for the Marinids.[6][4] Hearing the news of the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and seized control of the royal palace of Fez, proclaiming the orphan child Abd al-Haqq as the new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and chief minister (vizier). Morocco quickly descended into disorder and strife. Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their allegiance to the highest bidder, Sufi-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of urban centers and take to the field, while rowdy rural nomads, the Hilalian Bedouin tribesmen, availed themselves of the general breakdown of law and order to launch a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.[3] However, the vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi eventually gained control, becoming the effective ruler of Morocco, founder of the Wattasid dynasty of viziers and later sultans.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Ibn Khaldūn 1952, p. 111.
  2. ^ a b Hills 1974, p. 89.
  3. ^ a b c Julien 1931, p. 195-196.
  4. ^ a b c Abun Nasr 1987, p. 114.
  5. ^ Quintella 1839.
  6. ^ Julien 1931, p. 195.

Sources

[edit]
  • Abun Nasr, J.M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hills, George (1974). Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar. London: Robert Hale & Company. ISBN 0-7091-4352-4.
  • Julien, Charles-André (1931). Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830. Paris: Payot.
  • Ibn Khaldūn (1952). Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A.h.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,". University of California Press. GGKEY:F0091PP7QLT. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
  • Quintella (1839). Annaes da Marinha Portugueza. Vol. 1.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Said_Uthman_III&oldid=1172775157"