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{{Short description|Order of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = [[File:Bitter rot on a Honeycrisp apple.jpg|200px]]
| image = Bitter rot on a Honeycrisp apple.jpg
| image_caption = Bitter rot on Honeycrisp Apple caused by ''Colletotrichum'' species complex
| image_caption = Bitter rot on Honeycrisp Apple caused by ''Colletotrichum'' species complex
| taxon = Glomerellales
| taxon = Glomerellales
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}}
}}


'''Glomerellales'''<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011">{{Cite journal|last=Réblová|first=M.|last2=Gams|first2=W.|last3=Seifert|first3=K. A.|date=2011-03-01|title=Monilochaetes and allied genera of the Glomerellales, and a reconsideration of families in the Microascales|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=68|pages=163–191|doi=10.3114/sim.2011.68.07|pmc=3065989|pmid=21523193}}</ref> is an order of [[Ascomycota|ascomycetous]] [[Fungus|fungi]] within the subclass [[Hypocreomycetidae]] ([[Sordariomycetes]]). The order includes [[saprobes]], [[endophytes]] and [[Pathogenic fungus|pathogens]] on plants, animals and other fungi with representatives are found all over the world in varying habitats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
'''Glomerellales'''<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011">{{Cite journal|last1=Réblová|first1=M.|last2=Gams|first2=W.|last3=Seifert|first3=K. A.|date=2011-03-01|title=Monilochaetes and allied genera of the Glomerellales, and a reconsideration of families in the Microascales|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=68|pages=163–191|doi=10.3114/sim.2011.68.07|pmc=3065989|pmid=21523193}}</ref> is an order of [[Ascomycota|ascomycetous]] [[Fungus|fungi]] within the subclass [[Hypocreomycetidae]] ([[Sordariomycetes]]). The order includes [[saprobes]], [[endophytes]] and [[Pathogenic fungus|pathogens]] on plants, animals and other fungi with representatives found all over the world in varying habitats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


Glomerellales members diagnostically present [[perithecia]]te [[ascomata]] with 2-3-layered perithecial wall and a periphysate [[Ostiole|ostiolum]]. [[Paraphyses]] are tapered and thin-walled. The [[Ascus|asci]] are unitunicate, 8-spored and inamyloid, and the apex is either thickened without visible discharge mechanism or thin-walled with a distinct annulus.<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
Glomerellales members diagnostically present [[perithecia]]te [[ascomata]] with a 2-3 layered [[Ascocarp|perithecial]] wall and a periphysate [[Ostiole|ostiolum]]. [[Paraphyses]] are tapered and thin-walled. The [[Ascus|asci]] are unitunicate, 8-[[Spore|spored]] and [[Amyloid (mycology)|inamyloid]], and the apex is either thickened without visible discharge mechanism or thin-walled with a distinct annulus.<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />


Unlike other orders within Hypocreomycetidae, members of the Glomerellales exhibit a darkly pigmented [[Perithecial|perithecia]].<ref name=":0" /> The order was first recognized by Chadefaud (1960), although it was not validly published at this time. It has since been cited by Lanier et al. (1978) and invalidly published by Locquin (1984).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Systematics and Evolution|last=ZHANG|first=NING|last2=WANG|first2=ZHENG|publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg|year=2015|isbn=978-3-662-46010-8|editor-last=Esser|editor-first=Karl|edition=2nd|series=The Mycota|pages=63}}</ref> However the Glomerellales was still not valid until M. Réblová et al. study in 2011<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
Unlike other orders within Hypocreomycetidae, members of the Glomerellales exhibit a darkly pigmented [[Perithecial|perithecia]].<ref name=":0" /> The order was first recognized by Chadefaud (1960), although it was not validly published at this time. It has since been cited by Lanier et al. (1978) and invalidly published by Locquin (1984).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Systematics and Evolution|last1=ZHANG|first1=NING|last2=WANG|first2=ZHENG|publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg|year=2015|isbn=978-3-662-46010-8|editor-last=Esser|editor-first=Karl|edition=2nd|series=The Mycota|pages=63}}</ref> However the Glomerellales was still not valid until the study by M. Réblová et al. in 2011 with three families viz. ''Australiascaceae'', ''Glomerellaceae'' and ''Reticulascaceae'' based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis.<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
Families Reticulascaceae and Malaysiascaceae are typically involved in nutrient cycling as saprobes on decaying plant matter. Australiascaceae contains many food plant pathogens in addition to saprobic species and Glomerellaceae with its single genus ''Colletotrichum'' likewise presents many important plant pathogens of which some have significant economical impact.
Families Reticulascaceae and Malaysiascaceae are typically involved in [[Nutrient cycle|nutrient cycling]] as saprobes on decaying plant matter. Australiascaceae contains many food plant [[Pathogen|pathogens]] in addition to [[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprobic]] species and Glomerellaceae with its single genus ''[[Colletotrichum]]'' likewise presents many important plant pathogens of which some have significant economical impact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Damm |first1=U. |last2=O'Connell |first2=R.J. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Crous |first4=P.W. |date=2014-09-01 |title=The Colletotrichum destructivum species complex - hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wfbi/sim/2014/00000079/00000001/art00004 |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=49–84 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.003|pmid=25492986 |pmc=4255528 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Damm |first1=Ulrike |last2=Cannon |first2=Paul F. |last3=Liu |first3=Fang |last4=Barreto |first4=Robert W. |last5=Guatimosim |first5=Eduardo |last6=Crous |first6=Pedro W. |date=2013-07-01 |title=The Colletotrichum orbiculare species complex: Important pathogens of field crops and weeds |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4 |s2cid=207464081 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref>


Several examples of well-known food pathogens can be found in ''[[Colletotrichum]]'' with members such as the ''[[Colletotrichum acutatum]]'' species complex associated with [[bitter rot of apple]], ''[[Colletotrichum graminicola]]'' which causes disease in cereal crops and ''[[Colletotrichum kahawae]]'' associated with coffee berry disease in ''[[Coffea arabica]].''
Several examples of well-known food pathogens can be found in ''[[Colletotrichum]]'' with members such as the ''[[Colletotrichum acutatum]]'' species complex associated with [[bitter rot of apple]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dowling |first1=Madeline |last2=Peres |first2=Natalia |last3=Villani |first3=Sara |last4=Schnabel |first4=Guido |date=2020-09-01 |title=Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge |journal=Plant Disease |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=2301–2316 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE |pmid=32689886 |s2cid=219479598 |issn=0191-2917|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Colletotrichum graminicola]]'' which causes disease in [[Maize|corn]] crops<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sukno |first1=Serenella A. |last2=García |first2=Verónica M. |last3=Shaw |first3=Brian D. |last4=Thon |first4=Michael R. |date=2008-02-01 |title=Root Infection and Systemic Colonization of Maize by Colletotrichum graminicola |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=823–832 |doi=10.1128/aem.01165-07 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=2227703 |pmid=18065625|bibcode=2008ApEnM..74..823S }}</ref> and ''[[Colletotrichum kahawae]]'' associated with coffee berry disease in ''[[Coffea arabica]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waller |first1=J. M. |last2=Bridge |first2=P. D. |last3=Black |first3=R. |last4=Hakiza |first4=G. |date=1993-08-01 |title=Characterization of the coffee berry disease pathogen, Colletotrichum kahawae sp. nov. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756209808678 |journal=Mycological Research |language=en |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=989–994 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80867-8 |issn=0953-7562}}</ref>''.''


The genus rich family Plectosphaerellaceae holds a variety of both saprobes and plant pathogens, as well as several species of opportunistic animal pathogens. Some species are also used as biocontrol agents, making the Plectosphaerellaceae an important group for study on many levels.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Damm |first=U. |last2=O'Connell |first2=R.J. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Crous |first4=P.W. |date=2014-09-01 |title=The Colletotrichum destructivum species complex - hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wfbi/sim/2014/00000079/00000001/art00004 |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=49–84 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Damm |first=Ulrike |last2=Cannon |first2=Paul F. |last3=Liu |first3=Fang |last4=Barreto |first4=Robert W. |last5=Guatimosim |first5=Eduardo |last6=Crous |first6=Pedro W. |date=2013-07-01 |title=The Colletotrichum orbiculare species complex: Important pathogens of field crops and weeds |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref>
The genus rich family Plectosphaerellaceae holds a variety of both saprobes and plant pathogens, as well as several species of opportunistic animal pathogens. Some species are also used as [[Biological pest control|biocontrol agents]], making the Plectosphaerellaceae an important group for study on many levels.<ref name=":1" />


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
Glomerellales contains five families and 31 placed genera (as of 2020):<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hyde |first=K. D. |date=2020-03-31 |title=Refined families of Sordariomycetes |url=https://repository.helmholtz-hzi.de/handle/10033/622756 |journal=11 |language=en |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7 |issn=2077-7019}}</ref>
Glomerellales contains five families and 31 placed genera (as of 2020):<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hyde |first=K. D. |date=2020-03-31 |title=Refined families of Sordariomycetes |url=https://repository.helmholtz-hzi.de/handle/10033/622756 |journal= Mycosphere|volume=11 |pages=305–1059 |language=en |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7 |s2cid=219808477 |issn=2077-7019|doi-access=free |hdl=10033/622756 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Reticulascaceae]] (Réblová & W. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
* ''[[Reticulascaceae]]'' (Réblová & W. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
{{div col}}
** ''Blastophorum'' (Matsush., 1971)
** ''Cylindrotrichum'' (Bonord., 1851)
* <small>''[[Blastophorum]]'' (Matsush., 1971)</small>
* <small>''[[Cylindrotrichum]]'' (Bonord., 1851)</small>
**''Kylindria'' (DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr., 1983)
*<small>''[[Kylindria]]'' (DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr., 1983)</small>
**''Sporoschismopsis'' (Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, 1972)
*<small>''[[Sporoschismopsis]]'' (Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, 1972)</small>
⚫
* [[Glomerellaceae]] (Locq. ex Seifert & W.G. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
{{div col end}}
** ''[[Colletotrichum]]'' (Corda, 1831)
* [[Australiascaceae]] (Réblová & W. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
* ''[[Glomerellaceae]]'' (Locq. ex Seifert & W.G. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
** ''Monilochaetes'' (Halst. J., 1916)
** <small>''[[Colletotrichum]]'' (Corda, 1831)</small>
⚫
* ''[[Australiascaceae]]'' (Réblová & W. Gams, 2011)<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" />
⚫
* [[Plectosphaerellaceae]] (W. Gams, Summerbell & Zare, 2007)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zare |first=R. Gams |date=2007-11-01 |title=Gibellulopsis, a suitable genus for Verticillium nigrescens, and Musicillium, a new genus for V. theobromae |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/nova_hedwigia/detail/85/72928/Gibellulopsis_a_suitable_genus_for_Verticillium_ni?af=crossref |journal=Nova Hedwigia |language=en |pages=463–489 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0085-0463}}</ref>
** ''Acremoniisimulans'' (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2018)
** <small>''[[Monilochaetes]]'' (Halst. J., 1916)</small>
⚫
* ''[[Plectosphaerellaceae]]'' (W. Gams, Summerbell & Zare, 2007)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zare |first=R. Gams |date=2007-11-01 |title=Gibellulopsis, a suitable genus for Verticillium nigrescens, and Musicillium, a new genus for V. theobromae |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/nova_hedwigia/detail/85/72928/Gibellulopsis_a_suitable_genus_for_Verticillium_ni?af=crossref |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=85 |issue=3–4 |language=en |pages=463–489 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0085-0463}}</ref>
⚫
** ''[[Acrostalagmus]]'' (Corda, 1838)
{{div col}}
⚫
**''Brunneochlamydosporium'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2018)
⚫
* <small>''[[Acremoniisimulans]]'' (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2018)</small>
**''Brunneomyces'' (Giraldo, Gene & Guarro, 2017)
⚫
* <small>''[[Acrostalagmus]]'' (Corda, 1838)</small>
⚫
**''Chlamydosporiella'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
⚫
*<small>''[[Brunneochlamydosporium]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2018)</small>
**''Chordomyces'' (Bilanenko, Georgieva & Grum-Grzhim., 2015)
**''Furcasterigmium'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Brunneomyces]]'' (Giraldo, Gene & Guarro, 2017)</small>
**''Fuscohypha'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Chlamydosporiella]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
**''[[Gibellulopsis]]'' (Bat. & H. Maia, 1959)
*<small>''[[Chordomyces]]'' (Bilanenko, Georgieva & Grum-Grzhim., 2015)</small>
*<small>''[[Furcasterigmium]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
**''Lectera'' (P.F. Cannon, 2012)
⚫
*<small>''[[Fuscohypha]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
**''Longitudinalis'' (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2017)
**''Musicillium'' (Zare & W. Gams, 2007)
*<small>''[[Gibellulopsis]]'' (Bat. & H. Maia, 1959)</small>
⚫
*<small>''[[Lectera]]'' (P.F. Cannon, 2012)</small>
⚫
**''Musidium'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Longitudinalis]]'' (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2017)</small>
⚫
**''Nigrocephalum'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Musicillium]]'' (Zare & W. Gams, 2007)</small>
⚫
**''Paragibellulopsis'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
**''Paramusicillium'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Musidium]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
**''Phialoparvum'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Nigrocephalum]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
*<small>''[[Paragibellulopsis]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
**''[[Plectosphaerella]]'' (Kleb., 1929)
**''Sayamraella'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Paramusicillium]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
**''Sodiomycetes'' (A.A. Grum-Grzhim., 2019)
*<small>''[[Phialoparvum]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
*<small>''[[Plectosphaerella]]'' (Kleb., 1929)</small>
**''Stachylidium'' (Link, 1809)
**''Summerbellia'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Sayamraella]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
**''Theobromium'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)
*<small>''[[Sodiomycetes]]'' (A.A. Grum-Grzhim., 2019)</small>
**''[[Verticillium]]'' (Nees, 1816)
*<small>''[[Stachylidium]]'' (Link, 1809)</small>
⚫
*<small>''[[Summerbellia]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
* [[Malaysiascaceae]] (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2018)<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tibpromma |first=Saowaluck |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=McKenzie |first3=Eric H. C. |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=Phillips |first5=Alan J. L. |last6=Wanasinghe |first6=Dhanushka N. |last7=Samarakoon |first7=Milan C. |last8=Jayawardena |first8=Ruvishika S. |last9=Dissanayake |first9=Asha J. |last10=Tennakoon |first10=Danushka S. |last11=Doilom |first11=Mingkwan |date=2018-11-01 |title=Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=1–160 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref>
⚫
*<small>''[[Theobromium]]'' (Giraldo López & Crous, 2019)</small>
⚫
** ''Malaysiasca'' (Crous & M.J. Wingf., 2016)
*<small>''[[Verticillium]]'' (Nees, 1816)</small>
⚫
Glomerellales also currently includes some genera ''Incertae sedis'', including ''Ascodinea'' (Samuels, Cand & Magni, 1997)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samuels |first=Gary J. |last2=Candoussau |first2=Françoise |last3=Magni |first3=J.-F. |date=1997-01-01 |title=Fungicolous pyrenomycetes 2. Ascocodinaea, gen nov., and reconsideration of Litschaueria |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1997.12026766 |journal=Mycologia |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=156–162 |doi=10.1080/00275514.1997.12026766 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> and the more recent ''Wenhuisporus'' (C.H. Kuo & Goh, 2022).<ref name=":4" />
{{div col end}}
⚫
* ''[[Malaysiascaceae]]'' (Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, 2018)<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Tibpromma |first1=Saowaluck |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=McKenzie |first3=Eric H. C. |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=Phillips |first5=Alan J. L. |last6=Wanasinghe |first6=Dhanushka N. |last7=Samarakoon |first7=Milan C. |last8=Jayawardena |first8=Ruvishika S. |last9=Dissanayake |first9=Asha J. |last10=Tennakoon |first10=Danushka S. |last11=Doilom |first11=Mingkwan |date=2018-11-01 |title=Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=1–160 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |s2cid=52879546 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref>
⚫
** <small>''[[Malaysiasca]]'' (Crous & M.J. Wingf., 2016)</small>


⚫
Glomerellales also currently includes some genera ''[[Incertae sedis]]'', including ''[[Ascodinea]]'' (Samuels, Cand & Magni, 1997)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Samuels |first1=Gary J. |last2=Candoussau |first2=Françoise |last3=Magni |first3=J.-F. |date=1997-01-01 |title=Fungicolous pyrenomycetes 2. Ascocodinaea, gen nov., and reconsideration of Litschaueria |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1997.12026766 |journal=Mycologia |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=156–162 |doi=10.1080/00275514.1997.12026766 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> and the more recent ''Wenhuisporus'' (C.H. Kuo & Goh, 2022).<ref name=":4" />
⚫
Réblová et al. described Glomerellales in 2011 and simultaneously introduced the three families Reticulascaceae, Australiascaceae and Glomerellascaceae. In 2015 and 2016, the previously described ''Incertae sedis'' Sordariomycetes group Plectosphaerellales was placed in Glomerellales based on molecular data phylogenetic analyses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maharachchikumbura |first=Sajeewa S. N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Jones |first3=E. B. Gareth |last4=McKenzie |first4=Eric H. C. |last5=Huang |first5=Shi-Ke |last6=Abdel-Wahab |first6=Mohamed A. |last7=Daranagama |first7=Dinushani A. |last8=Dayarathne |first8=Monika |last9=D’souza |first9=Melvina J. |last10=Goonasekara |first10=Ishani D. |last11=Hongsanan |first11=Sinang |date=2015-05-01 |title=Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=199–301 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Tibpromma and K.D. Hyde later described a new family Malaysiascaceae (2018) to accommodate the previously described ''Incertae sedis'' Glomerellales genus ''Malaysiasca'' (Crous & M.J. Wingf., 2016).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tibpromma |first=Saowaluck |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=McKenzie |first3=Eric H. C. |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=Phillips |first5=Alan J. L. |last6=Wanasinghe |first6=Dhanushka N. |last7=Samarakoon |first7=Milan C. |last8=Jayawardena |first8=Ruvishika S. |last9=Dissanayake |first9=Asha J. |last10=Tennakoon |first10=Danushka S. |last11=Doilom |first11=Mingkwan |date=2018-11-01 |title=Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=1–160 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crous |first=P. W. |last2=Wingfield |first2=M. J. |last3=Richardson |first3=D. M. |last4=Le Roux |first4=J. J. |last5=Strasberg |first5=D. |last6=Edwards |first6=J. |last7=Roets |first7=F. |last8=Hubka |first8=V. |last9=Taylor |first9=P. W. J. |last10=Heykoop |first10=M. |last11=Martín |first11=M. P. |date=2016-07-04 |title=Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27616795/ |journal=Persoonia |volume=36 |pages=316–458 |doi=10.3767/003158516X692185 |issn=0031-5850 |pmc=4988374 |pmid=27616795}}</ref>


==History==
⚫
After a convoluted path to legitimized description, Glomerellales has been established as a monophyletic group through phylogenetic analyses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" /> However, there appears to be some discrepancy between the literature and some of the common species databases when it comes to one of its members, family Australiascaceae. While publications refer to this group and its members as a family within Glomerellales based on phylogenetic analyses using molecular data,<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Jingyi |last2=Phookamsak |first2=Rungtiwa |last3=Mapook |first3=Ausana |last4=Lu |first4=Yongzhong |last5=Lv |first5=Menglan |date=2021-07-30 |title=Monilochaetes pteridophytophila (Australiascaceae, Glomerellales), a new fungus from tree fern |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346447/ |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=9 |pages=e67248 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.9.e67248 |issn=1314-2836 |pmc=8346447 |pmid=34393583}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kuo |first=Chang-Hsin |last2=Hsieh |first2=Sung-Yuan |last3=Goh |first3=Teik-Khiang |date=2022-01-01 |title=Wenhsuisporus taiwanensis gen. et sp. nov., a peculiar setose hyphomycete from submerged wood in Taiwan |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01748-y |journal=Mycological Progress |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=409–426 |doi=10.1007/s11557-021-01748-y |issn=1861-8952}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Maharachchikumbura |first=Sajeewa S. N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Jones |first3=E. B. Gareth |last4=McKenzie |first4=E. H. C. |last5=Bhat |first5=Jayarama D. |last6=Dayarathne |first6=Monika C. |last7=Huang |first7=Shi-Ke |last8=Norphanphoun |first8=Chada |last9=Senanayake |first9=Indunil C. |last10=Perera |first10=Rekhani H. |last11=Shang |first11=Qiu-Ju |date=2016-07-01 |title=Families of Sordariomycetes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–317 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> as of March 2022 several major databases place Australiascaceae in [[Chaetosphaeriales]] (GBIF, EOL, COL, MycoBank, see references or taxon identifiers below)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australiascaceae |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8149040 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australiascaceae - Encyclopedia of Life |url=https://eol.org/pages/20813207 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=eol.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australiascaceae {{!}} COL |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6XM |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}</ref> with reference to the original Glomerellales description in Réblová et al. (2011) (which introduces Australiascaceae and places it in Glomerellales). There appears to be no discussion about this discrepancy or its cause as of yet.
⚫
Réblová et al. described Glomerellales in 2011 and simultaneously introduced the three families ''Reticulascaceae'', ''Australiascaceae'' and ''Glomerellascaceae''. In 2015 and 2016, the previously described ''Incertae sedis'' Sordariomycetes group Plectosphaerellales was placed in Glomerellales based on molecular data [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analyses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maharachchikumbura |first1=Sajeewa S. N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Jones |first3=E. B. Gareth |last4=McKenzie |first4=Eric H. C. |last5=Huang |first5=Shi-Ke |last6=Abdel-Wahab |first6=Mohamed A. |last7=Daranagama |first7=Dinushani A. |last8=Dayarathne |first8=Monika |last9=D’souza |first9=Melvina J. |last10=Goonasekara |first10=Ishani D. |last11=Hongsanan |first11=Sinang |date=2015-05-01 |title=Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=199–301 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z |s2cid=17691274 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Tibpromma and K.D. Hyde later described a new family ''Malaysiascaceae'' (2018) to accommodate the previously described ''Incertae sedis'' Glomerellales genus ''Malaysiasca'' (Crous & M.J. Wingf., 2016).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tibpromma |first1=Saowaluck |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=McKenzie |first3=Eric H. C. |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=Phillips |first5=Alan J. L. |last6=Wanasinghe |first6=Dhanushka N. |last7=Samarakoon |first7=Milan C. |last8=Jayawardena |first8=Ruvishika S. |last9=Dissanayake |first9=Asha J. |last10=Tennakoon |first10=Danushka S. |last11=Doilom |first11=Mingkwan |date=2018-11-01 |title=Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=1–160 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6 |s2cid=52879546 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crous |first1=P. W. |last2=Wingfield |first2=M. J. |last3=Richardson |first3=D. M. |last4=Le Roux |first4=J. J. |last5=Strasberg |first5=D. |last6=Edwards |first6=J. |last7=Roets |first7=F. |last8=Hubka |first8=V. |last9=Taylor |first9=P. W. J. |last10=Heykoop |first10=M. |last11=Martín |first11=M. P. |date=2016-07-04 |title=Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468 |journal=Persoonia |volume=36 |pages=316–458 |doi=10.3767/003158516X692185 |issn=0031-5850 |pmc=4988374 |pmid=27616795}}</ref>

⚫
After a convoluted path to legitimized description, Glomerellales has been established as a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group through phylogenetic analyses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" /> However, there appears to be some discrepancy between the literature and some of the common species databases when it comes to one of its members, the family ''Australiascaceae''. While publications refer to this group and its members as a family within Glomerellales based on phylogenetic analyses using molecular data,<ref name="MR_WG_KAS_2011" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jingyi |last2=Phookamsak |first2=Rungtiwa |last3=Mapook |first3=Ausana |last4=Lu |first4=Yongzhong |last5=Lv |first5=Menglan |date=2021-07-30 |title=''Monilochaetes pteridophytophila'' (''Australiascaceae'', Glomerellales), a new fungus from tree fern |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=9 |pages=e67248 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.9.e67248 |issn=1314-2836 |pmc=8346447 |pmid=34393583 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuo |first1=Chang-Hsin |last2=Hsieh |first2=Sung-Yuan |last3=Goh |first3=Teik-Khiang |date=2022-01-01 |title=Wenhsuisporus taiwanensis gen. et sp. nov., a peculiar setose hyphomycete from submerged wood in Taiwan |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01748-y |journal=Mycological Progress |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=409–426 |doi=10.1007/s11557-021-01748-y |s2cid=247233358 |issn=1861-8952}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Maharachchikumbura |first1=Sajeewa S. N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Jones |first3=E. B. Gareth |last4=McKenzie |first4=E. H. C. |last5=Bhat |first5=Jayarama D. |last6=Dayarathne |first6=Monika C. |last7=Huang |first7=Shi-Ke |last8=Norphanphoun |first8=Chada |last9=Senanayake |first9=Indunil C. |last10=Perera |first10=Rekhani H. |last11=Shang |first11=Qiu-Ju |date=2016-07-01 |title=Families of Sordariomycetes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–317 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6 |s2cid=207464200 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hongsanan |first1=Sinang |last2=Maharachchikumbura |first2=Sajeewa S. N. |last3=Hyde |first3=Kevin D. |last4=Samarakoon |first4=Milan C. |last5=Jeewon |first5=Rajesh |last6=Zhao |first6=Qi |last7=Al-Sadi |first7=Abdullah M. |last8=Bahkali |first8=Ali H. |date=2017-05-01 |title=An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=25–41 |doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2 |s2cid=5062936 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref> as of March 2022 several major databases place ''Australiascaceae'' in [[Chaetosphaeriales]] (GBIF, EOL, COL, MycoBank, see references or taxon identifiers below)<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Australiascaceae'' |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8149040 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Australiascaceae'' - Encyclopedia of Life |url=https://eol.org/pages/20813207 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=eol.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Australiascaceae'' {{!}} COL |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6XM |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}</ref> with reference to the original Glomerellales description in Réblová et al. (2011) (which introduces ''Australiascaceae'' and places it in Glomerellales). There appears to be no discussion about this discrepancy or its cause as of yet.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 78: Line 85:
[[Category:Sordariomycetes]]
[[Category:Sordariomycetes]]
[[Category:Ascomycota orders]]
[[Category:Ascomycota orders]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2011]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 9 September 2023

Glomerellales
Bitter rot on Honeycrisp Apple caused by Colletotrichum species complex
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
(unranked): Leotiomyceta
(unranked): Sordariomyceta
Class: Sordariomycetes
Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
Order: Glomerellales
Chadef. ex Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert (2011)
Families

Glomerellales[1] is an order of ascomycetous fungi within the subclass Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). The order includes saprobes, endophytes and pathogens on plants, animals and other fungi with representatives found all over the world in varying habitats.[2][3]

Glomerellales members diagnostically present peritheciate ascomata with a 2-3 layered perithecial wall and a periphysate ostiolum. Paraphyses are tapered and thin-walled. The asci are unitunicate, 8-spored and inamyloid, and the apex is either thickened without visible discharge mechanism or thin-walled with a distinct annulus.[1]

Unlike other orders within Hypocreomycetidae, members of the Glomerellales exhibit a darkly pigmented perithecia.[2] The order was first recognized by Chadefaud (1960), although it was not validly published at this time. It has since been cited by Lanier et al. (1978) and invalidly published by Locquin (1984).[2] However the Glomerellales was still not valid until the study by M. Réblová et al. in 2011 with three families viz. Australiascaceae, Glomerellaceae and Reticulascaceae based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis.[1]

Ecology

[edit]

Families Reticulascaceae and Malaysiascaceae are typically involved in nutrient cycling as saprobes on decaying plant matter. Australiascaceae contains many food plant pathogens in addition to saprobic species and Glomerellaceae with its single genus Colletotrichum likewise presents many important plant pathogens of which some have significant economical impact.[4][3][5]

Several examples of well-known food pathogens can be found in Colletotrichum with members such as the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex associated with bitter rot of apple,[6] Colletotrichum graminicola which causes disease in corn crops[7] and Colletotrichum kahawae associated with coffee berry disease in Coffea arabica[8].

The genus rich family Plectosphaerellaceae holds a variety of both saprobes and plant pathogens, as well as several species of opportunistic animal pathogens. Some species are also used as biocontrol agents, making the Plectosphaerellaceae an important group for study on many levels.[3]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Glomerellales contains five families and 31 placed genera (as of 2020):[3]

Glomerellales also currently includes some genera Incertae sedis, including Ascodinea (Samuels, Cand & Magni, 1997)[11] and the more recent Wenhuisporus (C.H. Kuo & Goh, 2022).[12]

History

[edit]

Réblová et al. described Glomerellales in 2011 and simultaneously introduced the three families Reticulascaceae, Australiascaceae and Glomerellascaceae. In 2015 and 2016, the previously described Incertae sedis Sordariomycetes group Plectosphaerellales was placed in Glomerellales based on molecular data phylogenetic analyses.[13][14] Tibpromma and K.D. Hyde later described a new family Malaysiascaceae (2018) to accommodate the previously described Incertae sedis Glomerellales genus Malaysiasca (Crous & M.J. Wingf., 2016).[15][16]

After a convoluted path to legitimized description, Glomerellales has been established as a monophyletic group through phylogenetic analyses.[3][1] However, there appears to be some discrepancy between the literature and some of the common species databases when it comes to one of its members, the family Australiascaceae. While publications refer to this group and its members as a family within Glomerellales based on phylogenetic analyses using molecular data,[1][17][12][14][10][3][18] as of March 2022 several major databases place Australiascaceae in Chaetosphaeriales (GBIF, EOL, COL, MycoBank, see references or taxon identifiers below)[19][20][21] with reference to the original Glomerellales description in Réblová et al. (2011) (which introduces Australiascaceae and places it in Glomerellales). There appears to be no discussion about this discrepancy or its cause as of yet.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Réblová, M.; Gams, W.; Seifert, K. A. (2011-03-01). "Monilochaetes and allied genera of the Glomerellales, and a reconsideration of families in the Microascales". Studies in Mycology. 68: 163–191. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.07. PMC 3065989. PMID 21523193.
  2. ^ a b c ZHANG, NING; WANG, ZHENG (2015). Esser, Karl (ed.). Systematics and Evolution. The Mycota (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-662-46010-8.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hyde, K. D. (2020-03-31). "Refined families of Sordariomycetes". Mycosphere. 11: 305–1059. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7. hdl:10033/622756. ISSN 2077-7019. S2CID 219808477.
  4. ^ Damm, U.; O'Connell, R.J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2014-09-01). "The Colletotrichum destructivum species complex - hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops". Studies in Mycology. 79 (1): 49–84. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.003. PMC 4255528. PMID 25492986.
  5. ^ Damm, Ulrike; Cannon, Paul F.; Liu, Fang; Barreto, Robert W.; Guatimosim, Eduardo; Crous, Pedro W. (2013-07-01). "The Colletotrichum orbiculare species complex: Important pathogens of field crops and weeds". Fungal Diversity. 61 (1): 29–59. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 207464081.
  6. ^ Dowling, Madeline; Peres, Natalia; Villani, Sara; Schnabel, Guido (2020-09-01). "Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge". Plant Disease. 104 (9): 2301–2316. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32689886. S2CID 219479598.
  7. ^ Sukno, Serenella A.; García, Verónica M.; Shaw, Brian D.; Thon, Michael R. (2008-02-01). "Root Infection and Systemic Colonization of Maize by Colletotrichum graminicola". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 823–832. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..823S. doi:10.1128/aem.01165-07. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2227703. PMID 18065625.
  8. ^ Waller, J. M.; Bridge, P. D.; Black, R.; Hakiza, G. (1993-08-01). "Characterization of the coffee berry disease pathogen, Colletotrichum kahawae sp. nov". Mycological Research. 97 (8): 989–994. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80867-8. ISSN 0953-7562.
  9. ^ Zare, R. Gams (2007-11-01). "Gibellulopsis, a suitable genus for Verticillium nigrescens, and Musicillium, a new genus for V. theobromae". Nova Hedwigia. 85 (3–4): 463–489. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0085-0463.
  10. ^ a b Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Hyde, Kevin D.; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Samarakoon, Milan C.; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Dissanayake, Asha J.; Tennakoon, Danushka S.; Doilom, Mingkwan (2018-11-01). "Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae". Fungal Diversity. 93 (1): 1–160. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 52879546.
  11. ^ Samuels, Gary J.; Candoussau, Françoise; Magni, J.-F. (1997-01-01). "Fungicolous pyrenomycetes 2. Ascocodinaea, gen nov., and reconsideration of Litschaueria". Mycologia. 89 (1): 156–162. doi:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026766. ISSN 0027-5514.
  12. ^ a b Kuo, Chang-Hsin; Hsieh, Sung-Yuan; Goh, Teik-Khiang (2022-01-01). "Wenhsuisporus taiwanensis gen. et sp. nov., a peculiar setose hyphomycete from submerged wood in Taiwan". Mycological Progress. 21 (1): 409–426. doi:10.1007/s11557-021-01748-y. ISSN 1861-8952. S2CID 247233358.
  13. ^ Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A.; Daranagama, Dinushani A.; Dayarathne, Monika; D’souza, Melvina J.; Goonasekara, Ishani D.; Hongsanan, Sinang (2015-05-01). "Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 72 (1): 199–301. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 17691274.
  14. ^ a b Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Perera, Rekhani H.; Shang, Qiu-Ju (2016-07-01). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 207464200.
  15. ^ Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Hyde, Kevin D.; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Samarakoon, Milan C.; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Dissanayake, Asha J.; Tennakoon, Danushka S.; Doilom, Mingkwan (2018-11-01). "Fungal diversity notes 840–928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae". Fungal Diversity. 93 (1): 1–160. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0408-6. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 52879546.
  16. ^ Crous, P. W.; Wingfield, M. J.; Richardson, D. M.; Le Roux, J. J.; Strasberg, D.; Edwards, J.; Roets, F.; Hubka, V.; Taylor, P. W. J.; Heykoop, M.; Martín, M. P. (2016-07-04). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468". Persoonia. 36: 316–458. doi:10.3767/003158516X692185. ISSN 0031-5850. PMC 4988374. PMID 27616795.
  17. ^ Zhang, Jingyi; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Mapook, Ausana; Lu, Yongzhong; Lv, Menglan (2021-07-30). "Monilochaetes pteridophytophila (Australiascaceae, Glomerellales), a new fungus from tree fern". Biodiversity Data Journal. 9: e67248. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e67248. ISSN 1314-2836. PMC 8346447. PMID 34393583.
  18. ^ Hongsanan, Sinang; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Samarakoon, Milan C.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Zhao, Qi; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Bahkali, Ali H. (2017-05-01). "An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence". Fungal Diversity. 84 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2. ISSN 1878-9129. S2CID 5062936.
  19. ^ "Australiascaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  20. ^ "Australiascaceae - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  21. ^ "Australiascaceae | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
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