Jump to content

Horses in Sudan: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 19: Line 19:
Sudan has the largest population of domestic livestock (cattle, goats, camels, donkeys, sheep, etc.) in all of Africa, with the domestic donkey being much more present than the horse.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=2}} Based on figures provided by the Sudanese government in 2009, R. Trevor Wilson estimates, in his study of domestic livestock in Sudan, that there are 784,000 horses in the country.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=2}} The Delachaux guide puts forward (2014) a figure of around 20,000 horses in Sudan,<ref name=":5" /> the latter seeming unrealistic, in agreement with the numerous errors contained elsewhere in this work.
Sudan has the largest population of domestic livestock (cattle, goats, camels, donkeys, sheep, etc.) in all of Africa, with the domestic donkey being much more present than the horse.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=2}} Based on figures provided by the Sudanese government in 2009, R. Trevor Wilson estimates, in his study of domestic livestock in Sudan, that there are 784,000 horses in the country.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=2}} The Delachaux guide puts forward (2014) a figure of around 20,000 horses in Sudan,<ref name=":5" /> the latter seeming unrealistic, in agreement with the numerous errors contained elsewhere in this work.


The original horse type from Sudan is a Barbe,<ref name=":2" /> quite small, with a light frame.<ref name=":6" /> From the 1950s and 1960s, horses from Sudan were crossed with imported Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds.<ref name=":0" /> The DAD-IS database lists 5 horse breeds currently or in the past raised in Sudan : the Dongola (differentiating from the West African Dongola), the Sudanese, the Tawleed and the Gharkawi.<ref name=":2" /> The Delachaux guide includes only two local breeds, the Gharkawi and the Soudanese.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=413}}
The original horse type from Sudan is a [[Barb horse|Barb]],<ref name=":2" /> quite small, with a light frame.<ref name=":6" /> From the 1950s and 1960s, horses from Sudan were crossed with imported Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds.<ref name=":0" /> The [[DAD-IS]] database lists 5 horse breeds currently or in the past raised in Sudan: the Dongola, the Sudanese, the Tawleed and the Gharkawi.<ref name=":2" /> The Delachaux guide includes only two local breeds, the Gharkawi and the Soudanese.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=413}}


The [[Barb horse]], originally from North Africa, was sometimes mistaken for Arabians in Europe due to size and Arab-speaking Berber handlers. Notable confusion includes the "[[Godolphin Arabian]]," actually a Tunisian Barb, foundational to the [[Thoroughbred]] breed.<ref>Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. ''The Authentic Arabian Horse,'' 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.</ref> Today, Barbs are bred primarily in Algeria, Morocco, Spain, and southern France, but their numbers decline due to economic challenges. The World Organization of the Barb Horse aims to preserve the breed. The Barb significantly influenced global racing breeds, following the Arabian.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-14 |title=The Moroccan Barb horse honoured at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 in Normandy |url=http://www.horsereporter.com/the-moroccan-barb-horse-honoured-at-the-alltech-fei-world-equestrian-games-2014-in-normandy/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=horsereporter.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Introduced by [[Berbers|Berber]] invaders in the 8th century, it mixed with Spanish stock to create the highly prized Andalusian.<ref name=":7" /> Despite its lesser fame in appearance compared to Arabians, the Barb excelled in stamina, endurance, and training adaptability.<ref>Nissen, p. 41.</ref>
All horses present on Sudanese soil are now (in 2018) the property of Sudanese.<ref name=":1" />


The [[Dongola horse]], hailing from Sudan's [[Dongola]] province, is an African riding breed primarily of Barb type, potentially influenced by Arabs in the past. Found in northern Sudan, western Eritrea, and West African nations, it has regional variants like the West African Dongola and the [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr-el-Ghazal]] breed in Chad.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=462}} Local West African breeds, deriving from Dongola and Barb cross-breeding, include the ''Mossi'', ''Yagha'', ''Bandiagara'', ''Songhaq'', ''Djerma'', and ''Nigerian''. Known for its convex profile,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browse by country and species {{!}} Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/dad-is/browse-by-country-and-species/en/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> the Dongola horse is admired for its hardiness and is used for riding, traction, and pack work.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=461}}
=== Breeds ===


The [[Sudanese Country-Bred|Sudanese Country-Bred horse]] originated in the early 20th century through a government program aimed at improving the breed. Local Barb-type mares, mainly from Dongola and Gharbaui populations, were bred with Arab and Thoroughbred stallions, often at the Nyala stud farm in South Darfur.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Haller |first=Martin 1959-Verfasser |url=http://archive.org/details/derneuekosmospfe0000hall |title=Der neue Kosmos-Pferdeführer |date=2009 |publisher=Stuttgart Kosmos |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-3-440-10990-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=245}} Although the resulting crossbred horses were larger, they lost some of the local qualities, such as hardiness and water endurance. By the 1950s or 1960s, most local horses were affected by this process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rousseau |first=Élise |url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Eus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA408&hl=en |title=Horses of the World |date=2017-05-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16720-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture |date=2007 |isbn=978-92-5-105762-9 |editor-last=FAO |location=Rome}}</ref>{{Rp|page=408}} In 1994, their population was around 65,000. The breed's conservation status is currently considered "not at risk," according to FAO in 2007 and the DAD-IS database in 2023.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=505}} These horses are primarily used for riding, with bay being the most common coat colour.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=221}}
==== Barb horse ====
{{Main articles|Barb horse}}


The [[Tawleed|Tawleed horse]] is a unique breed originating from Sudan's Khartoum region. Developed through cross-breeding with Thoroughbreds and native Sudan Country-Bred horses, it boasts remarkable strength and endurance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Tawleed Horses - Oklahoma State University |url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/horses/tawleed-horses.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=breeds.okstate.edu |language=en}}</ref> Tawleed horses are known for their sturdiness and the ability to thrive on limited sustenance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tawleed Horse |url=http://www.theequinest.com/breeds/tawleed/ |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref> Despite being less famous for their appearance, they possess remarkable qualities, including a strong, short-coupled body that lends itself well to various equestrian disciplines, including dressage. Their historical significance extends to influencing the evolution of other breeds, such as the [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]] and several Western Hemisphere breeds like the [[American Quarter Horse]] and [[Appaloosa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tawleed Horse Breed |url=http://horsehints.org/Breeds/Tawleed.htm |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=horsehints.org}}</ref>
==== Tawleed ====
{{Main articles|Tawleed}}


The [[Western Sudan Pony|Gharbaui horse]], originally of [[Barb horse|Barb]] type, underwent a government-led "improvement" program in the twentieth century at the [[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]] stud farm in [[South Darfur]]. Local mares were bred with Arab and [[Thoroughbred]] stallions, resulting in larger but less hardy and purebred horses.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Rousseau |first=Élise |url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Eus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA408&hl=en |title=Horses of the World |date=2017-05-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16720-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=408}}<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|page=245}} By the 1950s or 1960s, few remained unaffected by this cross-breeding process. In 1994, their population was estimated at 8000–10000.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=408}}<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Western Sudan Pony / Sudan (Horse) |url=https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=SDN&specie=Horse&breed=Western%20Sudan%20Pony&external=1&lang=en |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> The Gharbaui is a small horse, standing around 140–145 cm at the withers, resembling the Barb in many ways, particularly its hardiness and endurance.<ref name=":10" /> However, its legs often have poor conformation, and it typically has a convex profile. The breed's coat color is commonly grey but can also be bay or chestnut.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=408}}<ref name=":10" />
==== Kordofani ====
{{Main articles|Western Sudan Pony}}


==== Dongola horse ====
== Diseases and parasitism ==
{{Main articles|Dongola horse}}

==== Sudanese Country-Bred ====
{{Main articles|Sudanese Country-Bred}}
[[File:CIMGjgv.jpg|thumb|[[Dongola horse]]]]

=== Diseases and parasitism ===
Like other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, the Khartoum region is hit by epidemics of African horse sickness, which causes high horse mortality. 85% of the Sudanese horses studied were, directly or indirectly, exposed to this virus. Piroplasmosis is also present, with 35.9% of horses and donkeys tested (in 2013) being or having been parasitized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MA |first=Christa Lesté-Lasserre |date=2013-05-11 |title=Developing a Piroplasmosis Control Strategy for Sudan |url=https://thehorse.com/115917/developing-a-piroplasmosis-control-strategy-for-sudan/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Horse |language=en-US}}</ref> Parasitization by [[Babesia caballi]] and [[Theileria|Theileria equi]] is common (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salim |first=B. O. M. |last2=Hassan |first2=S. M. |last3=Bakheit |first3=M. A. |last4=Alhassan |first4=A. |last5=Igarashi |first5=I. |last6=Karanis |first6=P. |last7=Abdelrahman |first7=M. B. |date=2008 |title=Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR |url=https://www.academia.edu/23184265/Diagnosis_of_Babesia_caballi_and_Theileria_equi_infections_in_horses_in_Sudan_using_ELISA_and_PCR |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1145–1150 |issn=0932-0113}}</ref>
Like other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, the Khartoum region is hit by epidemics of African horse sickness, which causes high horse mortality. 85% of the Sudanese horses studied were, directly or indirectly, exposed to this virus. Piroplasmosis is also present, with 35.9% of horses and donkeys tested (in 2013) being or having been parasitized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MA |first=Christa Lesté-Lasserre |date=2013-05-11 |title=Developing a Piroplasmosis Control Strategy for Sudan |url=https://thehorse.com/115917/developing-a-piroplasmosis-control-strategy-for-sudan/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Horse |language=en-US}}</ref> Parasitization by [[Babesia caballi]] and [[Theileria|Theileria equi]] is common (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salim |first=B. O. M. |last2=Hassan |first2=S. M. |last3=Bakheit |first3=M. A. |last4=Alhassan |first4=A. |last5=Igarashi |first5=I. |last6=Karanis |first6=P. |last7=Abdelrahman |first7=M. B. |date=2008 |title=Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR |url=https://www.academia.edu/23184265/Diagnosis_of_Babesia_caballi_and_Theileria_equi_infections_in_horses_in_Sudan_using_ELISA_and_PCR |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1145–1150 |issn=0932-0113}}</ref>


Revision as of 21:42, 24 September 2023

Sudanese horseman in Darfur, 2010.

The history of the horse in Sudan begins in ancient times, and continues through the breeding of Barbe, Sudanese [fr], Tawleed, Western Sudan Pony, and Dongola horse type mounts by local tribes, particularly in the fertile region of Darfur. In the 20th century, colonial breeding policy promoted the importation and then breeding of imported English and Arabian Thoroughbred horses, giving rise to breeds such as the Tawleed, which still races on the Khartoum racecourse. The horse population of Sudan (including Sudan and present-day South Sudan) is probably around 700,000 individuals in 2009. Epidemics of horse sickness and drought represent obstacles to its expansion.

Sudanese traditions and festivals, which represent the main national use of the horse, give a large place to this animal, also present in traditional texts.

History

Magi from a nativity scene in Faras, Nubia. Note the elaborate horse harness.

Equestrian practices are probably very old on Sudanese territory, as evidenced by the discovery of the remains of a Nubian chariot horse, dated to around 1,000 BC.[1] According to Mamoun A. Mekki, general secretary of the Sudanese Equestrian Federation in 1994, the horse was in fact introduced by the Nubians around 2000 BC.[2] Contrary to widespread belief, it was certainly present on the territory of Sudan well before the arrival of nomadic Muslim tribes from the Sahara.[3]: 367  The use of cavalry seems historically rare, infantry being preferred.[4]

The horse constitutes a cultural heritage, particularly in the Darfur region, among the Missairiyah and the Rizeigat.[5] It appears that horse racing has been practiced in Darfur since 16th century.[6] During the 20th century, a policy of improving breeding was put in place[7] with the support of local tribes, who participated in the establishment of Thoroughbreds, particularly in the Khartoum region.[5] The English imported horse racing in 1929, and built a racecourse in Khartoum, at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.[2] They imported other equestrian practices then unknown to the Sudanese, such as polo and tent pegging. While they had no intention of teaching equestrian sport to the Sudanese, this practice survived the colonial period, equestrian sport being in full development during the country's independence in 1956.[2] According to Ahmed Mekki Abdu, first Governor of Khartoum after independence, the English re-sold their horses to the Sudanese before their departure, allowing the maintenance of large stables sometimes numbering dozens of horses.[2]

The veterinary authorities imported Thoroughbreds from England from 1944, with the idea of ​​"improving" the local herd and making Sudan a country exporting horses to Iraq, Egypt, Jordan and Nigeria, whose officials enjoy seeing 's tribal horse shows. A breeding centre was created in Nyala, capable of receiving 10 to 90 mares every day.[5] This centre became the main supplier of racehorses to Khartoum, and imported 400 to 500 of these animals annually until 1974.[5] Arabian horses were also imported at this time.[8] This breeding is established to the detriment of local breeds,[8] although they are better adapted to their biotope.

The environmental and ecological crisis (desertification of Darfur) impacts domestic animals as much as human beings, reducing horse patrols, polo, and racing.[5] In 2004, on the border between Sudan and Chad, mounted militias terrorized the population.[9] Many are Janjawid, pro-Arab government militiamen.[10]

Mahdi

Breeding

Sudan has the largest population of domestic livestock (cattle, goats, camels, donkeys, sheep, etc.) in all of Africa, with the domestic donkey being much more present than the horse.[11]: 2  Based on figures provided by the Sudanese government in 2009, R. Trevor Wilson estimates, in his study of domestic livestock in Sudan, that there are 784,000 horses in the country.[11]: 2  The Delachaux guide puts forward (2014) a figure of around 20,000 horses in Sudan,[7] the latter seeming unrealistic, in agreement with the numerous errors contained elsewhere in this work.

The original horse type from Sudan is a Barb,[8] quite small, with a light frame.[11] From the 1950s and 1960s, horses from Sudan were crossed with imported Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds.[2] The DAD-IS database lists 5 horse breeds currently or in the past raised in Sudan: the Dongola, the Sudanese, the Tawleed and the Gharkawi.[8] The Delachaux guide includes only two local breeds, the Gharkawi and the Soudanese.[7]: 413 

The Barb horse, originally from North Africa, was sometimes mistaken for Arabians in Europe due to size and Arab-speaking Berber handlers. Notable confusion includes the "Godolphin Arabian," actually a Tunisian Barb, foundational to the Thoroughbred breed.[12] Today, Barbs are bred primarily in Algeria, Morocco, Spain, and southern France, but their numbers decline due to economic challenges. The World Organization of the Barb Horse aims to preserve the breed. The Barb significantly influenced global racing breeds, following the Arabian.[13] Introduced by Berber invaders in the 8th century, it mixed with Spanish stock to create the highly prized Andalusian.[13] Despite its lesser fame in appearance compared to Arabians, the Barb excelled in stamina, endurance, and training adaptability.[14]

The Dongola horse, hailing from Sudan's Dongola province, is an African riding breed primarily of Barb type, potentially influenced by Arabs in the past. Found in northern Sudan, western Eritrea, and West African nations, it has regional variants like the West African Dongola and the Bahr-el-Ghazal breed in Chad.[8]: 462  Local West African breeds, deriving from Dongola and Barb cross-breeding, include the Mossi, Yagha, Bandiagara, Songhaq, Djerma, and Nigerian. Known for its convex profile,[15] the Dongola horse is admired for its hardiness and is used for riding, traction, and pack work.[8]: 461 

The Sudanese Country-Bred horse originated in the early 20th century through a government program aimed at improving the breed. Local Barb-type mares, mainly from Dongola and Gharbaui populations, were bred with Arab and Thoroughbred stallions, often at the Nyala stud farm in South Darfur.[16]: 245  Although the resulting crossbred horses were larger, they lost some of the local qualities, such as hardiness and water endurance. By the 1950s or 1960s, most local horses were affected by this process.[17][18]: 408  In 1994, their population was around 65,000. The breed's conservation status is currently considered "not at risk," according to FAO in 2007 and the DAD-IS database in 2023.[8]: 505  These horses are primarily used for riding, with bay being the most common coat colour.[8]: 221 

The Tawleed horse is a unique breed originating from Sudan's Khartoum region. Developed through cross-breeding with Thoroughbreds and native Sudan Country-Bred horses, it boasts remarkable strength and endurance.[19] Tawleed horses are known for their sturdiness and the ability to thrive on limited sustenance.[20] Despite being less famous for their appearance, they possess remarkable qualities, including a strong, short-coupled body that lends itself well to various equestrian disciplines, including dressage. Their historical significance extends to influencing the evolution of other breeds, such as the Andalusian and several Western Hemisphere breeds like the American Quarter Horse and Appaloosa.[21]

The Gharbaui horse, originally of Barb type, underwent a government-led "improvement" program in the twentieth century at the Nyala stud farm in South Darfur. Local mares were bred with Arab and Thoroughbred stallions, resulting in larger but less hardy and purebred horses.[22]: 408 [16]: 245  By the 1950s or 1960s, few remained unaffected by this cross-breeding process. In 1994, their population was estimated at 8000–10000.[22]: 408 [23] The Gharbaui is a small horse, standing around 140–145 cm at the withers, resembling the Barb in many ways, particularly its hardiness and endurance.[23] However, its legs often have poor conformation, and it typically has a convex profile. The breed's coat color is commonly grey but can also be bay or chestnut.[22]: 408 [23]

Diseases and parasitism

Like other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, the Khartoum region is hit by epidemics of African horse sickness, which causes high horse mortality. 85% of the Sudanese horses studied were, directly or indirectly, exposed to this virus. Piroplasmosis is also present, with 35.9% of horses and donkeys tested (in 2013) being or having been parasitized.[24] Parasitization by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi is common (2008).[25]

Usage

The horse is probably mainly used as a means of transport, traction, and more rarely as a leisure animal.[7] Horse riding is practiced in rural areas of Sudan for transportation purposes.[11] The vast majority of Sudanese horses are used as working animals, with the exception of a minority of sport horses.[11] In addition to its horse racing, Sudan is known for its tent pegging competitions, imported by the British.[5] The latter are still practiced locally, including by members of the Al-Mahdi family.[7]

The possible historical use of the horse as a pack animal, hunting mount, and source of food is disputed, due to the small number of available sources:[4] it seems technically possible that the ancient Egyptians and Nubians consumed horses,[26] but nothing attests to it.

On the other hand, it is certain that the horse was not used, or only very little, as an agricultural aid.[4] According to researcher Humphrey J. Fisher, of the University of London (1974), traditional festivals and ceremonies seem to constitute the main use of the horse in Sudan, as well as the first vector of transmission of knowledge in terms of horsemanship and horse care.[4] The major limit to equestrian practices seems to lie in the cost and availability of equestrian equipment.[4] There is also a restriction due to a stream of radical Islam, which considers ownership of a horse unacceptable, and the practice of horse riding suspicious.[4]

The use of mounted police to secure the streets at night, inspired by British traditions, continued throughout the 20th century, before disappearing at the start of the following century.[5]

Horse racing

Horse races are still organized in the Khartoum region (source 2014).[7]

Betting is prohibited in horse racing, in accordance with Islamic tradition, but racing has flourished and represents one of the few possible distractions in this country with a high rate of poverty.[2] The racing season takes place from October to June, due to the heat.[2] People suspected of betting despite the ban are regularly arrested.[2] Sudanese jockeys, renowned for their courage and combativeness, are recruited by racing stables in Gulf countries.[2] In 2012, the African Union proposed the organization of horse races in Nyala, in Darfur, as a factor of cohesion and peace between peoples.[6] Maintaining the races also supports cohesion and morale among the Sudanese population of Khartoum since the secession of South Sudan.[27]

Horse racing in Khartoum, in 2007

Warfare

Further information: Battle of Omdurman and Janjaweed
Fire and Sword in the Sudan - a personal narrative of fighting and serving the dervishes, 1879-1895
A battlefield in Sudan. Original drawing by Fritz Bergen.

Culture

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horses of Sudan.

The horse is often mentioned in traditional Sudanese poems and songs On the occasion of festivals, particularly weddings, richly harnessed riders accompany the processions.[5] The Sudanese also make numerous references to the important role of the horse in the Koran and Islamic conquests.[2] The horse has always represented a prestigious gift or tribute.[4]

A popular Sudanese expression says " Pecunia non olet ", which can be translated both as "money has no smell" and "don't look at the mouth of a horse that has been given to you ».[11]: 9 

References

  1. ^ "Well-Preserved Chariot Horse Found in Sudan - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hedges, Chris (1994-12-12). "Khartoum Journal; In Sudan, All the Horses Run Under a Handicap". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  3. ^ Fisher, Humphrey J. (1972). "'He Swalloweth the Ground with Fierceness and Rage': The Horse in the Central Sudan. I. Its Introduction". The Journal of African History. 13 (3): 367–388. ISSN 0021-8537.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Fisher, Humphrey J. (July 1973). "'He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage' the horse in the Central Sudan II. Its use". The Journal of African History. 14 (3): 355–379. doi:10.1017/S0021853700012779. ISSN 1469-5138.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h al-Shafee, Rogia (2018-11-25). "Sudan: Horses in Sudan". allAfrica.
  6. ^ a b "Horses "race to peace" in Nyala - Sudan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Rousseau, Élise; Le Bris, Yann (2014). Tous les chevaux du monde: près de 570 races et types décrits et illustrés. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 412. ISBN 978-2-603-01865-1.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Porter, V.; Alderson, L.; Hall, S.; Sponenberg, P., eds. (January 2016). Mason's world encyclopedia of livestock breeds and breeding. Volume 1 and Volume 2. UK: CABI. p. 505. ISBN 978-1-84593-466-8.
  9. ^ SudanTribune (2003-11-08). "Sudanese President vows not to surrender contested areas to SPLA". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  10. ^ "War crimes in Darfur". the Guardian. 2009-03-04. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Wilson, R Trevor (2018). "Livestock in the Republic of the Sudan: Policies, production, problems and possibilities". Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science. 2 (3). doi:10.15761/ahdvs.1000142. ISSN 2513-9304.
  12. ^ Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. The Authentic Arabian Horse, 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.
  13. ^ a b "The Moroccan Barb horse honoured at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 in Normandy". horsereporter.com. 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  14. ^ Nissen, p. 41.
  15. ^ "Browse by country and species | Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 30 (help)
  16. ^ a b Haller, Martin 1959-Verfasser (2009). Der neue Kosmos-Pferdeführer. Internet Archive. Stuttgart Kosmos. ISBN 978-3-440-10990-8. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Rousseau, Élise (2017-05-09). Horses of the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16720-6.
  18. ^ FAO, ed. (2007). The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-105762-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "Tawleed Horses - Oklahoma State University". breeds.okstate.edu. 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  20. ^ "Tawleed Horse". Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  21. ^ "Tawleed Horse Breed". horsehints.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  22. ^ a b c Rousseau, Élise (2017-05-09). Horses of the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16720-6.
  23. ^ a b c "Western Sudan Pony / Sudan (Horse)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  24. ^ MA, Christa Lesté-Lasserre (2013-05-11). "Developing a Piroplasmosis Control Strategy for Sudan". The Horse. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  25. ^ Salim, B. O. M.; Hassan, S. M.; Bakheit, M. A.; Alhassan, A.; Igarashi, I.; Karanis, P.; Abdelrahman, M. B. (2008). "Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR". Parasitology Research. 103 (5): 1145–1150. ISSN 0932-0113.
  26. ^ Budka, J.; Geiger, C.; Heindl, P.; Hinterhuber, V.; Reschreiter, H. (2019-02-20). "The Question of Fuel for Cooking in Ancient Egypt and Sudan". EXARC Journal (EXARC Journal Issue 2019/1). ISSN 2212-8956.
  27. ^ "A horse race to boost Sudan's morale". 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Sudan&oldid=1176930242"