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Ampelography (ἄμπελος, "vine" + γράφος, "writing") is the field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, Vitis spp. Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries; more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting.

Early history

The grape vine is an extremely variable species and some varieties, such as Pinot, mutate particularly frequently. At the same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines.

The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th century, when it became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as phylloxera.

Many vine identification books were published at this time, one of which is Victor Rendu's Ampélographie française of 1857, featuring hand-colored lithographs by Eugene Grobon.

Pierre Galet

Until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then Pierre Galet of the École nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles, the sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long. He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective.

Galet then published the definitive book, Ampélographie pratique, in 1952, featuring 9,600 types of vine. Ampélographie pratique was translated into English by Lucie Morton, published in 1979 and updated in 2000.

Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography

In 2012, Italian publisher L'Artistica Editrice published Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography, a three volume set which contains the most important books edited in France and Italy between 1800 and 1900: the Ampélographie of Pierre Viala and Victor Vermorel, the grapes section of Pomona Italiana by Count Giorgio Gallesio and the Ampelografia Italiana of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture. The book collects 551 color plates of grapes from all over the world, with texts in Italian and English, which describe the morphological and agricultural characteristics of each vine variety, as well as their synonyms and historical curiosities.^[1]

DNA

Carole Meredith at the University of California, Davis, pioneered the use of genetic fingerprinting for vine identification. Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of Zinfandel, Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of Sangiovese as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration.

DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that do not affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the genes responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour, or the VvGAI1 gene that is mutated in some cells of Pinot Meunier compared to Pinot noir.^[2]

References

^ "Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography". infowine.com. VINIDEA Srl. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2022-09-14. Ampelography is the science of identifying, naming and classifying grape varieties through detailed analysis of the unique characteristics of the plant, its morphology and the different phases of its development. At the same time, however, the vine has its own extraordinary aesthetic and iconographic appeal.
^ Boss, Paul K.; Thomas, Mark R. (2002-05-25). "Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation". Nature. 416. 416 (6883): 847–850. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..847B. doi:10.1038/416847a. PMID 11976683. S2CID 4314131. Retrieved 2022-09-14.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

External links

[1] "Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography". infowine.com. VINIDEA Srl. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2022-09-14. Ampelography is the science of identifying, naming and classifying grape varieties through detailed analysis of the unique characteristics of the plant, its morphology and the different phases of its development. At the same time, however, the vine has its own extraordinary aesthetic and iconographic appeal.

[2] Boss, Paul K.; Thomas, Mark R. (2002-05-25). "Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation". Nature. 416. 416 (6883): 847–850. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..847B. doi:10.1038/416847a. PMID 11976683. S2CID 4314131. Retrieved 2022-09-14.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines}}
-{{Refimprove|date=April 2012}}
+{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
-[[Image:Vitisl-labrusca-8-Kentucky-Native-Plant-Society.png|thumb|''[[Vitis labrusca]]'']]
+[[Image:Vitis labrusca BB-1913.png|thumb|''[[Vitis labrusca]]'']]
-'''Ampelography'''  ([[Ampelos|(ἄμπελος]], "vine" + γράφος, 'writing') is the field of [[botany]] concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, [[Vitis|''Vitis'' spp.]] Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries; more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting.
+'''Ampelography''' ([[Ampelos|ἄμπελος]], "vine" + γράφος, "writing") is the field of [[botany]] concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, [[Vitis|''Vitis'' spp.]] Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries; more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting.
 ==Early history==
-The grape vine is an extremely variable [[species]] and some [[:Category:Grape varieties|varieties]], such as [[Pinot noir|Pinot]], [[mutate]] particularly frequently. At the same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines.
+{{Original research|section|date=November 2016}}The grape vine is an extremely variable [[species]] and some [[:Category:Grape varieties|varieties]], such as [[Pinot noir|Pinot]], [[mutate]] particularly frequently. At the same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines.
-The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th century, when it suddenly became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as [[phylloxera]].
+The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th century, when it became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as [[phylloxera]].
-Many vine identification books were published at this time, of which one of the greatest is Victor Rendu's ''Ampélographie française'' of 1857, featuring beautiful hand-colored lithographs by Eugene Grobon.
+Many vine identification books were published at this time, one of which is Victor Rendu's ''Ampélographie française'' of 1857, featuring hand-colored lithographs by Eugene Grobon.
 ==Pierre Galet==
-Up until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then [[Pierre Galet]] of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de [[Montpellier]] made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles, the sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long.  He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective.
+Until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then [[Pierre Galet]] of the ''École nationale supérieure agronomique de [[Montpellier]]'' made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles, the sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long. He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective.
-Galet then published the definitive book, ''Ampélographie Pratique'', in 1952, featuring 9600 types of vine. ''Ampélographie Pratique'' was translated into English by Lucie Morton and published in 1979; it was later updated in 2000.
+Galet then published the definitive book, ''Ampélographie pratique'', in 1952, featuring 9,600 types of vine. ''Ampélographie pratique'' was translated into English by Lucie Morton, published in 1979 and updated in 2000.
 ==''Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography''==
-In 2012, Italian publisher L'Artistica Editrice published ''Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography'', a three volume set which contains the most important books edited in France and Italy between 1800 and 1900: the ''Ampélographie'' of Pierre Viala and Victor Vermorel, the grapes section of ''Pomona Italiana'' by Count Giorgio Gallesio and the ''Ampelografia Italiana'' of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture. The book collects 551 color plates of grapes from all over the world, with texts in Italian and English, which describe the morphological and agricultural characteristics of each vine variety, as well as their synonyms and historical curiosities.<ref>[http://www.infowine.com/default.asp?scheda=11209 Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography] InfoWine. Retrieved: 2012-08-24.</ref>
+In 2012, Italian publisher L'Artistica Editrice published ''Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography'', a three volume set which contains the most important books edited in France and Italy between 1800 and 1900: the ''Ampélographie'' of Pierre Viala and Victor Vermorel, the grapes section of ''Pomona Italiana'' by Count Giorgio Gallesio and the ''Ampelografia Italiana'' of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture. The book collects 551 color plates of grapes from all over the world, with texts in Italian and English, which describe the morphological and agricultural characteristics of each vine variety, as well as their synonyms and historical curiosities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infowine.com/en/news/illustrated_historical_universal_ampelography_sc_9738.htm |title=Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2012-05-22 |website=infowine.com |publisher=VINIDEA Srl |access-date=2022-09-14 |quote=Ampelography is the science of identifying, naming and classifying grape varieties through detailed analysis of the unique characteristics of the plant, its morphology and the different phases of its development. At the same time, however, the vine has its own extraordinary aesthetic and iconographic appeal.}}</ref>
 ==DNA==
-[[Carole Meredith]] at the [[University of California, Davis]] pioneered the use of [[genetic fingerprinting]] for vine identification.  Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of [[Zinfandel]], Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of [[Sangiovese]] as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration.
+[[Carole Meredith]] at the [[University of California, Davis]], pioneered the use of [[genetic fingerprinting]] for vine identification. Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of [[Zinfandel]], Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of [[Sangiovese]] as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration.
-DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that do not affect the look or taste of the grapes.  More recent work has identified the [[gene]]s responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the ''VvMYBA1'' and ''VvMYBA2'' genes that control grape colour, or the ''VvGAI1'' gene that is [[mutation|mutated]] in some cells of [[Pinot Meunier]] compared to [[Pinot noir]].<ref>Paul K. Boss and Mark R. Thomas.
+DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that do not affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the [[gene]]s responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the ''VvMYBA1'' and ''VvMYBA2'' genes that control grape colour, or the ''VvGAI1'' gene that is [[mutation|mutated]] in some cells of [[Pinot Meunier]] compared to [[Pinot noir]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416847a.html |url-access= |title=Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation |last1=Boss |first1=Paul K. |last2=Thomas |first2=Mark R. |date=2002-05-25 |year=2002 |journal=Nature |series=416 |volume= 416|issue= 6883|pages=847–850 |doi=10.1038/416847a |pmid= 11976683|bibcode= 2002Natur.416..847B|s2cid= 4314131|access-date=2022-09-14 |quote=}}</ref>
-"[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416847a.html Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation]" ''Nature'' 416, 847–850 (25 April 2002)</ref>
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
 The original Galet ''Ampélographie Pratique'' is the definitive book, either in French or in English translation, but has long been out of print and does not include any DNA evidence.
+* Everhart, S.E. 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130926012629/http://people.oregonstate.edu/~everhars/Everhart_2010_CanopyVitis.pdf Upper canopy collection and identification of grapevines (Vitis) from selected forests in the southeastern United States]. Castanea 75: 141-149.
-* Rendu,Victor (1857) [http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/top_dozen/TD_AmpF_1857_01.htm ''Ampélographie française''] Paris
 * Galet, Pierre (1952) ''Précis d’Ampélographie Pratique''
-* Galet, Pierre trans. Lucie Morton (1979) ''A Practical Ampelography: Grapevine Identification'' Cornell University Press (English translation)
+* Galet, Pierre trans. Lucie Morton (1979) ''A Practical Ampelography: Grapevine Identification'' [[Cornell University Press]] (English translation)
-* Galet, Pierre ed. Pierre Roller (2000) ''Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages'' Hachette ISBN 2-01-236331-8 is an updated version
+* Galet, Pierre ed. Pierre Roller (2000) ''Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages'' Hachette {{ISBN|2-01-236331-8}} is an updated version
-* Galet, Pierre (2002) ''Grape Varieties: A Study of Wine'', Hachette Wine Library (Cassell), ISBN 0-304-36409-6 is a decent summary in English.
+* Galet, Pierre (2002) ''Grape Varieties: A Study of Wine'', Hachette Wine Library (Cassell), {{ISBN|0-304-36409-6}} is a decent summary in English.
+* ''Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes'' (OUP, {{ISBN|0-19-860098-4}}) is a cut-down version of her earlier ''Vines, Grapes & Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties''
+* Kerridge, George & Antcliff, Allan (1999) [http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/2186.htm ''Wine Grape Varieties''] CSIRO Publishing, {{ISBN|0-643-05982-2}} is a good book from Australia aimed at growers
+* Rendu, Victor (1857) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101153220/http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/top_dozen/TD_AmpF_1857_01.htm ''Ampélographie française''] Paris
 * Schneider, Anna; Mainardi, Giusi; Raimondi, Stefano; ed. (2012) ''Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography'', L'Artistica Editrice, Savigliano.
-* Kerridge, George & Antcliff, Allan (1999) [http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/2186.htm ''Wine Grape Varieties''] CSIRO Publishing, ISBN 0-643-05982-2 is a good book from Australia aimed at growers
-* ''Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes'' (OUP, ISBN 0-19-860098-4) is a cut-down version of her earlier ''Vines, Grapes & Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties''
-{{commonscat|Ampelography}}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|Ampelography}}
-{{wiktionary}}
+{{Wiktionary}}
-{{-}}
 {{Viticulture}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Vitis|*]]

v t e Viticulture
Biology and horticulture	Ampelography Annual growth cycle of grapevines Grape varieties Grapes Hybrid grape International Grape Genome Program Ripening (Veraison) Rootstock Vineyard Vitis Vitis vinifera
Environmental variation	Climate categories Diurnal temperature variation Drainage Microclimate Regional climate levels Soil types Terroir Topography aspect elevation slope
Vineyard planting	Grapevine planting Propagation Row orientation Trellis design Vine training Yield
Vineyard management	Canopy Clos Coulure Erosion control Fertilizer Frost damage prevention Green harvest (Vendange verte) Integrated pest management Irrigation Klopotec Millerandage Pruning Weed control
Harvest	Brix Festivals Noble rot Ripeness Vintage Weather
Pests and diseases	Birds Black rot Botrytis bunch rot Bot canker Dead arm Downy mildew Grapevine yellows Great French Wine Blight Nematodes Phylloxera Pierce's disease Powdery mildew Uncinula necator Red spider mite Vine moth
Approaches and issues	Adaptive management Biodynamic wine Effects of climate change on wine production Environmental stewardship Organic farming Sustainable agriculture
See also	Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Outline of wine Wine Winemaking
Kategorie

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