Seram mountain pigeon: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird from Seram, Indonesia}} |
{{Short description|Species of bird from Seram, Indonesia}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Seram mountain pigeon |
| name = Seram mountain pigeon |
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| image = |
| image = Gymnophaps stalkeri 265390794.jpg |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite iucn |
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite iucn|title=''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016-10-01 |access-date=2021-11-11 |language=en |page=e.T45448758A95156213 }}</ref> |
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| genus = Gymnophaps |
| genus = Gymnophaps |
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| species = stalkeri |
| species = stalkeri |
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| synonyms = *''Columba stalkeri'' [[William Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1911 |
| synonyms = *''Columba stalkeri'' [[William Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1911 |
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*''Gymnophaps mada stalkeri'' ([[William Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1911) |
*''Gymnophaps mada stalkeri'' ([[William Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1911) |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gymnophaps stalkeri (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8A28C238&sec=synonyms|access-date=2021-11-19|website=[[Avibase]]}}</ref> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8A28C238&sec=synonyms|access-date=2021-11-19|website=[[Avibase]]}}</ref> |
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| range_map = Gymnophaps stalkeri map.svg |
| range_map = Gymnophaps stalkeri map.svg |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Seram mountain pigeon''' (''Gymnophaps stalkeri'') is a [[species]] of bird in the pigeon family [[Columbidae]] that is [[endemic]] to the island of [[Seram Island|Seram]] in Indonesia, where it inhabits hill forest. It was long considered to be a [[subspecies]] of the [[Buru mountain pigeon]], but was split on the basis of differences in appearance. It is a medium-sized pigeon with a buff-pink face and breast, [[Wine (color)|wine]]-pink [[underparts]], a grey nape, crown, back of neck, and thighs, and dark chestnut belly and underside of the tail. |
The '''Seram mountain pigeon''' ('''''Gymnophaps stalkeri''''') is a [[species]] of bird in the pigeon family [[Columbidae]] that is [[endemic]] to the island of [[Seram Island|Seram]] in Indonesia, where it inhabits hill forest. It was long considered to be a [[subspecies]] of the [[Buru mountain pigeon]], but was split on the basis of differences in appearance. It is a medium-sized pigeon with a buff-pink face and breast, [[Wine (color)|wine]]-pink [[underparts]], a grey nape, crown, back of neck, and thighs, and dark chestnut belly and underside of the tail. |
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The Seram mountain pigeon feeds on fruit and feeds in flocks of up to 50 birds. The only known nest was observed in September in [[Old-growth forest|old-growth]] [[montane forest]] and contained one egg. It is listed as being of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its stable population and sufficiently large range. |
The Seram mountain pigeon feeds on fruit and feeds in flocks of up to 50 birds. The only known nest was observed in September in [[Old-growth forest|old-growth]] [[montane forest]] and contained one egg. It is listed as being of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its stable population and sufficiently large range. |
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== Taxonomy and systematics == |
== Taxonomy and systematics == |
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[[File:ColumbaMadaKeulemans.jpg|alt=illustration of two pigeons with bluish wings, cream-pink underparts, and grey head and back of neck|left|thumb|235x235px|An illustration of the closely related Buru mountain pigeon]] |
[[File:ColumbaMadaKeulemans.jpg|alt=illustration of two pigeons with bluish wings, cream-pink underparts, and grey head and back of neck|left|thumb|235x235px|An illustration of the closely related Buru mountain pigeon]] |
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The Seram mountain pigeon was [[Species description|described]] as ''Columba stalkeri'' by the Scottish [[ornithologist]] [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|William Ogilvie-Grant]] in 1911 on the basis of specimens from the Kanobi Mountains on [[Seram Island|Seram]], Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite |
The Seram mountain pigeon was [[Species description|described]] as ''Columba stalkeri'' by the Scottish [[ornithologist]] [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|William Ogilvie-Grant]] in 1911 on the basis of specimens from the Kanobi Mountains on [[Seram Island|Seram]], Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogilvie-Grant |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32553940#page/132/mode/1up |title=''Columba stalkeri'', sp. n. |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |year=1910|volume=27 |page=104 |language=en}}</ref> It was subsequently merged with the [[Buru mountain pigeon]] in the genus ''[[Gymnophaps]]'' by the Australian amateur ornithologist [[Gregory Mathews]] in 1927.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathews |first=Gregory M. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/257003#page/78/mode/1up |title=Systema avium Australasianarum = A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union |year=1927 |location=London |page=54 |language=en}}</ref> It was again split as a distinct species on basis of differences in appearance in 2007 by Frank Rheindt and Robert Hutchinson.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Robert|last2=Rheindt|first2=Frank|date=2007|title=A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276377362|journal=BirdingAsia|volume=7|pages=18–38}}</ref> |
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The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Gymnophaps'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words γυμνος (''gumnos''), meaning bare, and φαψ (''phaps''), meaning pigeon. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''stalkeri'' is in honour of [[Wilfred Stalker]], an Australian [[Scientific collection|natural history collector]] who collected the [[type specimens]] of the species on a [[British Ornithologists' Union]] expedition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jobling|first=James A.|title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|publisher=[[Christopher Helm]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4|location=London|pages=182, 364|language=en}}</ref> Seram mountain pigeon is the official [[common name]] designated by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |title=Pigeons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pigeons/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=IOC World Bird List |language=en-US}}</ref> Other common names for the species include Seram long-tailed mountain-pigeon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' (Seram Mountain-Pigeon) |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8A28C238&sec=summary&ssver=1 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=[[Avibase]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Gibbs|first1=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701718514|title=Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World|last2=Barnes|first2=Eustace|last3=Cox|first3=John|publisher=[[Pica Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-1-8734-0360-0|location=|pages=578–579|language=en|oclc=701718514}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Seram mountain pigeon is one of four species in the genus ''Gymnophaps'', |
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| ⚫ | The Seram mountain pigeon is one of four species in the mountain pigeon genus ''Gymnophaps'', which is found in [[Melanesia]] and the [[Maluku Islands]]. It forms a [[Species complex#Related concepts|superspecies]] with the other species in its genus.<ref name=":12" /> Within its family, the genus ''Gymnophaps'' is [[Sister taxa|sister]] to ''[[Lopholaimus]]'', and these two together form a [[clade]] sister to ''[[Hemiphaga]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nowak|first1=Jennifer|last2=Sweet|first2=Andrew|last3=Weckstein|first3=Jason|last4=Johnson|first4=Kevin|date=2019-08-15|title=A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genera of fruit doves and allies using dense taxonomic sampling|url=https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/journals/inhs/article/view/93|journal=Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin|volume=42|pages=2019001|doi=10.21900/j.inhs.v42.93|s2cid=203895719 |issn=2644-0687|hdl=2142/107151|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The species has [[Monotypic taxon|no subspecies]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The Seram mountain pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon that is {{Convert|33–38.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{Convert|330–338|g|oz|abbr=on}}. It has a deep buff-pink face and breast, paler on the chin, changing to [[Wine (color)|wine]]-pink on the [[underparts]]. The thighs are grey and the [[nape]], [[Crown (anatomy)|crown]], and back of neck are pale, pure blue-grey, while the belly and underside of the tail are dark chestnut with wine-grey fringes to the feathers. The eyes are scarlet to yellow with purplish red to scarlet [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] skin, the bill is yellow with a purple [[cere]], and the legs are purple. Juveniles have browner [[upperparts]], have browner underparts, and are darker below the tail. They also have dull red orbital skin, dull red legs, and a white-tipped grey bill with a dull red cere.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| |
The Seram mountain pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon that is {{Convert|33–38.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{Convert|330–338|g|oz|abbr=on}}. It has a deep buff-pink face and breast, paler on the chin, changing to [[Wine (color)|wine]]-pink on the [[underparts]]. The thighs are grey and the [[nape]], [[Crown (anatomy)|crown]], and back of neck are pale, pure blue-grey, while the belly and underside of the tail are dark chestnut with wine-grey fringes to the feathers. The eyes are scarlet to yellow with purplish red to scarlet [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] skin, the bill is yellow with a purple [[cere]], and the legs are purple. Juveniles have browner [[upperparts]], have browner underparts, and are darker below the tail. They also have dull red orbital skin, dull red legs, and a white-tipped grey bill with a dull red cere.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Baptista|first1=Luis F.|last2=Trail|first2=Pepper W.|last3=Horblit|first3=H.M.|last4=Kirwan|first4=Guy M.|last5=Garcia|first5=Ernest|date=2020-03-04|editor-last=Billerman|editor-first=Shawn M.|editor2-last=Keeney|editor2-first=Brooke K.|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor3-first=Paul G.|editor4-last=Schulenberg|editor4-first=Thomas S.|title=Seram Mountain-Pigeon (Gymnophaps stalkeri)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lotmop2/1.0/introduction|language=en|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|doi=10.2173/bow.lotmop2.01|access-date=2021-11-13|journal=Birds of the World|s2cid=243013984 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Hutan lindung olas, salah satu dara respan air yg berada di pulau seram - panoramio.jpg|alt=aerial photo of forest|thumb|Forest on Seram]] |
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== Distribution and habitat == |
== Distribution and habitat == |
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The Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to Seram in the |
The Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to Seram in the Maluku Islands. It mainly inhabits hill forest at elevations of {{Convert|400–2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but is typically more common above {{Convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}}. One record of the species found seven individuals at an elevation of {{Convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Reeve|first1=Andrew H.|last2=Haryoko|first2=Tri|last3=Poulsen|first3=Michael K.|last4=Fabre|first4=Pierre-Henri|last5=Jønsson|first5=Knud A.|date=2014-01-01|title=New ornithological records from Buru and Seram, south Maluku, Indonesia, 1995–2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279045887|journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]]|volume=30|pages=15}}</ref> |
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== Behaviour and ecology == |
== Behaviour and ecology == |
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The species is very [[Sociality|social]], frequently being seen in flocks of over 20 birds.<ref name=":12" /> |
The species is very [[Sociality|social]], frequently being seen in flocks of over 20 birds.<ref name=":12" /> It feeds on fruit. Foraging flocks can have over 20 birds, with some being as large as 50 individuals.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Diet === |
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The Seram mountain pigeon feeds on fruit. Foraging flocks can have over 20 birds, with some being as large as 50 individuals.<ref name=":2" /> |
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[[File:Seram-mountain-pigeon-egg.png|alt=single white egg in lining of vegetation|thumb|Egg of the Seram mountain pigeon]] |
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=== Breeding === |
=== Breeding === |
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{{Multiple image |
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| direction = vertical |
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| image1 = Seram-mountain-pigeon-egg.png |
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| alt1 = single white egg in lining of vegetation |
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| caption1 = Egg in nest |
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| image2 = Seram-mountain-pigeon-nest-location.png |
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| caption2 = Tree on which a Seram mountain pigeon nest was found |
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| alt2 = picture of mossy tree with red arrow pointing towards a branch |
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| align = right |
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| total_width = 175 |
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}} |
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The Seram mountain pigeon has been observed making a [[Advertising in biology|display flight]] in February. The display is similar to that of [[Papuan mountain pigeon|Papuan mountain pigeons]], males of which launch themselves upwards from a perch before plummeting down and returning. However, the display of the Seram mountain pigeon is lower and less steep, and it continues flying forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.<ref name=":1" /> |
The Seram mountain pigeon has been observed making a [[Advertising in biology|display flight]] in February. The display is similar to that of [[Papuan mountain pigeon|Papuan mountain pigeons]], males of which launch themselves upwards from a perch before plummeting down and returning. However, the display of the Seram mountain pigeon is lower and less steep, and it continues flying forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Its only known nest was observed in September in [[Old-growth forest|primary]] [[montane forest]] at an elevation of {{Convert|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The nest was placed in a crevice on a dead, mossy branch {{Convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground. It was lined loosely with twigs and moss, and contained a single white egg.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal| |
Its only known nest was observed in September in [[Old-growth forest|primary]] [[montane forest]] at an elevation of {{Convert|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The nest was placed in a crevice on a dead, mossy branch {{Convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground. It was lined loosely with twigs and moss, and contained a single white egg.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Robert O.|last2=Rheindt|first2=Frank E.|date=2009|title=First Nest and Egg of the Seram Mountain-Pigeon ''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' of Maluku|url=http://23.101.26.160/index.php/KKL/article/view/152|journal=Kukila|volume=14|pages=41–43}}</ref> |
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== Status == |
== Status == |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2940157}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2940157}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:pigeon, mountain, Seram}} |
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[[Category:Gymnophaps|Seram mountain pigeon]] |
[[Category:Gymnophaps|Seram mountain pigeon]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Seram]] |
[[Category:Birds of Seram]] |
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[[Category:Endemic fauna of Seram Island]] |
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Seram Island]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1911|Seram mountain pigeon]] |
[[Category:Birds described in 1911|Seram mountain pigeon]] |
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Revision as of 13:02, 29 September 2023
| Seram mountain pigeon | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | Gymnophaps |
| Species: | G. stalkeri
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| Binomial name | |
| Gymnophaps stalkeri (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911)
| |
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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The Seram mountain pigeon (Gymnophaps stalkeri) is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae that is endemic to the island of Seram in Indonesia, where it inhabits hill forest. It was long considered to be a subspecies of the Buru mountain pigeon, but was split on the basis of differences in appearance. It is a medium-sized pigeon with a buff-pink face and breast, wine-pink underparts, a grey nape, crown, back of neck, and thighs, and dark chestnut belly and underside of the tail.
The Seram mountain pigeon feeds on fruit and feeds in flocks of up to 50 birds. The only known nest was observed in September in old-growth montane forest and contained one egg. It is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its stable population and sufficiently large range.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Seram mountain pigeon was described as Columba stalkeri by the Scottish ornithologist William Ogilvie-Grant in 1911 on the basis of specimens from the Kanobi Mountains on Seram, Indonesia.[3] It was subsequently merged with the Buru mountain pigeon in the genus Gymnophaps by the Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1927.[4] It was again split as a distinct species on basis of differences in appearance in 2007 by Frank Rheindt and Robert Hutchinson.[5]
The generic name Gymnophaps is derived from the Ancient Greek words γυμνος (gumnos), meaning bare, and φαψ (phaps), meaning pigeon. The specific name stalkeri is in honour of Wilfred Stalker, an Australian natural history collector who collected the type specimens of the species on a British Ornithologists' Union expedition.[6] Seram mountain pigeon is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union.[7] Other common names for the species include Seram long-tailed mountain-pigeon.[8][9]
The Seram mountain pigeon is one of four species in the mountain pigeon genus Gymnophaps, which is found in Melanesia and the Maluku Islands. It forms a superspecies with the other species in its genus.[9] Within its family, the genus Gymnophaps is sister to Lopholaimus, and these two together form a clade sister to Hemiphaga.[10] The species has no subspecies.[7]
Description
The Seram mountain pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon that is 33–38.5 cm (13.0–15.2 in) long and weighs 330–338 g (11.6–11.9 oz). It has a deep buff-pink face and breast, paler on the chin, changing to wine-pink on the underparts. The thighs are grey and the nape, crown, and back of neck are pale, pure blue-grey, while the belly and underside of the tail are dark chestnut with wine-grey fringes to the feathers. The eyes are scarlet to yellow with purplish red to scarlet orbital skin, the bill is yellow with a purple cere, and the legs are purple. Juveniles have browner upperparts, have browner underparts, and are darker below the tail. They also have dull red orbital skin, dull red legs, and a white-tipped grey bill with a dull red cere.[9][11]
Distribution and habitat
The Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to Seram in the Maluku Islands. It mainly inhabits hill forest at elevations of 400–2,300 m (1,300–7,500 ft), but is typically more common above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). One record of the species found seven individuals at an elevation of 100 m (330 ft).[11][12]
Behaviour and ecology
The species is very social, frequently being seen in flocks of over 20 birds.[9] It feeds on fruit. Foraging flocks can have over 20 birds, with some being as large as 50 individuals.[11]
Breeding
Egg in nest
Tree on which a Seram mountain pigeon nest was found
The Seram mountain pigeon has been observed making a display flight in February. The display is similar to that of Papuan mountain pigeons, males of which launch themselves upwards from a perch before plummeting down and returning. However, the display of the Seram mountain pigeon is lower and less steep, and it continues flying forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.[12]
Its only known nest was observed in September in primary montane forest at an elevation of 2,300 m (7,500 ft). The nest was placed in a crevice on a dead, mossy branch 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the ground. It was lined loosely with twigs and moss, and contained a single white egg.[11][13]
Status
The Seram mountain pigeon is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its stable population and sufficiently large range. Its population has not been estimated, but it is reported as being more common than the Buru mountain pigeon is on Buru, and is especially common at altitudes of 1,300–1,700 m (4,300–5,600 ft).[11][1]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016-10-01). "Gymnophaps stalkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01: e.T45448758A95156213. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ "Gymnophaps stalkeri (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)". Avibase. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ Ogilvie-Grant (1910). "Columba stalkeri, sp. n." Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 27: 104.
- ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1927). Systema avium Australasianarum = A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London: British Ornithologists' Union. p. 54.
- ^ Hutchinson, Robert; Rheindt, Frank (2007). "A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas)". BirdingAsia. 7: 18–38.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 182, 364. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ "Gymnophaps stalkeri (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)". Avibase. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ a b c d Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Pica Press. pp. 578–579. ISBN 978-1-8734-0360-0. OCLC 701718514.
- ^ Nowak, Jennifer; Sweet, Andrew; Weckstein, Jason; Johnson, Kevin (2019-08-15). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genera of fruit doves and allies using dense taxonomic sampling". Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin. 42: 2019001. doi:10.21900/j.inhs.v42.93. hdl:2142/107151. ISSN 2644-0687. S2CID 203895719.
- ^ a b c d e Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H.M.; Kirwan, Guy M.; Garcia, Ernest (2020-03-04). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Seram Mountain-Pigeon (Gymnophaps stalkeri)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.lotmop2.01. S2CID 243013984. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ a b Reeve, Andrew H.; Haryoko, Tri; Poulsen, Michael K.; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Jønsson, Knud A. (2014-01-01). "New ornithological records from Buru and Seram, south Maluku, Indonesia, 1995–2012". Forktail. 30: 15.
- ^ Hutchinson, Robert O.; Rheindt, Frank E. (2009). "First Nest and Egg of the Seram Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps stalkeri of Maluku". Kukila. 14: 41–43.