Baccharis halimifolia: Difference between revisions

Baccharis halimifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Baccharis
Species:	B. halimifolia
Binomial name
	Baccharis halimifolia; L.
	Natural range of Baccharis halimifolia in United States + Bahamas
Synonyms
	Baccharis axillaris Mart. ex Baker; Baccharis halimifolia var. angustior DC.; Conyza halimifolia Desf.;

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Baccharis halimifolia is a North American species of shrubs in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Nova Scotia, the eastern and southern United States (from Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma),^[2] eastern Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Quintana Roo),^[3] the Bahamas,^[4] and Cuba.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Widely used common names include eastern baccharis, groundsel bush, sea myrtle, and saltbush. Consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel tree, menguilié, and silverling are also used more locally. In most of its range, where no other species of the genus occur, this plant is often simply called baccharis.

Classification

Baccharis halimifola was first described and named by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum, published in 1753. No subspecies or varieties are recognized within the species.

This species is the northernmost member of the large Western Hemisphere genus Baccharis in the aster family (Asteraceae).

Senecio arborescens, a Neotropical species, was confused with Baccharis halimifolia in the past.^{[citation needed]}

Description

Baccharis halimifolia is a fall-flowering shrub growing to about 12 ft (4 m) high and comparably wide, or occasionally a small tree. Its simple, alternate, thick, egg-shaped to rhombic leaves mostly have coarse teeth, with the uppermost leaves entire. These fall-flowering Baccharis plants are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate individuals. Their flowers are borne in numerous small, compact heads in large leafy terminal inflorescences, with the snowy-white, cotton-like female flower-heads showy and conspicuous at a distance.^[10]^[11]

The species is sometimes confused with the marsh-elder (Iva frutescens),^[12] with which it often co-occurs, but the Baccharis has its leaves alternate, while those of the Iva are opposite.^[10]

Ecology

Baccharis halimifolia, usually found in wetlands, is unusually salt-tolerant, and often found along salty or brackish shores of marshes and estuaries, and the inland shores of coastal barrier islands. In Florida, it is also found along ditches, in old fields, and in other disturbed areas.^[11] Other habitats in the northeastern United States include freshwater tidal marshes and open woods and thickets along the seacoast.^[10]

The flowers produce abundant nectar that attracts various butterflies, including the monarch (Danaus plexippus).^[11] These dense shrubs also provide wildlife food and cover.^[11]

Invasiveness

The species has become naturalized in Europe^[11] and in New Zealand and considered invasive.^[11]

The species features since 2016 on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern.^[13] This means that import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union.^[14]

In Australia, B. halimifolia is an invasive species along the coast of southern Queensland and New South Wales.^[5] As biological control the rust fungus Puccinia evadens^[15] is used. Furthermore, the lepidoptera Hellinsia balanotes (Meyrick, 1908), Aristotelia ivae Busck, 1900, Lorita baccharivora Pogue, 1988 and Prochoerodes truxaliata (Guenée, 1858) were released for its biological control.

In the northeastern United States, the species has become common well inland of the shrub's natural range along various major highways where road salt is heavily used,^[7] sometimes forming conspicuous displays when flowering in the fall, as along I-95 in Howard County, Maryland.

Toxicity

The seeds of Baccharis halimifolia are toxic to humans.^[11]

Uses

Baccharis halimifolia is occasionally cultivated and is considered useful as a hedge or border as well as a specimen plant.^[11] In southern Louisiana, it has been traditionally used as a medicine to treat inflamed kidneys and fever.^[16]

References

^ "Baccharis halimifolia L. — the Plant List". Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
^ "Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map". Bonap.net. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100.
^ USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center: Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and other publications)
^ ^a ^b "Baccharis halimifolia". Flora of North America. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
^ Hitchcock, A.S. & P. C. Standley (1919). Flora of the District of Columbia and Vicinity (Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, vol.21). Washington: United States National Museum (Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2010). pp. 329 (+42 plates). ISBN 1-4369-8558-7.
^ ^a ^b "Eastern Baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Rare Plant Species. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "Species at Risk Conservation Fund 2009 Approved Projects". Nova Scotia Canada Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
^ Heering, Wilhelm Christian August 1907. in Urban, Ignatz, Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 5(2): 243 in Latin, mention of Cuba under var. angustior
^ ^a ^b ^c Tiner, Ralph W. Jr. (1987). A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States. Amherst [Massachusetts]: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-538-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Brown, Steven H. & Kim Cooperrider. "Baccharis halimifolia". University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ "Iva frutescens". Flora of North America. Flora of North America. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species". Archived from the original on 2017-03-03.
^ Jim Cullen, Mic Julien, Rachel McFadyen: Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. Csiro Publishing, 2012. Seite 91f
^ C. Ray Brassieur (February 25, 2014). "Herbal Healing Traditions of South Louisiana" (PDF). Botanical.pbrc.edu. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

Other references

Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
Niering, William, Olmstead, Nancy, National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region, 1995, ISBN 0-394-50432-1, p. 367

External links

Data related to Baccharis halimifolia at Wikispecies
Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina: Groundseltree, Eastern Baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia)

[1] "Baccharis halimifolia L. — the Plant List". Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2015-05-26.

[2] "Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map". Bonap.net. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

[3] Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100.

[4] USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center: Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and other publications)

[fna-5] "Baccharis halimifolia". Flora of North America. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

[DC1919-6] Hitchcock, A.S. & P. C. Standley (1919). Flora of the District of Columbia and Vicinity (Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, vol.21). Washington: United States National Museum (Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2010). pp. 329 (+42 plates). ISBN 1-4369-8558-7.

[PennaBaccharis-7] "Eastern Baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Rare Plant Species. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

[NS_Baccharis-8] "Species at Risk Conservation Fund 2009 Approved Projects". Nova Scotia Canada Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

[9] Heering, Wilhelm Christian August 1907. in Urban, Ignatz, Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 5(2): 243 in Latin, mention of Cuba under var. angustior

[Tiner-10] Tiner, Ralph W. Jr. (1987). A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States. Amherst [Massachusetts]: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-538-9.

[BhalimFla-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Brown, Steven H. & Kim Cooperrider. "Baccharis halimifolia". University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

[FNA_Iva_frutescens-12] "Iva frutescens". Flora of North America. Flora of North America. Retrieved 12 October 2011.

[13] "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.

[14] "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species". Archived from the original on 2017-03-03.

[15] Jim Cullen, Mic Julien, Rachel McFadyen: Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. Csiro Publishing, 2012. Seite 91f

[16] C. Ray Brassieur (February 25, 2014). "Herbal Healing Traditions of South Louisiana" (PDF). Botanical.pbrc.edu. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |range_map = Baccharis halimifolia range map 1.png
 |range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Baccharis halimifolia'' in United States + Bahamas
-|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-136824 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-26 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060147/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-136824 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-136824 |title=Baccharis halimifolia L. — the Plant List |access-date=2015-05-26 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060147/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-136824 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 |synonyms =
 *''Baccharis axillaris'' <small>Mart. ex Baker</small>
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 '''''Baccharis halimifolia''''' is a [[North America]]n species of shrubs in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is native to [[Nova Scotia]], the eastern and southern [[United States]] (from [[Massachusetts]] south to [[Florida]] and west to [[Texas]] and [[Oklahoma]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Baccharis%20halimifolia.png|title=Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map|website=Bonap.net|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> eastern [[Mexico]] ([[Nuevo León]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Veracruz]], [[Quintana Roo]]),<ref>Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100.</ref> the [[Bahamas]],<ref>[[:File:Baccharis halimifolia range map 1.png|USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center: Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and other publications)]]</ref> and [[Cuba]].<ref name="fna">{{cite web| url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066181|title= Baccharis halimifolia|work=Flora of North America|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=DC1919>{{cite book|author1=Hitchcock, A.S. |author2=P. C. Standley |name-list-style=amp |title=Flora of the District of Columbia and Vicinity (Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, vol.21)|year=1919|publisher=United States National Museum (Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2010)|location=Washington|isbn=1-4369-8558-7|pages=329 (+42 plates)}}</ref><ref name=PennaBaccharis/><ref name="NS Baccharis">{{cite web|title=Species at Risk Conservation Fund 2009 Approved Projects|url=http://gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/conservationfund/2009projects.asp|publisher=Nova Scotia Canada Department of Natural Resources|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/688269#page/247/mode/1up Heering, Wilhelm Christian August 1907. in Urban, Ignatz, Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 5(2): 243] in Latin, mention of Cuba under var. ''angustior''</ref>
-Widely used common names include '''eastern baccharis''', '''groundsel bush''', '''sea myrtle''', and '''saltbush''', with consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel tree, menguilié, and silverling also used more locally.  In most of its range, where no other species of the genus occur, this plant is often simply called '''baccharis'''.
+Widely used common names include '''eastern baccharis''', '''groundsel bush''', '''sea myrtle''', and '''saltbush'''. Consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel tree, menguilié, and silverling are also used more locally.  In most of its range, where no other species of the genus occur, this plant is often simply called '''baccharis'''.
 ==Classification==
-[[File:baccharis halimifolia bush.jpg|thumb|Flowering ''Baccharis halimifolia'' in late autumn in central North Carolina]]
+[[File:baccharis halimifolia bush.jpg|thumb|Fruiting ''Baccharis halimifolia'' in late autumn in central North Carolina]]
 ''Baccharis halimifola'' was first described and named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', published in 1753.  No subspecies or varieties are recognized within the species.
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 [[File:Groundseltree Baccharis halimifolia fall pappus close.jpg|thumb|Late fall flowerheads, with purple sheath around silky white pappus]]
 [[File:Carl von Linné.jpg|thumb|right|Carl Linnaeus, who first named and described ''Baccharis halimifolia'' (1775 portrait by [[Alexander Roslin]])]]
-''Baccharis halimifolia'' is a fall-flowering  [[shrub]] growing to about 12&nbsp;ft (4 m) high and comparably wide, or occasionally a small tree.  Its simple, alternate, thick, egg-shaped to rhombic leaves mostly have coarse teeth, with the uppermost leaves entire.  These fall-flowering ''Baccharis'' plants are [[dioecious]], with male and female [[flower]]s on separate individuals.  Their flowers are borne in numerous small, compact heads in large leafy terminal [[inflorescence]]s, with the snowy-white, cotton-like female flower-heads showy and conspicuous at a distance.<ref name=Tiner>{{cite book|last=Tiner|first=Ralph W. Jr.|title=A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States|year=1987|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst [Massachusetts]|isbn=0-87023-538-9|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetocoas0000tine|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=BhalimFla>{{cite web|author1=Brown, Steven H. |author2=Kim Cooperrider |name-list-style=amp |title=Baccharis halimifolia|url=http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Saltbush_Baccharis_halimifolia.pdf|publisher=University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>
+''Baccharis halimifolia'' is a fall-flowering  [[shrub]] growing to about 12&nbsp;ft (4 m) high and comparably wide, or occasionally a small tree.  Its simple, alternate, thick, egg-shaped to rhombic leaves mostly have coarse teeth, with the uppermost leaves entire.  These fall-flowering ''Baccharis'' plants are [[dioecious]], with male and female [[flower]]s on separate individuals.  Their flowers are borne in numerous small, compact heads in large leafy terminal [[inflorescence]]s, with the snowy-white, cotton-like female flower-heads showy and conspicuous at a distance.<ref name=Tiner>{{cite book|last=Tiner|first=Ralph W. Jr.|title=A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States|year=1987|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst [Massachusetts]|isbn=0-87023-538-9|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetocoas0000tine|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=BhalimFla>{{cite web|author1=Brown, Steven H. |author2=Kim Cooperrider |name-list-style=amp |title=Baccharis halimifolia|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IhpuJNWakbWaBjtEgH771wDh8zPlXwjO/view|publisher=University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services|access-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221206045126/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IhpuJNWakbWaBjtEgH771wDh8zPlXwjO/view|archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>
 The species is sometimes confused with the [[Iva frutescens|marsh-elder (''Iva frutescens'')]],<ref name="FNA Iva frutescens">{{cite web|title=Iva frutescens|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250067019|work=Flora of North America|publisher=Flora of North America|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> with which it often co-occurs, but the ''Baccharis'' has its leaves alternate, while those of the ''Iva'' are opposite.<ref name=Tiner />
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 The species features since 2016 on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729150050/http://ec.europa.eu:80/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm |archive-date=2017-07-29 }}</ref> This means that import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303185733/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN |archive-date=2017-03-03 }}</ref>
-In [[Australia]], ''B. halimifolia'' is an [[invasive species]] along the coast of southern [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]].<ref name="fna"/>  As [[biological control]] the [[Rust (fungus)|rust]] fungus ''[[Puccinia evadens]]''<ref>Jim Cullen, Mic Julien, Rachel McFadyen: Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. Csiro Publishing, 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PN8xW4uuf3EC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Puccinia+evadens+biological+control+Baccharis&source=bl&ots=djlC-MyB6n&sig=3YeVi4U9mJ_zL9J32EDay5TVsxA&hl=de&sa=X&ei=tN_xUNCHC4XKtQa0-oHoBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Puccinia%20evadens%20biological%20control%20Baccharis&f=false Seite 91f]</ref> is used.
+In [[Australia]], ''B. halimifolia'' is an [[invasive species]] along the coast of southern [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]].<ref name="fna"/>  As [[biological control]] the [[Rust (fungus)|rust]] fungus ''[[Puccinia evadens]]''<ref>Jim Cullen, Mic Julien, Rachel McFadyen: Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. Csiro Publishing, 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PN8xW4uuf3EC&dq=Puccinia+evadens+biological+control+Baccharis&pg=PA95 Seite 91f]</ref> is used.
 Furthermore, the lepidoptera ''[[Hellinsia balanotes]]'' (Meyrick, 1908), ''[[Aristotelia ivae]]'' Busck, 1900, ''[[Lorita baccharivora]]'' Pogue, 1988 and ''[[Prochoerodes truxaliata]]'' (Guenée, 1858) were released for its biological control.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 ==Uses==
 ''Baccharis halimifolia'' is occasionally cultivated and is considered useful as a hedge or border as well as a specimen plant.<ref name=BhalimFla/>
-In southern Louisiana, it has been traditionally used as a medicine to treat inflamed kidneys and fever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanical.pbrc.edu/pdf/Brassieur%20Medicinal%20Plants.pdf|format=PDF|title=Herbal Healing Traditions of South Louisiana|author=C. Ray Brassieur|date=February 25, 2014|website=Botanical.pbrc.edu|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
+In southern Louisiana, it has been traditionally used as a medicine to treat inflamed kidneys and fever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanical.pbrc.edu/pdf/Brassieur%20Medicinal%20Plants.pdf|title=Herbal Healing Traditions of South Louisiana|author=C. Ray Brassieur|date=February 25, 2014|website=Botanical.pbrc.edu|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 [[Category:Baccharis|halimifolia]]
-[[Category:Flora of North America]]
+[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]