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{{Short description|Pacific typhoon in 1992}}
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{{Infobox Hurricane
{{good article}}
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| Name=Typhoon Eli
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{{Infobox weather event
| Type=typhoon
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| name = Typhoon Eli (Konsing)
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| Year=1992
| image = Eli Jul 10 1992 2329Z.png
| Basin=WPac
| Image location=Eli Jul 10 1992 2329Z.png
| caption = Typhoon Eli late on July 10
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| formed = {{start date|July 8, 1992}}
| Image name=Typhoon Eli late on July 10
| Formed={{start date|July 8, 1992}}
| dissipated = {{end date|July 14, 1992}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
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| Dissipated={{end date|July 14, 1992}}
| 1-min winds=75
| winds = 70
| pressure = 965
| 10-min winds=70
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| Pressure=965
| Damages=273
| winds = 75
| pressure =
⚫
| Fatalities=4 total
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
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| Areas=[[Philippines]], [[Hainan]]
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| year = 1992
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| Hurricane season=[[1992 Pacific typhoon season]]
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| fatalities = 4 total
| damage = 273000000
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| areas = {{hlist|[[Philippines]]|[[Hainan]]}}
| refs =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
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| season = [[1992 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
}}
'''Typhoon Eli''', known in the [[Philippines]] as '''Typhoon Konsing''', struck the Philippines and [[Hainan]] during July 1992. A weak low pressure system developed in the [[Philippines Sea]] on July 7; said low pressure area developed into a tropical depression on the next day. The depression tracked west-northwest and became a tropical storm on July 10. After turning more westward, Eli steadily intensified, and obtained typhoon intensity that evening. The storm attained its highest intensity of {{convert|80|to|85|mph|km/h|round=5|order=flip}} early on July 11 before striking northern [[Luzon]]. After entering the [[South China Sea]], the storm maintained most of its intensity as it approached Hainan, although agencies disagree on how precisely strong it was. After passing through Hainan late on July 13, Eli passed through the [[gulf of Tonkin]] on the next day before striking Vietnam, where Eli quickly dissipated.
'''Typhoon Eli''', known in the [[Philippines]] as '''Typhoon Konsing''',<ref name="NDCC" /> struck the Philippines and [[Hainan]] during mid-July&nbsp;1992. A [[low pressure area|weak low pressure system]] developed in the [[Philippine Sea]] on July&nbsp;7, which became a tropical depression on the next day. The depression tracked west-northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on July&nbsp;10. After turning more westward, Eli steadily intensified, and obtained typhoon intensity that evening. The storm attained its highest intensity of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|round=5|order=flip|abbr=on}} early on July&nbsp;11 before striking northern [[Luzon]]. After entering the [[South China Sea]], the storm maintained most of its intensity as it approached Hainan, although agencies disagree on how precisely strong it was. After passing through Hainan late on July&nbsp;13, Eli passed through the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] on the next day before striking Vietnam, where Eli quickly dissipated.


Heavy rains associated with Typhoon Eli deluged [[Luzon]] and resulted in mudslides surrounding [[Mount Pinatubo]], which had erupted a year prior. Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19 rescues, and initial reports of 25 missing fishermen. Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22 million).{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1992&year_result=1992&countryE%5B%5D=Philippines Philippines Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1992.|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|All damage totals are in 1992 values of their respective currencies.|group="nb"}} Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027 families were evacuated from their homes. Throughout the country, four people were killed. Across [[Hong Kong]], 23 people were hurt. Farther south, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan, though there were no deaths and only one serious injury. Around 670 ha (1,655 acres) of shrimp farms were flooded. High winds damaged 1,000 ha (2,470 acres) of pepper trees and 800 ha (2,000 acres) of coconut trees. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272 million (RMB 1.5 billion).{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1992&year_result=1992&countryE%5B%5D=China (New People's Currency) Yuan Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1992.|group=nb}}
Heavy rains associated with Typhoon Eli deluged [[Luzon]] and resulted in mudslides surrounding [[Mount Pinatubo]], which had [[1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption|erupted]] a year prior. Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19&nbsp;rescues, and initial reports of 25 missing fishermen. Monetary damage was estimated at [[United States Dollar|US$]]862,000 ([[Philippine Peso|₱]]22&nbsp;million).{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1992&year_result=1992&countryE%5B%5D=Philippines Philippines Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1992.|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|All damage totals are in 1992 values of their respective currencies.|group="nb"}} Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027&nbsp;families were evacuated from their homes. Throughout the country, four people were killed. Across [[Hong Kong]], 23&nbsp;people were injured. Farther south, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan, though there were no deaths and only one serious injury. Around {{convert|670|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of [[shrimp farming|shrimp farm]]s were flooded. High winds damaged {{convert|1,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of pepper trees and {{convert|800|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of coconut trees. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272&nbsp;million ([[Renminbi|¥]]1.5&nbsp;billion).{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1992&year_result=1992&countryE%5B%5D=China (New People's Currency) Yuan Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1992.|group=nb}}


==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Eli 1992 track.png}}
{{storm path|Eli 1992 track.png}}
Following the recurvature of Typhoon Deanna on July 2, ridging temporarily replaced the monsoon trough across the [[Philippine Islands]] and the [[Philippines Sea]]. This prompted weak winds out of the southwest to persist at low latitudes, which eventually spawned a weak [[low pressure area]] that was first noted by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) on the morning of July 7.<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1992|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=http://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1992atcr.pdf|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=May 20, 2019|year=1993|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> On the next day, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) first classified the system as a tropical depression.<ref name="JMA">{{cite report|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999|accessdate=May 20, 2019|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|format=[[.TXT]]}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|accessdate=May 20, 2019|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3|format=PDF}}</ref>|group="nb"}} After tracking to the south of Guam, the disturbance accelerated west-northwest and increased in organization,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> prompting JTWC to issue a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] at 11:02 UTC on July 9. An increase in convective coverage then led the JTWC to declare the system a tropical depression seven hours later.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /><ref name="HKO" /> The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm at 00:00 [[UTC]] on July 10 by both the JMA and JTWC as Eli’s convective buildup continued.<ref name="IBTRACS">{{cite report|author1=Kenneth R. Knapp |author2=Michael C. Kruk |author3=David H. Levinson |author4=Howard J. Diamond |author5=Charles J. Neumann |year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1992 Typhoon ELI (1992188N07156)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|accessdate=May 20, 2019|url=http://www.atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v04r00/index.php?name=v04r00-1992188N07156}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are [[maximum sustained winds|sustained]] over 10&nbsp;minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1&nbsp;minute. 10&#8209;minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1&#8209;minute winds.<ref name="FAQD4">{{cite book|author=Christopher W Landsea|author2=Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions:|chapter=Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|accessdate=May 20, 2019|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|date=April 26, 2004}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
Following the recurvature of [[1992 Pacific typhoon season#ropical Depression Deanna|Tropical Depression Deanna]] on July&nbsp;2, 1992, [[ridge (meteorology)|ridging]] temporarily replaced the [[monsoon trough]] across the [[Philippine Islands]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. This prompted weak winds out of the southwest to persist at low latitudes, which eventually spawned a weak [[low pressure area]] that was first noted by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) on the morning of July&nbsp;7.<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1992|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=http://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1992atcr.pdf|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=May 20, 2019|page=54|year=1993}}</ref> On the next day, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) first classified the system as a tropical depression.<ref name="JMA">{{cite report|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999|access-date=May 20, 2019|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt|format=[[.TXT]]}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=May 20, 2019|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3}}</ref>|group="nb"}} After tracking to the south of Guam, the disturbance accelerated west-northwest and increased in organization,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> prompting JTWC to issue a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] at 11:02&nbsp;UTC on July&nbsp;9. An increase in convective coverage then led the JTWC to declare the system a tropical depression seven hours later.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /><ref name="HKO" /> The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm at 00:00&nbsp;[[UTC]] on July&nbsp;10 by both the JMA and JTWC as Eli's convective buildup continued.<ref name="IBTRACS">{{cite report|author1=Kenneth R. Knapp |author2=Michael C. Kruk |author3=David H. Levinson |author4=Howard J. Diamond |author5=Charles J. Neumann |year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1992 Typhoon ELI (1992188N07156)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=May 20, 2019|url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=v04r00-1992188N07156}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are [[maximum sustained winds|sustained]] over 10&nbsp;minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1&nbsp;minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.<ref name="FAQD4">{{cite book|author=Christopher W Landsea|author2=Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions|chapter=Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|access-date=May 20, 2019|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|date=April 26, 2004}}</ref>|group="nb"}}


The intensification trend persisted as the storm tracked more westward;<ref name="HKO">{{cite report|author1=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]|title=Meteorological Results: 1990|chapter=Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries|journal=Meteorological Results|year=1993|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1992.pdf|accessdate=May 20, 2019|pages=15|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|format=PDF}}</ref> the JMA declared Eli a severe tropical storm at 06:00 UTC the same day.<ref name="JMA" /> Twelve hours later, the JTWC estimated at Eli attained typhoon intensity.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> At 00:00 UTC on July 11, the JMA upgraded Eli into a typhoon,<ref name="JMA" /> with both the JTWC and JMA also analyzing a peak intensity of {{convert|85|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} resepcitvely at the same time.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> Shortly thereafter, the typhoon made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> the typhoon tracked west<ref name="HKO" /> as its forward motion slowed in response to Eli nearing the western end of a [[subtropical ridge]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Now tracking west-northwest,<ref name="HKO" /> data from the JTWC suggested that Eli maintained minimal typhoon intensity until it moved through [[Hainan]] on the night of July 13,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> though data from the JMA indicated that Eli was a weakening tropical storm during this time.<ref name="JMA" /> The JTWC downgraded Eli into a tropical storm while the system moved west-northwestward across the Gulf of Tonkin.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Eli made landfall late on July 13 about {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Hanoi]],<ref name="HKO" /> with the JMA estimating winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}.<ref name="JMA" /> Eli dissipated over northern Vietnam on July 14.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" />
The intensification trend persisted as the storm tracked more westward;<ref name="HKO">{{cite report|author1=Hong Kong Observatory|author-link=Hong Kong Observatory|title=Meteorological Results: 1992|chapter=Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries|journal=Meteorological Results|year=1993|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tc/files/tc1992.pdf|access-date=May 20, 2019|pages=15|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref> the JMA declared Eli a severe tropical storm at 06:00&nbsp;UTC the same day.<ref name="JMA" /> Twelve hours later, the JTWC estimated at Eli attained typhoon intensity.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> At 00:00&nbsp;UTC on July&nbsp;11, the JMA upgraded Eli into a typhoon,<ref name="JMA" /> with the JTWC and JMA also analyzing a peak intensity of {{convert|85|and|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} respectively at the same time.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> Shortly thereafter, the typhoon made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> the typhoon tracked west<ref name="HKO" /> as its forward motion slowed in response to Eli nearing the western end of a [[subtropical ridge]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Now tracking west-northwest,<ref name="HKO" /> data from the JTWC suggested that Eli maintained minimal typhoon intensity until it moved through [[Hainan]] on the night of July&nbsp;13,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> though data from the JMA indicated that Eli was a weakening tropical storm during this time.<ref name="JMA" /> The JTWC downgraded Eli into a tropical storm while the system moved west-northwestward across the Gulf of Tonkin.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Eli made landfall late on July&nbsp;13 about {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Hanoi]],<ref name="HKO" /> with the JMA estimating winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}.<ref name="JMA" /> Eli dissipated over northern Vietnam on July 14.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" />


==Impact==
==Impact==
The precursor disturbance to Eli dropped {{convert|.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain to [[Guam]] but there was no damage.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Due to the impending threat of Eli, authorities raised [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|typhoon alerts]] over wide areas of the southern [[Bicol region]] and across [[Luzon]]. Sixty buses in six town were set up in order to evacuate residents from vulnerable locations.<ref name="UPI1">{{cite news |title=Storm threatens volcano-ravaged area north of Manila |agency=United Press International |date=July 10, 1992}}</ref><ref name="AP1">{{cite news |title=Typhoon Eli Slams Northern Philippines |agency=Associated Press |date=July 11, 1992}}</ref> Officials evacuated 1,600 people from their homes in three central Luzon towns to escape avalanches of debris from Mount Pinatubo.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" />
The precursor disturbance to Eli dropped {{convert|.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain to [[Guam]] but there was no damage.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Due to the impending threat of Eli, authorities raised [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|typhoon alerts]] over wide areas of the southern [[Bicol region]] and across [[Luzon]]. Sixty buses in six town were set up in order to evacuate residents from vulnerable locations.<ref name="UPI1">{{cite news |title=Storm threatens volcano-ravaged area north of Manila |agency=United Press International |date=July 10, 1992}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="AP1">{{cite news |title=Typhoon Eli Slams Northern Philippines|url=https://apnews.com/145dbe335a806acd056b3d623e313515|access-date=May 9, 2020|work=Associated Press |date=July 11, 1992}}</ref> Officials evacuated 1,600&nbsp;people from their homes in three central Luzon towns to escape avalanches of debris from Mount Pinatubo.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" />


Torrential rains associated with Typhoon Eli improved drought conditions<ref name="TS">{{cite news |last1=Newman |first1=Steve |title=Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet For the week ending 17 July, 1992 |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=July 18, 1992 |page=K2}}</ref> but also resulted in mudslides in the [[Mount Pinatubo]] area of Luzon, where there were reports of three deaths,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> including a 72 year old man who died of a heart attack while being evacuated in [[Minalin, Pampanga|Minalin]].<ref name="UPI2">{{cite news |title=Ramos consoles volcano victims beset by mudflows |agency=United Press International |date=July 12, 1992}}</ref> Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19 rescues,<ref name="UPI3" /> and initial reports of 25 fishermen were reported missing.<ref name="AP2">{{cite news |title=Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines |agency=Associated Press |date=July 13, 1992}}</ref> Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22&nbsp;million), with around half from crops, and half from infrastructure.<ref name="NDCC2">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=120,20&cmd=all&Id=132|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|accessdate=May 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072803/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=120,20&cmd=all&Id=132|archivedate=August 5, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027 families were evacuated from their homes.<ref name="NDCC">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com:80/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=120,140|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|accessdate=May 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112154749/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=120,140|archivedate=November 12, 2004|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Throughout the country, four people were killed.<ref name="UPI3">{{cite news |title=Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines |agency=United Press International |date=July 13, 1992}}</ref>
Torrential rains associated with Typhoon Eli alleviated drought conditions<ref name="TS">{{cite news |last1=Newman |first1=Steve |title=Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet For the week ending 17 July, 1992 |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=July 18, 1992 |page=K2}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> but also resulted in mudslides in the [[Mount Pinatubo]] area of Luzon, where there were reports of three deaths,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> including a 72-year-old man who died of a heart attack while being evacuated in [[Minalin, Pampanga|Minalin]].<ref name="UPI2">{{cite news |title=Ramos consoles volcano victims beset by mudflows |agency=United Press International |date=July 12, 1992}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Offshore, 10&nbsp;ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19&nbsp;rescues,<ref name="UPI3" /> and initial reports of 25&nbsp;missing fishermen.<ref name="AP2">{{cite news |title=Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines |agency=Associated Press |date=July 13, 1992}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22&nbsp;million), with around half from crops, and half from infrastructure.<ref name="NDCC2">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=120,20&cmd=all&Id=132|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072803/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&cmd=list&range=120%2C20&cmd=all&Id=132|archive-date=August 5, 2011}}</ref> Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027&nbsp;families were evacuated from their homes.<ref name="NDCC">{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com:80/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=120,140|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112154749/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=120,140|archive-date=November 12, 2004}}</ref> Throughout the country, four people were killed.<ref name="UPI3">{{cite news |title=Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines |agency=United Press International |date=July 13, 1992}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>


The typhoon posed enough of a threat to [[Hong Kong]] to warrant a [[Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals|No 1. hurricane signal]] on July 11, and this signal was upgraded to a No. 3 a day later before Eli moved away. The outer [[rainband]]s brought heavy rains , peaking at {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Yuen Long]], and strong winds to the area, with a gust of at {{convert|137|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} occurring at [[Kai Tak Airport]] while [[Tai Mo Shan]] recorded a peak sustained wind of {{convert|76|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. In Hong Kong one worker was injured when he was working on a boat in rough seas off [[Tsing Yi]]. Twenty-two passengers were hurt, including fourteen in Tuen Mun. Ferry services to China and Macau from Hong Kong were cancelled or suspended. Elsewhere, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan,<ref name="HKO" /> though there were no deaths. A farmer broke his legs in [[Wenchang]] due to a fallen coconut tree. Around {{convert|670|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of shrimp farms were submerged. Strong winds damaged {{convert|1,000|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of pepper trees and {{convert|800|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of coconut trees.<ref name="XGONS">{{cite news |title=Typhoon Eli Lands Hainan, no Casualties Reported |agency=Xinhua General Overseas News Service |date=July 13, 1992}}</ref> According to news reports, some houses collapsed and electricity cables were damaged while fish ponds were inundated. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272 million (RMB 1.5 billion).<ref name="HKO" />
The typhoon posed enough of a threat to [[Hong Kong]] to warrant a [[Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals|No 1. hurricane signal]] on July&nbsp;11, and this signal was upgraded to a No. 3 a day later before Eli moved away. The outer [[rainband]]s brought heavy rains, peaking at {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Yuen Long]], and strong winds to the area, with a gust of at {{convert|137|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} occurring at [[Kai Tak Airport]] while [[Tai Mo Shan]] recorded a peak sustained wind of {{convert|76|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. In Hong Kong one worker was injured when he was working on a boat in rough seas off [[Tsing Yi]]. Twenty-two passengers were hurt, including fourteen in Tuen Mun. Ferry services to China and Macau from Hong Kong were cancelled or suspended. Elsewhere, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan,<ref name="HKO" /> though there were no deaths. A farmer broke his legs in [[Wenchang]] due to a fallen [[coconut tree]]. Around {{convert|670|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of [[shrimp farming|shrimp farm]]s were submerged. Strong winds damaged {{convert|1,000|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of [[pepper trees]] and {{convert|800|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of coconut trees.<ref name="XGONS">{{cite news |title=Typhoon Eli Lands Hainan, no Casualties Reported |agency=Xinhua General Overseas News Service |date=July 13, 1992}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> According to news reports, some houses collapsed and electricity cables were damaged while fish ponds were inundated. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272&nbsp;million (¥1.5&nbsp;billion).<ref name="HKO" />


==See also==
==See also==
Line 43: Line 49:
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
*{{Digital Typhoon|199205|ELI}}
{{1992 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}


[[Category:1992 Pacific typhoon season|E]]
[[Category:1992 Pacific typhoon season|E]]

Revision as of 13:53, 2 October 2023

Typhoon Eli (Konsing)
Typhoon Eli late on July 10
Meteorological history
FormedJuly 8, 1992 (July 8, 1992)
DissipatedJuly 14, 1992 (July 14, 1992)
Typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure965 hPa (mbar); 28.50 inHg
Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds140 km/h (85 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities4 total
Damage$273 million (1992 USD)
Areas affected
Part of the 1992 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Eli, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Konsing,[1] struck the Philippines and Hainan during mid-July 1992. A weak low pressure system developed in the Philippine Sea on July 7, which became a tropical depression on the next day. The depression tracked west-northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on July 10. After turning more westward, Eli steadily intensified, and obtained typhoon intensity that evening. The storm attained its highest intensity of 130 km/h (80 mph) early on July 11 before striking northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea, the storm maintained most of its intensity as it approached Hainan, although agencies disagree on how precisely strong it was. After passing through Hainan late on July 13, Eli passed through the Gulf of Tonkin on the next day before striking Vietnam, where Eli quickly dissipated.

Heavy rains associated with Typhoon Eli deluged Luzon and resulted in mudslides surrounding Mount Pinatubo, which had erupted a year prior. Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19 rescues, and initial reports of 25 missing fishermen. Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22 million).[nb 1][nb 2] Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027 families were evacuated from their homes. Throughout the country, four people were killed. Across Hong Kong, 23 people were injured. Farther south, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan, though there were no deaths and only one serious injury. Around 670 hectares (1,700 acres) of shrimp farms were flooded. High winds damaged 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of pepper trees and 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of coconut trees. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272 million (¥1.5 billion).[nb 3]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Following the recurvature of Tropical Depression Deanna on July 2, 1992, ridging temporarily replaced the monsoon trough across the Philippine Islands and the Philippine Sea. This prompted weak winds out of the southwest to persist at low latitudes, which eventually spawned a weak low pressure area that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on the morning of July 7.[2] On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) first classified the system as a tropical depression.[3][nb 4] After tracking to the south of Guam, the disturbance accelerated west-northwest and increased in organization,[2] prompting JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 11:02 UTC on July 9. An increase in convective coverage then led the JTWC to declare the system a tropical depression seven hours later.[2][5] The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on July 10 by both the JMA and JTWC as Eli's convective buildup continued.[6][nb 5]

The intensification trend persisted as the storm tracked more westward;[5] the JMA declared Eli a severe tropical storm at 06:00 UTC the same day.[3] Twelve hours later, the JTWC estimated at Eli attained typhoon intensity.[6] At 00:00 UTC on July 11, the JMA upgraded Eli into a typhoon,[3] with the JTWC and JMA also analyzing a peak intensity of 135 and 130 km/h (85 and 80 mph) respectively at the same time.[6] Shortly thereafter, the typhoon made landfall on northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea,[2] the typhoon tracked west[5] as its forward motion slowed in response to Eli nearing the western end of a subtropical ridge.[2] Now tracking west-northwest,[5] data from the JTWC suggested that Eli maintained minimal typhoon intensity until it moved through Hainan on the night of July 13,[2] though data from the JMA indicated that Eli was a weakening tropical storm during this time.[3] The JTWC downgraded Eli into a tropical storm while the system moved west-northwestward across the Gulf of Tonkin.[2] Eli made landfall late on July 13 about 160 km (100 mi) east of Hanoi,[5] with the JMA estimating winds of 80 km/h (50 mph).[3] Eli dissipated over northern Vietnam on July 14.[2]

Impact

The precursor disturbance to Eli dropped .5 in (13 mm) of rain to Guam but there was no damage.[2] Due to the impending threat of Eli, authorities raised typhoon alerts over wide areas of the southern Bicol region and across Luzon. Sixty buses in six town were set up in order to evacuate residents from vulnerable locations.[8][9] Officials evacuated 1,600 people from their homes in three central Luzon towns to escape avalanches of debris from Mount Pinatubo.[2]

Torrential rains associated with Typhoon Eli alleviated drought conditions[10] but also resulted in mudslides in the Mount Pinatubo area of Luzon, where there were reports of three deaths,[2] including a 72-year-old man who died of a heart attack while being evacuated in Minalin.[11] Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19 rescues,[12] and initial reports of 25 missing fishermen.[13] Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22 million), with around half from crops, and half from infrastructure.[14] Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027 families were evacuated from their homes.[1] Throughout the country, four people were killed.[12]

The typhoon posed enough of a threat to Hong Kong to warrant a No 1. hurricane signal on July 11, and this signal was upgraded to a No. 3 a day later before Eli moved away. The outer rainbands brought heavy rains, peaking at 55 mm (2.2 in) in Yuen Long, and strong winds to the area, with a gust of at 137 km/h (85 mph) occurring at Kai Tak Airport while Tai Mo Shan recorded a peak sustained wind of 76 km/h (47 mph). In Hong Kong one worker was injured when he was working on a boat in rough seas off Tsing Yi. Twenty-two passengers were hurt, including fourteen in Tuen Mun. Ferry services to China and Macau from Hong Kong were cancelled or suspended. Elsewhere, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan,[5] though there were no deaths. A farmer broke his legs in Wenchang due to a fallen coconut tree. Around 670 ha (1,655 acres) of shrimp farms were submerged. Strong winds damaged 1,000 ha (2,470 acres) of pepper trees and 800 ha (2,000 acres) of coconut trees.[15] According to news reports, some houses collapsed and electricity cables were damaged while fish ponds were inundated. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272 million (¥1.5 billion).[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using Philippines Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1992.
  2. ^ All damage totals are in 1992 values of their respective currencies.
  3. ^ All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using (New People's Currency) Yuan Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1992.
  4. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]
  5. ^ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council. November 9, 2004. Archived from the original on November 12, 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1993). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1992 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 54. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  4. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Hong Kong Observatory (1993). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1992 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 15. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1992 Typhoon ELI (1992188N07156). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  7. ^ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  8. ^ "Storm threatens volcano-ravaged area north of Manila". United Press International. July 10, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  9. ^ "Typhoon Eli Slams Northern Philippines". Associated Press. July 11, 1992. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  10. ^ Newman, Steve (July 18, 1992). "Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet For the week ending 17 July, 1992". Toronto Star. p. K2.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  11. ^ "Ramos consoles volcano victims beset by mudflows". United Press International. July 12, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  12. ^ a b "Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines". United Press International. July 13, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  13. ^ "Ten fishing boats sink off Philippines". Associated Press. July 13, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  14. ^ Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council. November 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  15. ^ "Typhoon Eli Lands Hainan, no Casualties Reported". Xinhua General Overseas News Service. July 13, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
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