Religion in Hungary: Difference between revisions
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|style="background:#F0E0FF;"|Church of the Universal Love of the Cosmos <small>(''Kozmosz Univerzális Szeretet Egyház'')</small> |
|style="background:#F0E0FF;"|Church of the Universal Love of the Cosmos <small>(''Kozmosz Univerzális Szeretet Egyház'')</small> |
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|style="background:#F0E0FF;"|New Age<br/><small>Protestantism</small> |
|style="background:#F0E0FF;"|New Age<br/><small>Protestantism</small> |
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|style="background:#FFE0E0;"|Association of Hungarian Witches <small>(''Magyar Boszorkányszövetség'')</small> |
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|style="background:#FFE0E0;"|[[Contemporary witchcraft]] |
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|style="background:#FFD0C0;"|Hungarian Taoist Church <small>(''Magyar Taoista Egyház'')</small> |
|style="background:#FFD0C0;"|Hungarian Taoist Church <small>(''Magyar Taoista Egyház'')</small> |
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Revision as of 13:47, 10 October 2023
Religion in Hungary (2022 census)[1]
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Religion in Hungary has been dominated by forms of Christianity for centuries. In the 2022 census, 59.9% of the Hungarian population responded to the voluntary question on religious affiliation. Of those that responded to the question, 81.96% identified with some form of Christianity. 48.75% declared themselves as Catholic (the majority as Roman Catholic with a minority adhering to Greek Catholicism), 16.36% as Calvinist, 3.01% as Lutheran, 2.84% as other Christians, 1.84% as other religions, and 26.88% as non-religious.[1][2] Minority religions practised in Hungary include Buddhism, Islam and Judaism.[3]
History
10th–19th century
Hungary is a country that emerged to statehood at the turn between the 1st and the 2nd millennium by adopting Western Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism.[4] Although the Kingdom of Hungary was shapen by Western Christianity, minorities of Eastern Christianity, specifically Eastern Orthodox Christianity, have been present throughout the nation's history.[4] The first king of Hungary, Stephen I (997-1038), laid the foundations of the Catholic Church among the Hungarian people by establishing ten dioceses.[4] Thenceforth, the principle of "patronate" of the state towards religions, or earlier royal care of spiritual matters, remained firm up throughout the 20th century.[4]
A deep change in the country's religious composition happened in the 16th century, when Protestantism was adopted by large segments of the Hungarian society, as the Protestant Reformation reached Hungary when the central power was weak and the country was in unending struggle with the Ottoman Empire.[4] In the 16th century a majority of the Hungarians had converted to Protestantism, first to Lutheranism followed by Calvinism (Reformed Christianity) shortly afterwards.[4] The Hungarian Reformed Church became the symbol of national culture, since it gave way to the translation of the Bible into the Hungarian language and contributed to the education of the population through its school system.[5]
Beginning in 1526, Hungary underwent significant changes following the Battle of Mohács, where Hungarian forces faced defeat at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the Hungarian monarchy came under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty, which also held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. By 1683, the Ottoman Empire had extended its control over the vast majority of present-day Hungary, with only a limited portion of the country remaining under Habsburg rule. The period of Ottoman rule in Hungary lead to the construction of mosques and the adoption of Islamic customs in Hungary, accompanied by the substantial conversion of Hungarians to Islam.
In the parts of Hungary under Habsburg rule, the Habsburg royal court bolstered the program of Counter-Reformation devised by the Catholic Church to thwart the spread of Protestantism, whilst Protestant Reformation was spreading rapidly in Europe.[5] The Protestant nobility experienced some freedom in the 17th century, but its influence was curbed by the re-Catholicising efforts of the Habsburgs.[5] The sway of the Habsburg state was also strong on the internal affairs of the Catholic Church, especially during the period of the enlightened absolutism of Josephinism in the 18th century — i.e. the imperial rule of Joseph II, 1765–1790 —, when, for instance, contemplative religious orders were dissolved.[5]
The Counter-Reformation had some success, but the country was never entirely converted back to Catholicism and maintained a strong pluralism of religious denominations, aided by a deeply characteristic tolerant approach of the Hungarians towards religious matters, although there were some periods of conflict between Catholics and Protestants, which nonetheless begot a "fruitful tension" which enriched national and local culture.[5] In the 18th century, the Calvinist and Lutheran religions regained complete freedom to be practised, although their legal status remained far from being equal to that of the Catholic Church.[5] The legislation issued in the period of the 1848 Revolution, which took place against the Habsburg dynasty, declared the equality of all accepted religions in Hungary, which included all the historical Christian denominations but excluded Judaism.[5]
Jews became emancipated only in 1867, and by the end of the century their number had grown to represent over 5% of the total Hungarian population, and the liberal climate of the period led to their quick assimilation into Hungarian society.[5] According to 1890 laws, religions in Hungary were distinguished between "incorporated" ones — namely Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Orthodox Christianity, Unitarianism and Judaism —, whose representatives held seats in the upper house of the Parliament, and "recognised" ones, which had fewer rights.[5]
20th century
After the end of World War I and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, national conservative forces came to dominate the political and cultural life of the Kingdom of Hungary, and they rescinded some of the liberal legislation of the foregoing period.[5] During World War II, Hungary was occupied by Nazi German forces in March 1944, and in the following few months three-fourths of Hungarian Jewry were deported to concentration camps and killed in the Holocaust.[5]
During the 1946–1949 Hungarian Republic, the system of "incorporated" religions of 1890 was abolished, and all religions were treated as equal on the level of the "recognised" ones.[5] With the Communist takeover in 1948, and the establishment of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1949, religious freedom was curtailed, education was nationalised and religious schools abolished, theological faculties were separated from national universities, religious orders were banned, the properties of churches were confiscated by the state, and numerous religious leaders were arrested, including the cardinal József Mindszenty, leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church, who in 1949 was tortured and sentenced to life inprisonment.[6] Between 1948 and 1949, the leaders of all the major churches who had not been arrested, including the Catholic Bishop's Conference, signed agreements with the government, acknowledging the emerging Communist power.[7] The State Office of Church Affairs exercised control over all churches, and while the collaboration between the state and minor denominations was easier, within the Catholic Church such collaboration brought to a rupture in the clergy, since the government claimed the right to regulate the nomination of bishops, and even minor priests, for itself.[7]
In the 1960s, state pressure began to relax, and in 1964 the Holy See of the Catholic Church in Rome signed an agreement with the Hungarian goverment to define the procedure to be followed in the appointment of bishops, the oath of the clergy on the state's constitution, and the postgraduate education of the Hungarian clergy at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome; the competence of the Holy See in matters of religion was also acknowledged in the document.[7] These stipulations were a unique development in the Communist Block, and from that year onwards representatives of the Hungarian government and of the Holy See met twice a year, once in Budapest and once in the Vatican City.[7] In the late 1980s, the state's control over religions were loosened significantly, historical denominations experienced more freedom and new denominations were recognised.[7] The collapse of the Communist Block in the early 1990s opened a new era of religious freedom and church–state relations in Hungary, inaugurated in 1990 by the "Act of Freedom of Conscience and Religion and the Churches".[7]
21st century
Since the 1990s and throughout the early 21st century, Hungary has become more religiously diverse. The censuses of the 1990s and of the early 21st century have recorded an overall decline of people declaring to be Christian in the census — shrinking from 92.9% of the population in 1992, to 74.4% in 2001, 54.2% in 2011, and 42.5% in 2021. However, this is accompanied by a rise of people declining to answer the census' question about religion, whose religious affiliations are unknown.[8] Adherents of new religions might be over-represented among the unanswering population,[9] and contemporary studies on the general beliefs of the Hungarians have shown that among those who do not identify themselves as Christians, syncretism of elements from different religions and esotericism are indeed popular.[10]
Contemporary Hungary is a secular state, where the Constitution guarantees freedom of religious belief and practice, and of irreligion, to all Hungarian citizens, as well as the neutrality of the state in matters of religion, safeguarded by a complex set of legal norms.[11] The wording of the Hungarian Constitution on religious matters is similar to that of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, although the Constitution also acknowledges the right of citizens not to espouse any religious convictions.[7] The acknowledged neutrality of the state towards religions implies its separation from any particular church, that the state and churches function separately, but does not entail indifference towards religions and laicism; the state may have an active role in providing an institutional legal framework and funding for churches, in order to ensure the free exercise of religion.[4] The Constitution also affirms that religious convictions can be expressed in ways that are not contary to laws, that citizens must not be discriminated on the basis of their religious convictions, and recognises the right of parents to determine the religious or non-religious education of their children.[7] Statutory law guarantees the equal rights of all religious organisations and for their cooperation with the state.[7]
In 2011–2012, the Constitution was changed, and a new "Act CCVI on the Right of Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on the Legal Status of Churches, Religious Denominations, and Religious Communities" was implemented.[12] The new act, which replaced that of 1990, re-introduced a two-tiered classification of religious organisations, similar to that of 1890, distinguishing between officially registered "incorporated" churches, a higher status which also entails access to various privileges such as state funding, and "organisations conducting religious activities", with fewer rights and privileges.[12] Many churches which had been granted official registration between 1990 and 2011 lost their status once the new Act CCVI was implemented.[12] The new legislation was subject to an intense domestic and international criticism, and to lawsuits at the European Court of Human Rights.[12]
In 2018, the Constitution was amended to guarantee "the protection of the constitutional identity and Christian culture of Hungary" as "an obligation of every organ of the State".[13] According to Balázs Schanda, judge at the Constitutional Court of Hungary, the Constitution continues to be neutral with regards to religions; the amendment only enshrined the protection of Hungarian culture in its historical nature, as historically characterised by Christianity.[14]
According to the scholar István Povedák, elements from pre-Christian ethnic Paganism and shamanism, already preserved in the folk religiosity of Hungary as well as of Central and Eastern Europe, have been revived and reinvented in forms of Neopaganism, ethnic Ősmagyar vallás.[15] According to Ádám Kolozsi, said syncretic, "heterogeneous mixture of Christian and Pagan elements", is part of a "wider spiritual discourse of contemporary Hungarian nationalism".[16]
Christianity
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother Sarolt was baptized into Eastern Christianity. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism and then soon afterwards Calvinism became the religion of almost the entire population. Protestants composed some 85–90% of the entire population, more than a half of the Hungarian population being part of the Calvinist confessing Reformed Church and a quarter of Lutheran confessing Evangelical Church.[17]
In the second half of the 16th century, however, the Catholic Habsburg Kings and Jesuits led a successful campaign of Counter-Reformation among the Hungarians. The Jesuits founded educational institutions, including Péter Pázmány Catholic University, the oldest university that still exists in Hungary, and also organized missions in order to promote popular piety.
Using both political and apologetic efforts, most of the High Nobility composing the Diet was already predominantly Catholic by the 1640s, a process consolidated as the new reconquered estates were granted to the converted aristocracy, who supported in Counter-Reformation. Despite this, the lower nobility, the town burghers and the common people still retained a largely Protestant – especially Calvinist – identity, opposing the catholic German-likeness of the Habsburg courtly politics. Allied with the Constitutional Rights enforced by the Nobility and the military pressure of the Protestant Principality of Transylvania on the eastern border, the Catholic Counter-Reformation achieved partial results compared to the other Habsburg-controlled possessions, like Bohemia and Austria, where Catholicism was restored to the status of the sole religion of the realm.
Some of the eastern parts of the country, especially around Debrecen (nicknamed "the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. The Reformed Church in Hungary is the second-largest church in Hungary with 1,153,442 adherents as of 2011.[8] The church has 1,249 congregations, 27 presbyteries, and 1,550 ministers. The Reformed Church supports 129 educational institutions and has 4 theological seminaries, located in Debrecen, Sárospatak, Pápa, and Budapest.[18]
Lutheranism is the third main historical Christian denomination in Hungary. It was introduced by Saxon settlers in the early 16th century, but after its brief efflorescence, the introduction of the Reformed Church and the Counter-Reformation made it almost non-existent amongst Hungarians up to the late 17th century. Later it was re-introduced through inward migration by Saxons and Slovaks. Today, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary is a small minority in Hungary. Despite its relatively small number of adherents, it had a strong power and influence in internal politics since Hungary's independence from the strongly Catholic Habsburg Empire.
The proportion of Protestantism in Hungary has decreased from around 27% in the early 20th century to about 16% in the early 21st century.[8] Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary has been the religion mainly of certain national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs. Hungary has also been the home of a sizable Armenian Catholic community. They worship according to the Armenian Rite, but they have united with the Catholic Church under the primacy of the Pope. Some of the Armenians in Hungary are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was legally recognized in Hungary in June 1988 and its first meetinghouse in the country was dedicated in October of the following year by President Thomas S. Monson. In June 1990, the Hungary Budapest Mission was created, followed by the first stake in June 2006. The mission, its districts, and the Budapest Hungary Stake together contain twenty-two wards and branches serving approximately 5000 members.[19]
Judaism
Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community. In the 19th century, the pressures of Jewish emancipation, acculturation and secularization led growing tension between modernists and traditionalists. These culminated in 1871, when a communal schism between the Neologs, roughly equivalent to American Conservative Judaism, and Orthodox, divided Hungarian Jews. The census of January 1941 found that 4.3% of the population, or around 400,000 people, were considered of the Jewish religion (not including Christians of Jewish descent or converts to Christianity, who were registered as Jews by race under the new Anti-Jewish laws). In 2011, only 10,965 Jews (0.1% of the population) remained.[8] Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, but most (perhaps 550,000)[20] either were deported to concentration camps, from which the majority did not return, or were murdered by the Arrow Cross fascists. Most Jewish people who remain in Hungary live in the centre of Budapest, especially in district VII. The largest synagogue in Europe, the Dohány Street Synagogue, is located in Budapest.[21]
Islam
The influence of Muslims in Hungary was especially pronounced in the 16th century during the time of the Ottoman rule. According to the 2011 census, there were 5,579 Muslims in Hungary, less than 0.1% of the total population.[8] Of these, 4,097 declared themselves as Hungarian and 2,369 as Arab by ethnicity.[22]
Buddhism
In recent decades Buddhism has spread to Hungary, primarily in its Vajrayana forms through the activity of Tibetan missionary monks. Since in Hungary religions are encouraged to institutionalise into church (egyház) bodies in order to be recognised by the government, various institutions have formed, including the Hungarian Buddhist Church (Magyarországi Buddhista Egyházközösség),[23] the Gate of Dharma Buddhist Church (A Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház),[24] and others, mostly Vajrayana. A Shaolin temple, the Hungarian Shaolin Temple, was founded in Budapest in 1994.
"Navayana" Buddhism or Ambedkarite Buddhism, a recent Buddhist denomination emerged among the Dalits of India, a form of Buddhism socially and politically engaged for the betterment of the conditions of marginalised peoples, has been spread also to the Romani ethnic minority of Hungary.[25]
Paganism
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A rise of Neopagan (Újpogányság) movements has occurred in Hungary over the last decades.[26][27] Traditional Hungarian paganism, based on Hungarian mythology and shamanism (Táltos tradition), has been revived and is known as Ősmagyar Vallás ("Ancient Hungarian Religion"). The Traditional Church of the Order of Arpad (Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház),[28] the Ancient Hungarian Church (Ősmagyar Egyház), the Community of the Hungarian Religion (Magyar Vallás Közössége), the Ancient Hungarian Táltos Church (Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház), the Yotengrit, and various Táltos groups are representative of this religion.[26]
Some Hungarians espouse Turanist ideas, and therefore other Táltos are affiliated with Tengrism. The Tengri Community (Tengri Közösség)[29] is one of the Tengrist churches of Hungary. Wicca, a religion of English origin, has spread to Hungary as in the other countries of Western Europe. Zsuzsanna Budapest, a Hungarian who emigrated to the United States, is the founder of the Wiccan denomination known as Dianic Wicca, popular in North America. The Celtic Wiccan Tradition Church[30] (Kelta-Wicca Hagyományőrzők Egyháza) is a Celtic Wiccan church in Hungary.
Demographics
Census statistics, 1920–2022
| Religion | 1920 | 1930 | 1941 | 1949 | 1992 | 1998 | 2001 | 2011 | 2022 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christianity | 7,503,050 | 94.0 | 8,238,104 | 94.8 | 8,909,799 | 95.6 | 9,049,973 | 98.3 | 9,632,801 | 92.9 | 8,151,998 | 79.4 | 7,583,670 | 74.4 | 5,384,200 | 54.2 | 4,086,250 | 42.5 |
| —Catholicism | 5,278,119 | 66.1 | 5,832,238 | 67.2 | 6,353,054 | 68.2 | 6,488,755 | 70.5 | 7,030,182 | 67.8 | 5,934,326 | 57.8 | 5,558,456 | 54.5 | 3,870,565 | 38.9 | 2,808,990 | 29.2 |
| ——Roman Catholic Church | 5,102,466 | 63.9 | 5,631,146 | 64.8 | 6,119,218 | 65.7 | 6,240,399 | 67.8 | 7,030,182 | 67.8 | 5,934,326 | 57.8 | 5,289,521 | 51.9 | 3,691,389 | 37.1 | 2,643,855 | 27.5 |
| ——Greek Catholic Church | 175,653 | 2.2 | 201,092 | 2.3 | 233,836 | 2.5 | 248,356 | 2.7 | – | – | – | – | 268,935 | 2.6 | 179,176 | 1.8 | 165,135 | 1.7 |
| —Calvinism | 1,670,990 | 20.9 | 1,813,144 | 20.9 | 1,934,853 | 20.8 | 2,014,718 | 21.9 | 2,167,121 | 20.9 | 1,817,259 | 17.7 | 1,622,796 | 15.9 | 1,153,454 | 11.6 | 943,982 | 9.8 |
| —Lutheranism | 496,799 | 6.2 | 533,846 | 6.2 | 557,193 | 6.0 | 482,157 | 5.2 | 435,498 | 4.2 | 400,413 | 3.9 | 304,705 | 3.0 | 215,093 | 2.2 | 176,503 | 1.8 |
| —Faith Church | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,708 | 0.04 | 18,220 | 0.2 | 22,647 | 0.2 |
| —Jehovah's Witnesses | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21,688 | 0.2 | 31,727 | 0.3 | 22,249 | 0.2 |
| —Baptist Christianity | – | – | 9,399 | 0.1 | 17,917 | 0.2 | 18,879 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | 17,705 | 0.2 | 18,211 | 0.2 | 17,662 | 0.2 |
| —Eastern Orthodox Church | 50,917 | 0.6 | 39,839 | 0.5 | 38,317 | 0.4 | 36,015 | 0.4 | – | – | – | – | 14,520 | 0.1 | 13,710 | 0.1 | 15,578 | 0.2 |
| —Pentecostalism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,428 | 0.1 | 9,326 | 0.1 | 8,947 | 0.1 |
| —Unitarianism | 6,225 | 0.1 | 6,266 | 0.1 | 8,465 | 0.1 | 9,449 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 6,541 | 0.1 | 6,820 | 0.1 | 6,552 | 0.1 |
| —Adventism | – | – | 410 | 0.005 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,840 | 0.1 | 6,213 | 0.1 | 5,011 | 0.1 |
| —Methodism | – | – | 67 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,484 | 0.01 | 2,416 | 0.02 | 2,776 | 0.03 |
| —Anglicanism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 403 | 0.004 | 270 | 0.003 | 372 | 0.004 |
| —Other Christians | – | – | 2,795 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 17,396 | 0.2 | 38,175 | 0.4 | 54,981 | 0.6 |
| —Buddhism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,223 | 0.05 | 9,758 | 0.1 | 11,042 | 0.1 |
| —Islam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,201 | 0.03 | 5,579 | 0.1 | 7,983 | 0.1 |
| —Judaism | 473,329 | 5.9 | 444,552 | 5.1 | 400,760 | 4.3 | 133,861 | 1.5 | – | – | 20,534 | 0.2 | 12,871 | 0.1 | 10,965 | 0.1 | 7,635 | 0.1 |
| —Hinduism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,767 | 0.02 | 2,865 | 0.03 | 3,307 | 0.03 |
| —Other religions | – | – | 594 | 0.01 | – | – | 8,678 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 3,376 | 0.03 | 17,921 | 0.2 | 85,646 | 0.9 |
| —No religion | – | – | 1,959 | 0.02 | 3,841 | 0.04 | 12,287 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 1,483,369 | 14.5 | 1,806,409 | 18.2 | 1,549,610 | 16.1 |
| —Not stated | 10,496 | 0.1 | 303 | 0.003 | 1,674 | 0.02 | 1,522 | 0.02 | 725,830 | 7.0 | 2,094,468 | 20.4 | 1,104,333 | 10.8 | 2,698,844 | 27.2 | 3,852,533 | 40.1 |
| Total population | 7,986,875 | 8,685,109 | 9,316,074 | 9,204,799 | 10,369,000 | 10,267,000 | 10,198,315 | 9,937,628 | 9,603,634 | |||||||||
Line chart of the trends, 1920–2022
Census statistics 1920–2022:[8]
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Religion by administrative division
| Religion | Christianity | Catholicism | Calvinism | Lutheranism | Orthodox Christianity | Other Christians | Judaism | Other religions | Not religious | Not answered | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Budapest / Central Hungary | 594,988 | 35.3 | 408,823 | 24.3 | 126,920 | 7.5 | 26,162 | 1.5 | 4,839 | 0.3 | 28,244 | 1.7 | 4,839 | 0.3 | 12,076 | 0.7 | 324,157 | 19.2 | 749,282 | 44.5 |
| Pest County | 560,881 | 42.1 | 378,260 | 28.4 | 127,504 | 9.6 | 29,490 | 2.2 | 2,084 | 0.2 | 23,543 | 1.2 | 861 | 0.1 | 4,206 | 0.3 | 215,027 | 16.1 | 552,558 | 41.4 |
| Central Transdanubia | 433,703 | 41.1 | 311,825 | 29.5 | 88,926 | 8.4 | 19,593 | 1.9 | 1,101 | 0.1 | 12,258 | 1.2 | 322 | 0.03 | 2,444 | 0.2 | 181,362 | 17.2 | 437,817 | 41.5 |
| Fejér County | 157,600 | 38.0 | 112,374 | 27.1 | 38,548 | 9.3 | 6,132 | 1.5 | 546 | 0.1 | 4,830 | 1.2 | 137 | 0.03 | 1,001 | 0.2 | 82,154 | 19.8 | 173,934 | 41.9 |
| Komárom-Esztergom County | 112,718 | 37.5 | 80,049 | 26.6 | 25,763 | 8.6 | 3,405 | 1.1 | 219 | 0.1 | 3,282 | 1.1 | 91 | 0.03 | 713 | 0.2 | 57,817 | 19.2 | 129,292 | 43.0 |
| Veszprém County | 158,555 | 47.3 | 119,402 | 35.6 | 24,615 | 7.3 | 10,056 | 3.0 | 336 | 0.1 | 4,146 | 1.2 | 94 | 0.03 | 730 | 0.2 | 41,391 | 12.3 | 134,591 | 40.1 |
| Western Transdanubia | 516,879 | 52.9 | 441,540 | 45.2 | 29,501 | 3.0 | 34,987 | 3.6 | 985 | 0.1 | 9,866 | 1.0 | 306 | 0.03 | 1,680 | 0.2 | 86,147 | 8.8 | 371,246 | 38.0 |
| Győr-Moson-Sopron County | 233,808 | 50.2 | 193,990 | 41.6 | 16,309 | 3.5 | 18,696 | 4.0 | 385 | 0.1 | 4,428 | 0.9 | 138 | 0.03 | 842 | 0.2 | 47,533 | 10.2 | 183,624 | 39.4 |
| Vas County | 142,674 | 57.2 | 120,122 | 48.1 | 6,870 | 2.7 | 12,947 | 5.2 | 315 | 0.1 | 2,420 | 1.0 | 72 | 0.03 | 430 | 0.2 | 16,539 | 6.6 | 89,798 | 36.0 |
| Zala County | 140,397 | 56.8 | 127,428 | 51.5 | 6,322 | 2.6 | 3,344 | 1.3 | 285 | 0.1 | 3,018 | 1.2 | 96 | 0.04 | 408 | 0.2 | 22,075 | 8.9 | 97,824 | 39.6 |
| Southern Transdanubia | 395,377 | 46.2 | 321,308 | 37.6 | 49,727 | 5.8 | 13,316 | 1.6 | 590 | 0.1 | 10,436 | 1.2 | 278 | 0.03 | 2,198 | 0.3 | 124,936 | 14.6 | 332,634 | 38.9 |
| Baranya County | 153,717 | 43.4 | 126,403 | 35.7 | 18,718 | 5.3 | 3,393 | 1.0 | 292 | 0.1 | 4,911 | 1.4 | 114 | 0.03 | 1,192 | 0.3 | 56,491 | 16.0 | 142,508 | 40.2 |
| Somogy County | 144,821 | 49.3 | 119,740 | 40.8 | 17,123 | 5.8 | 4,610 | 1.6 | 141 | 0.1 | 3,207 | 1.1 | 126 | 0.04 | 700 | 0.2 | 36,346 | 12.4 | 111,477 | 38.0 |
| Tolna County | 96,836 | 46.6 | 75,165 | 36.1 | 13,886 | 6.7 | 5,313 | 2.6 | 157 | 0.1 | 2,318 | 1.1 | 38 | 0.02 | 306 | 0.1 | 32,099 | 15.4 | 78,649 | 37.8 |
| Northern Hungary | 541,744 | 49.6 | 396,575 | 36.3 | 118,789 | 10.9 | 9,701 | 0.9 | 706 | 0.1 | 15,973 | 1.5 | 282 | 0.03 | 1,824 | 0.2 | 130,695 | 12.0 | 416,830 | 38.2 |
| Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County | 316,075 | 50.7 | 203,081 | 32.6 | 102,718 | 16.5 | 2,646 | 0.4 | 406 | 0.1 | 7,224 | 1.2 | 162 | 0.03 | 847 | 0.1 | 67,947 | 10.9 | 237,993 | 38.2 |
| Heves County | 132,398 | 46.3 | 113,841 | 39.8 | 12,457 | 4.4 | 905 | 0.3 | 241 | 0.1 | 4,954 | 1.7 | 65 | 0.02 | 602 | 0.2 | 40,414 | 14.1 | 112,413 | 39.3 |
| Nógrád County | 96,839 | 52.1 | 79,653 | 42.8 | 3,614 | 1.9 | 6,150 | 3.3 | 59 | 0.03 | 3,795 | 2.0 | 55 | 0.03 | 375 | 0.2 | 22,334 | 12.0 | 66,424 | 35.7 |
| Northern Great Plain | 633,310 | 45.1 | 287,644 | 20.5 | 312,551 | 22.3 | 10,498 | 0.7 | 1,647 | 0.1 | 20,970 | 1.5 | 369 | 0.03 | 2,926 | 0.2 | 255,260 | 18.2 | 512,466 | 36.5 |
| Hajdú-Bihar County | 201,275 | 38.8 | 67,769 | 13.0 | 123,735 | 23.8 | 1,025 | 0.2 | 709 | 0.1 | 8,037 | 1.5 | 185 | 0.04 | 1,802 | 0.3 | 124,154 | 23.9 | 191,725 | 36.9 |
| Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County | 119,424 | 33.6 | 83,078 | 23.3 | 31,361 | 8.8 | 1,031 | 0.3 | 274 | 0.1 | 3,680 | 1.0 | 80 | 0.02 | 635 | 0.2 | 91,131 | 25.6 | 144,539 | 40.6 |
| Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County | 312,611 | 59.0 | 136,797 | 25.8 | 157,455 | 29.7 | 8,442 | 1.6 | 664 | 0.1 | 9,253 | 1.7 | 104 | 0.02 | 489 | 0.1 | 39,975 | 7.5 | 176,202 | 33.3 |
| Southern Great Plain | 486,997 | 40.5 | 340,644 | 28.3 | 90,064 | 7.5 | 32,756 | 2.7 | 3,626 | 0.3 | 19,907 | 1.7 | 378 | 0.03 | 2,623 | 0.2 | 232,026 | 19.3 | 479,700 | 39.9 |
| Bács-Kiskun County | 235,297 | 47.5 | 179,367 | 36.2 | 36,388 | 7.3 | 10,411 | 2.1 | 392 | 0.1 | 8,739 | 1.8 | 136 | 0.03 | 882 | 0.2 | 60,084 | 12.1 | 198,919 | 40.2 |
| Békés County | 105,964 | 33.6 | 47,231 | 15.0 | 31,842 | 10.1 | 19,376 | 6.1 | 2,426 | 0.8 | 5,089 | 1.6 | 48 | 0.02 | 492 | 0.2 | 91,952 | 29.2 | 116,766 | 37.0 |
| Csongrád-Csanád County | 145,736 | 37.3 | 114,046 | 29.1 | 21,834 | 5.6 | 2,969 | 0.8 | 808 | 0.2 | 6,079 | 1.5 | 194 | 0.1 | 1,249 | 0.3 | 79,990 | 20.4 | 164,015 | 41.9 |
Religion by age group
| Religion | <10 | 10–19 | 20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80–89 | 90+ | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christianity | 303,611 | 32.7 | 370,697 | 39.0 | 352,690 | 32.8 | 439,888 | 35.5 | 621,484 | 39.5 | 583,860 | 45.2 | 648,077 | 53.1 | 549,142 | 61.8 | 256,713 | 68.0 | 37,420 | 65.9 |
| —Catholicism | 205,140 | 22.1 | 247,823 | 26.1 | 235,300 | 21.9 | 299,833 | 24.2 | 430,192 | 27.4 | 408,437 | 31.6 | 462,526 | 37.9 | 390,076 | 43.9 | 180,670 | 47.9 | 26,622 | 46.9 |
| —Calvinism | 71,706 | 7.7 | 90,088 | 9.5 | 83,899 | 7.8 | 101,809 | 8.2 | 138,771 | 8.8 | 128,333 | 9.9 | 140,928 | 11.5 | 121,973 | 13.7 | 58,087 | 15.4 | 8,388 | 14.8 |
| —Lutheranism | 13,755 | 1.5 | 16,857 | 1.8 | 13,639 | 1.3 | 17,418 | 1.4 | 25,907 | 1.7 | 22,528 | 1.7 | 26,569 | 2.2 | 25,037 | 2.8 | 12,808 | 3.4 | 1,985 | 3.5 |
| —Other Christians | 13,010 | 1.4 | 15,929 | 1.7 | 19,852 | 1.6 | 20,828 | 1.9 | 26,614 | 1.7 | 24,562 | 1.9 | 18,054 | 1.5 | 12,056 | 1.4 | 5,148 | 1.4 | 425 | 0.7 |
| —Judaism | 391 | 0.04 | 565 | 0.1 | 615 | 0.1 | 838 | 0.1 | 1,456 | 0.1 | 949 | 0.1 | 940 | 0.1 | 1,270 | 0.1 | 457 | 0.1 | 154 | 0.3 |
| —Other religions | 1,429 | 0.2 | 2,159 | 0.2 | 6,529 | 0.6 | 6,030 | 0.5 | 6,478 | 0.4 | 4,523 | 0.4 | 1,960 | 0.2 | 712 | 0.1 | 140 | 0.04 | 17 | 0.03 |
| —No religion | 230,454 | 24.8 | 185,261 | 19.5 | 214,550 | 29.9 | 236,889 | 19.1 | 266,436 | 16.9 | 179,405 | 13.9 | 141,745 | 11.6 | 71,696 | 8.1 | 20,218 | 5.4 | 2,956 | 5.2 |
| —Not stated | 393,043 | 42.3 | 391,674 | 41.2 | 501,108 | 46.6 | 555,912 | 44.9 | 676,210 | 43.0 | 523,804 | 40.5 | 428,955 | 35.1 | 266,008 | 29.9 | 99,843 | 26.5 | 15,976 | 28.1 |
| Total population | 928,928 | 950,356 | 1,075,492 | 1,239,557 | 1,572,064 | 1,292,541 | 1,221,677 | 888,828 | 377,371 | 56,820 | ||||||||||
Religion by education group
| Religion | Lower primary school | Upper primary school | Professional secondary school professional diploma |
General secondary school maturity diploma |
University or college | Person under 15 school career underway | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christianity | 82,817 | 44.2 | 832,462 | 47.8 | 770,849 | 44.5 | 1,151,667 | 42.4 | 838,003 | 45.7 | 488,072 | 35.0 |
| —Catholicism | 56,982 | 30.4 | 583,111 | 33.5 | 552,729 | 31.9 | 793,242 | 29.2 | 571,754 | 31.2 | 328,801 | 23.6 |
| —Calvinism | 19,917 | 10.6 | 189,941 | 10.9 | 164,108 | 9.5 | 264,184 | 9.7 | 189,583 | 10.3 | 116,249 | 8.3 |
| —Lutheranism | 2,089 | 1.1 | 29,954 | 1.7 | 29,577 | 1.7 | 49,818 | 1.8 | 42,727 | 2.3 | 22,338 | 1.6 |
| —Other Christians | 3,829 | 2.0 | 29,465 | 1.7 | 24,435 | 1.4 | 44,423 | 1.6 | 33,939 | 1.8 | 20,684 | 1.5 |
| —Judaism | 180 | 0.1 | 605 | 0.03 | 443 | 0.03 | 2,132 | 0.1 | 3,599 | 0.2 | 676 | 0.1 |
| —Other religions | 536 | 0.3 | 2,471 | 0.1 | 2,651 | 0.1 | 10,629 | 0.4 | 11,451 | 0.6 | 2,239 | 0.2 |
| —No religion | 22,824 | 12.2 | 243,698 | 14.0 | 255,187 | 14.7 | 421,929 | 15.5 | 284,508 | 15.5 | 321,464 | 23.1 |
| —Not stated | 80,911 | 43.2 | 660,219 | 38.0 | 704,637 | 40.6 | 1,129,830 | 41.6 | 696,155 | 38.0 | 580,781 | 41.7 |
| Total population | 187,268 | 1,739,464 | 1,733,767 | 2,716,187 | 1,833,716 | 1,393,232 | ||||||
Religious organisations
Registers of government-recognised churches
| Officially registered religious organisations (churches) in Hungary, according to the laws on churches of the Constitution of Hungary effective since 2012[34][α] In sequence according to the respective registration number |
Type |
|---|---|
| 00001/2012. Hungarian Catholic Church (Magyar Katolikus Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00002/2012. Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist) Church (Magyarországi Református Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00003/2012. Hungarian Evangelical (Lutheran) Church (Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00004/2012. Association of Hungarian Jewish Faith Communities (Magyarországi Zsidó Hitközségek Szövetsége) | Judaism |
| 00005/2012. United Hungarian Israelite Faith Community (Egységes Magyarországi Izraelita Hitközség) | Judaism |
| 00006/2012. Hungarian Autonomous Orthodox Israelite Faith Community (Magyarországi Autonóm Orthodox Izraelita Hitközség) | Judaism |
| 00007/2012. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Buda (Budai Szerb Ortodox Egyházmegye) | Christianity |
| 00008/2012. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople – Hungarian Orthodox Exarchate (Konstantinápolyi Egyetemes Patriarchátus – Magyarországi Ortodox Exarchátus) | Christianity |
| 00009/2012. Hungarian Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Magyarországi Bolgár Ortodox Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00010/2012. Hungarian Romanian Orthodox Diocese (Magyarországi Román Ortodox Egyházmegye) | Christianity |
| 00011/2012. Hungarian Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church – Moscow Patriarchate (Orosz Ortodox Egyház Magyar Egyházmegyéje – Moszkvai Patriarchátus) | Christianity |
| 00012/2012. Hungarian Unitarian Church (Magyar Unitárius Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00013/2012. Hungarian Baptist Church (Magyarországi Baptista Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00014/2012. Faith Church (Hit Gyülekezete) | Christianity |
| 00015/2012. Hungarian Methodist Church (Magyarországi Metodista Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00016/2012. Hungarian Pentecostal Church (Magyar Pünkösdi Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00017/2012. Saint Margaret Anglican Episcopal Church (Szent Margit Anglikán Episzkopális Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00018/2012. Transylvanian Church (Erdélyi Gyülekezet) | Christianity |
| 00019/2012. Seventh-day Adventist Church (Hetednapi Adventista Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00020/2012. Hungarian Coptic Orthodox Church (Magyarországi Kopt Ortodox Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00021/2012. Hungarian Islamic Fellowship (Magyar Iszlám Közösség) | Islam |
| 00022/2012. Church of Hungarian Muslims (Magyarországi Muszlimok Egyháza) | Islam |
| 00023/2012. Christ-believing Nazarene Churches (Krisztusban Hívő Nazarénus Gyülekezetek) | Christianity |
| 00024/2012. Hungarian Fellowship of Krishna-conscious Believers (Magyarországi Krisna-tudatú Hívők Közössége) | Hinduism |
| 00025/2012. Free Church of the Salvation Army in Hungary (Üdvhadsereg Szabadegyház Magyarország) | Christianity |
| 00026/2012. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Az Utolsó Napok Szentjeinek Jézus Krisztus Egyháza) | Christianity |
| 00027/2012. Hungarian Church of Jehovah's Witnesses (Magyarországi Jehova Tanúi Egyház) | Christianity |
| 00028/2012. Knowledge Gate Buddhist Church (Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház) | Buddhism |
| 00029/2012. Buddhist Mission, Hungarian Arya Maitreya Mandala Church Fellowship (Buddhista Misszió, Magyarországi Árya Maitreya Mandala Egyházközösség) | Buddhism |
| 00030/2012. Hungarian Karma Kagyüpa Buddhist Fellowship (Magyarországi Karma Kagyüpa Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism |
| 00031/2012. Hungarian Chinese Chan Buddhist Church (Magyarországi Kínai Chanbuddhista Egyház) | Buddhism |
| 00032/2012. Diamond Way Buddhist Fellowship (Gyémánt Út Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism |
| Main other religious organisations (churches) in Hungary as of 2004–2011,[36] amongst those which were officially registered before the 2012 laws on churches[α] In alphabetical sequence according to the names in Hungarian; the list may be intrinsically incomplete |
Type |
| Ankh Church of Eternal Life (Ankh Örök Élet Egyháza) | Egyptian Kemetism |
| Traditional Church of the Legal Grounds of the Order of Árpád (Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Hunnic Tengrism |
| Unification Church (Egyesítő Egyház) | Christianity |
| Church of the Universal Love (Egyetemes Szeretet Egyháza) | New Age Spiritualism |
| Independent Spiritual Order of Human Possibility (Emberi Lehetőség Független Szellemi Rend) | New Age Human Potential Movement |
| Church of Esoteric Teachings – Church of the Holy Crown (Ezoterikus Tanok Egyháza – Szent Korona Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Scythian-Hunnic Tengrism |
| Church of the Source (Forrás Egyháza) | New Age Holistic syncretism |
| Church of the Fellowship of Believers in Alien, More Advanced Intelligences (Idegen, Fejlettebb Intelligenciákban Hívők Közössége Egyház) | New Age Exotheology |
| Karma Decsen Özel Ling Tibetan Buddhist Fellowship (Karma Decsen Özel Ling Tibeti Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism |
| Church of Celtic-Wiccan Tradition Keepers (Kelta-Wicca Hagyományőrzők Egyháza) | Wicca |
| Church of the Universal Love of the Cosmos (Kozmosz Univerzális Szeretet Egyház) | New Age Protestantism |
| Hungarian Taoist Church (Magyar Taoista Egyház) | Taoism |
| Hungarian Vaishnavite Hindu Church (Magyar Vaisnava Hindu Egyház) | Hinduism |
| Hungarian Religious Fellowship (Magyar Vallás Közössége) | Ősmagyar vallás Sumerian Zuism |
| Hungarian Baháʼí Fellowship (Magyarországi Baháʼí Közösség) | Baháʼí Faith |
| Hungarian Evangelical Brotherhood (Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség) | Christianity |
| Hungarian Pantholocatholic Traditional Church (Magyarországi Pantholokatholikus Tradicionális Egyház) | New Age Belief in God |
| Hungarian Church of Scientology (Magyarországi Szcientológia Egyház) | Scientology |
| Hungarian Xuyun Buddhist Chan Central Church (Magyarországi Xuyun Buddhista Chan Központi Egyház) | Buddhism |
| Menorah Messianic Fellowship (Menóra Messiási Közösség) | Messianic Judaism |
| Om Vishwa Guru Deep Hindu Religious Fellowship (Om Vishwa Guru Deep Hindu Vallási Közösség) | Hinduism |
| Old Hungarian Church (Ősmagyar Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Sumerian Zuism |
| Old Hungarian Taltos Church (Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Uralic-Siberian Tengrism |
| Sodalitas Mithraica Confessing Church (Sodalitas Mithraica Hitvalló Egyház) | Roman-Iranian Mithraism |
| Szangye Menlai Gedün, Healing Buddha Fellowship (Szangye Menlai Gedün, a Gyógyító Buddha Közössége) | Buddhism |
| Tenzin Sedrup Ling Rimé Buddhist Centre (Tenzin Sedrup Ling Rimé Buddhista Centrum) | Buddhism |
| Church of the Pure Souls (Tiszta Lelkű Emberek Egyháza) | Christianity |
| Church of the Hun Universe – Holy Mother Church of the Huns (Hun Univerzum Egyháza – Hunok Anyaszentegyháza) | Ősmagyar vallás Hunnic Tengrism |
| Hungarian Fellowship of Vishwa Nirmala Dharma (Vishwa Nirmala Dharma Magyarországi Közössége) | Hinduism |
| Yotengrit Church of the Ancestral Spirit of the Endless Sea (Yotengrit Tengervégtelen Ős-szellem Egyháza) | Ősmagyar vallás Uralic-Siberian Tengrism |
Voluntary tax offering to churches
Hungarian citizens are entitled to voluntarily donate 1% of their yearly income tax to officially registered religious organisations (churches) of their choice; in 2023, donations were distributed as follows.[37]
| Religious organisation | Type | Donation In million HUF |
Number of donors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian Catholic Church (Magyar Katolikus Egyház) | Christianity | 6048 | 803,070 |
| Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist) Church (Magyarországi Református Egyház) | Christianity | 2657 | 348,482 |
| Hungarian Evangelical (Lutheran) Church (Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház) | Christianity | 743 | 92,581 |
| Hungarian Evangelical Brotherhood (Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség) | Christianity | 718 | 73,381 |
| Hungarian Fellowship of Krishna-conscious Believers (Magyarországi Krisna-tudatú Hívők Közössége) | Hinduism | 691 | 86,005 |
| Hungarian Baptist Church (Magyarországi Baptista Egyház) | Christianity | 461 | 56,294 |
| Knowledge Gate Buddhist Church (Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház) | Buddhism | 290 | 33,566 |
| Diamond Way Buddhist Fellowship (Gyémánt Út Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism | 203 | 24,377 |
| Faith Church (Hit Gyülekezete) | Christianity | 169 | 36,108 |
| Association of Hungarian Jewish Religious Communities (Magyarországi Zsidó Hitközségek Szövetsége) | Judaism | 131 | 12,612 |
| Hungarian Church of Jehovah's Witnesses (Magyarországi Jehova Tanúi Egyház) | Christianity | 82 | 14,672 |
| Transylvanian Church (Erdélyi Gyülekezet) | Christianity | 77 | 9,398 |
| Buddhist Mission, Hungarian Arya Maitreya Mandala Church Fellowship (Buddhista Misszió, Magyarországi Árya Maitreya Mandala Egyházközösség) | Buddhism | 75 | 9,396 |
Notes
References
- ^ a b "A népesség vallás, felekezet és nemek szerint: népszámlálások 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022" [Population by religion, denomination and gender: censuses 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022] (official statistics). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 26 September 2023.
- ^ "Hungary's 2022 census shows an increase in marriages". About Hungary. 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ "2011 évi népszámlálás – Országos adatok" [2011 Year Census – National Data] (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. p. 23: A népesség vallás szerint (Population according to religion).
- ^ a b c d e f g Schanda 2015, p. 378.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Schanda 2015, p. 379.
- ^ Schanda 2015, pp. 379–380.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Schanda 2015, p. 380.
- ^ a b c d e f g Official reports by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office:
- Gabor Csordás, Gabriella Vukovich, Zita Ináncsi, Marcell Kovács, Jánosné Waffenschmidt (2014). Éva Varga, Krisztina Trybek (ed.). "Népszámlálás 2011: vallás, felekezet" [2011 Census: religion, denomination] (PDF) (report with retrospective data from the 1930, 1941, 1949 and 2001 censuses). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Benedek Kovács, Mátyás Lajtai (2020). "Magyarország vallási viszonyai a népszámlálások és egyéb lakossági adatfelvételek tükrében" [Religious relations in Hungary in the light of censuses and other population data collection] (PDF). Statisztikai Szemle (study containing data from the 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 censuses of Hungary when it was part of Austria-Hungary; from the 1920, 1930, 1941 and 1949 censuses of independent Hungary between the two 20th-century World Wars; from measurements in the 1990s in post-socialist Hungary, and from the 2001 and 2011 censuses in 21st-century Hungary). 98 (6): 573–598. doi:10.20311/stat2020.6.hu0573. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2020.
- "A népesség vallás, felekezet és nemek szerint: népszámlálások 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022" [Population by religion, denomination and gender: censuses 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022] (report with only the major subdivisions of religious denominations).
- "Population by religion and gender according to the 2001, 2011 and 2022 censuses". Census Database (report with the detailed subdivisions of religious denominations).
- Gabor Csordás, Gabriella Vukovich, Zita Ináncsi, Marcell Kovács, Jánosné Waffenschmidt (2014). Éva Varga, Krisztina Trybek (ed.). "Népszámlálás 2011: vallás, felekezet" [2011 Census: religion, denomination] (PDF) (report with retrospective data from the 1930, 1941, 1949 and 2001 censuses). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014.
- ^ Schanda 2015, p. 377.
- ^ Gyorgyovich & Bobály 2020.
- ^ Schanda 2015, pp. 377–378.
- ^ a b c d e Baer 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Schanda 2020, p. 56.
- ^ Schanda 2020, pp. 55–56, 60, 67–70.
- ^ Povedák 2014, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Kolozsi 2012a, p. 85.
- ^ Pállfy, Géza (2007). Searching for faith: a change of religion in Hungary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 370.
- ^ "Facts and Statistics: General information of the Reformed Church in Hungary in figures". Reformatus.hu. 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "Facts and Statistics". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ Braham, Randolph L. – Tibori Szabó Zoltán, A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája [The Geographic Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary]. Budapest:Park Publishing, 3 vol. (2006). Vol 1, p. 91.
- ^ "Budapest Dohany street Great Synagogue – the largest synagogue in Europe". Greatsynagogue.hu. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ "Hungarian census 2011 / Országos adatok (National data) / 1.1.4.2. A népesség nyelvismeret és nemek szerint (population by spoken language), 1.1.6.1 A népesség anyanyelv, nemzetiség és nemek szerint (population by mother tongue and ethnicity), 2.1.7.1 A népesség vallás, felekezet, és fontosabb demográfiai ismérvek szerint (population by religion, denomination and main demographical indicators) (Hungarian)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Magyarországi Buddhista Egyházközösség" [Hungarian Buddhist Church]. buddhistaegyhaz.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "A Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház" [Gate of Dharma Buddhist Church]. tkbe.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Jura Nanuk (29 October 2012). "European Dalits: The role of Buddhism in social integration of young Roma in Hungary". Central-European Religious Freedom Institute. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012.
- ^ a b Ádám Koloszi. Social Constructions of the Native Faith: Mytho-historical Narratives and Identity-discourse in Hungarian Neo-paganism. Central European University, 2012.
- ^ László-Attila Hubbes; Rozália Klára Bakó (2011). "Romanian and Hungarian Ethno-Pagan Organizations on the Net" (PDF). Hungarian University of Transylvania. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház" [Traditional Church of the Order of Arpad]. arpadegyhaz.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "Tengri Community". tengri.hu. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
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- ^ "Act CCVI of 2011 on the right to freedom of conscience and religion and the legal status of churches, denominations and religious communities of Hungary". Strasbourg: Venice Commission, Council of Europe. 27 February 2012. CDL-REF(2012)009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
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- ^ a b "Közlemény a 2023. évben szja 1%-os felajánlásban részesült technikai számos kedvezményezettekről" [Announcement on the technical number of beneficiaries who received a 1% offering in the year 2023]. Hungarian National Tax and Customs Administration. 15 September 2023.
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