Battle of Petitcodiac: Difference between revisions

Battle of Petitcodiac
	Part of the French and Indian War
	; A portrait of Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot
Date	September 4, 1755
Location	Village-des-Blanchard, Acadia
Result	French-Indian victory
Belligerents
France ; New France ; Mi'kmaq	Massachusetts
Commanders and leaders
Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot	Joseph Frye ; Silvanus Cobb ; Joseph Gorham
Strength
300	200
Casualties and losses
1 killed ; 3 wounded	22-42 killed ; 6 wounded ; 45 captured

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The Battle of Petitcodiac was an engagement which occurred during the Bay of Fundy campaign of the French and Indian War. The battle was fought between the British colonial forces from Massachusetts and Acadian militiamen led by French officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot on September 4, 1755. It took place at the Acadian village of Village-des-Blanchard on the Petitcodiac River.

Background

After the capture of Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 during the French and Indian War, the British initiated a campaign to deport the Acadians, French colonizers in Acadia. Using Fort Cumberland as a base, British forces made forays into the surrounding countryside, rounding up Acadians to deport and destroying their colonial settlements. Some of the Acadians surrendered, while others fled from the coastal communities into the interior, where they joined with local Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet forces and resisted the deportation efforts.

Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot was a French militia commander who became a leader in the resistance to the deportation. Based in the Miramichi River valley, he helped Acadians fleeing the deportation operations escape to Quebec. After the capture of Fort Beauséjour, Robert Monckton sent a naval squadron to evict him from the satellite fort at the mouth of the Saint John River. Knowing that he could not defend his position, Boishebert and his men destroyed the fort.^[3] When he received word that the British were planning an expedition to the Petitcodiac River, he hurried to Chipoudy, where he organized 120 Acadians, Maliseets and Mi'kmaq into a guerilla force.^[4]

During Bay of Fundy campaign, on August 28, Monckton sent Major Joseph Frye with an expedition of 200 provincial militia from Fort Cumberland in two armed sloops, with instructions to clear Acadians settlements on the Petitcodiac River.^[3] After setting the buildings on fire at Shepody, New Brunswick, they began moving up the river, torching settlements and taking prisoners along the way.^[3]

Battle

On September 2, Frye's expedition began these clearing operations on settlements in and around the Village-des-Blanchard. While the main body worked on the eastern bank of the river, a detachment of between fifty and sixty militiamen under John Indicot was despatched to the western bank.^[5] When they set fire to the village church, Boishébert and three hundred men attacked.^[3] Indicot's men retreated behind a dyke and were in a near panic when Frye landed with the remainder of the force and took command. After three hours of spirited fighting, Frye eventually extracted the force to the boats and retreated. Twenty-two provincial militiamen were killed and another six were wounded.^[6] Ranger Joseph Gorham was wounded in the battle.^[7]

Aftermath

The battle was a stinging defeat for Frye's forces. Abbe Le Guerne wrote that it "made the English tremble more than all the cannons of Beausejour."^[8] For many in the provincial militia, this was their first experience with combat and over 50 percent of those who participated became casualties.^[9] The battle was the first French military success in Acadia during the war. Boishébert rescued thirty captive Acadian families and captured large quantities of military supplies and food.^[10] He subsequently created an Acadian refugee camp known as "Camp de l'Espérance" on Beaubears Island near present-day Miramichi, New Brunswick. The Acadians also managed to reach camps in Chaleur Bay and the Restigouche River.^[11]

On the Restigouche River, Boishébert created another refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle.^[12] Boishebert again led Acadian forces during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The British would return three years later to destroy the village in the 1758 Petitcodiac River campaign. The site is marked by a plaque from the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board. It is the earliest recognized National Historic Event in the country, having been designated on May 16, 1918, prior to the establishment of the Board.

Footnotes

^ Brodhead, John Romeyn (1858). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. 10. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 358.
^ p. 336
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Faragher, p. 350
^ Faragher, p. 350; Grenier, p.180
^ Grenier, p. 180. Note: Grenier locates this battle at Chipoudy rather than at Petitcodiac. There is a primary source, however, of a letter written by Major Jedediah Preble which indicates the battle happened in "Shipodia" (See Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 535)
^ Grenier, p. 180. The French reported that eighty of their opponents were killed (see Grenier, p. 180).
^ Pote, William (1896). The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 176.
^ Faragher, p. 351
^ Grenier, p. 180
^ Grenier, p. 181
^ Lockerby, 2008, p.17, p.24, p.26, p.56
^ Faragher, p. 414; also see History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. The Canadian Press. July 19, 2008

References

Arsenault, Bona; Alain, Pascal (2004). Histoire des Acadiens (in French). Éditions Fides. ISBN 2-7621-2613-4.
Doughty, Arthur G. (1916). The Acadian Exiles: A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline. Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Company.
Faragher, John (2005). Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton.
Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press.
Lockerby, Earle (2008). The Expulsion of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island. Nimbus Press.
"National Historic Sites Of Canada System Plan". Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
Shoebottom, Bradley. "The Battle of the Petitcodiac, September 2, 1755". Academia. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
Wrong, George McKinnon & Langton, Hugh Hornby (1920). "Chronicles of Canada: National Highways". Brook & Company.

Primary sources

"The Footman's Duel". London Magazine. 1755. p. 627 – via Hathi Trust.

45°55′23″N 64°38′44″W / 45.92296°N 64.64546°W / 45.92296; -64.64546

[1] Brodhead, John Romeyn (1858). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. 10. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 358.

[2] . 336

[Faragher,_p._350-3] Faragher, p. 350

[4] Faragher, p. 350; Grenier, p.180

[5] Grenier, p. 180. Note: Grenier locates this battle at Chipoudy rather than at Petitcodiac. There is a primary source, however, of a letter written by Major Jedediah Preble which indicates the battle happened in "Shipodia" (See Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 535)

[6] Grenier, p. 180. The French reported that eighty of their opponents were killed (see Grenier, p. 180).

[7] Pote, William (1896). The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 176.

[8] Faragher, p. 351

[9] Grenier, p. 180

[10] Grenier, p. 181

[11] Lockerby, 2008, p.17, p.24, p.26, p.56

[12] Faragher, p. 414; also see History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. The Canadian Press. July 19, 2008

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox military conflict
-| image       = [[File:Marquis de Boishébert - Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot (1753) McCord Museum McGill.jpg|300px]]
-| caption     = [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot|Charles Deschamps de Boishébert]]
 | conflict    = Battle of Petitcodiac
 | partof      = the [[French and Indian War]]
+| image       = Marquis de Boishébert - Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot (1753) McCord Museum McGill.jpg
+| image_size  =
+| caption     = A portrait of [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]]
 | date        = September 4, 1755
-| place       = Village-des-Blanchard, [[Acadia]] (near present-day [[Hillsborough, New Brunswick]])
+| place       = [[Hillsborough, New Brunswick|Village-des-Blanchard]], [[Acadia]]
-| result      = French, Acadian and Indian victory
+| result      = French-Indian victory
+| combatant1  = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} <br /> {{flagcountry|New France}} <br /> [[Mi'kmaq]]
-| combatant2  = [[Military history of the Mi’kmaq People|Mi'kmaq militia]]<br>[[Military history of the Acadians|Acadian militia]]
-| combatant1  = {{flagicon|Great Britain|1606}} [[Great Britain]]
+| combatant2  = {{flagicon image|Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg}} [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]]
-| commander2  = [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot|Charles Deschamps de Boishebert]]
+| commander1  = {{flagdeco|New France}} [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]]
-| commander1  = [[Joseph Frye]], Captain [[Silvanus Cobb]], [[Joseph Gorham]]
+| commander2  = {{flagicon image|Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg}} [[Joseph Frye]] <br /> {{flagicon image|Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg}} [[Silvanus Cobb]] <br /> {{flagicon image|Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg}} [[Joseph Gorham]]
-| strength2   = 120
+| strength1   = 300
-| strength1   = 200
+| strength2   = 200
-| casualties2 = 1 killed, several wounded
+| casualties1 = 1 killed <br /> 3 wounded
+| casualties2 = 22-42 killed <br /> 6 wounded <br /> 45 captured<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodhead|first=John Romeyn|author-link=John Romeyn Brodhead|title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York|volume=10|location=Albany|publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co.|date=1858|url=https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ10brod|page=[https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ10brod/page/358 358]}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland01haligoog#page/n366/mode/1up p. 336]</ref>
-| casualties1 = 22 killed, six wounded
 | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox French and Indian War: Maritimes}}
 }}
-{{Military history of the Acadians}}
-The '''Battle of Petitcodiac''' was fought during the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]] of the [[French and Indian War]].  The battle was fought between the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British colonial troops]] and [[Acadia]]n resistance fighters led by French Officer [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot|Charles Deschamps de Boishébert]] on September 4, 1755 at the Acadian village of Village-des-Blanchard on the [[Petitcodiac River]] (present-day [[Hillsborough, New Brunswick]], [[Canada]]).
+The '''Battle of Petitcodiac''' was an engagement which occurred during the [[Bay of Fundy campaign]] of the [[French and Indian War]]. The battle was fought between the British colonial forces from [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] and [[Military history of the Acadians|Acadian militiamen]] led by French officer [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]] on September 4, 1755. It took place at the [[Acadia]]n village of [[Hillsborough, New Brunswick|Village-des-Blanchard]] on the [[Petitcodiac River]].
 ==Background==
-After the [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|capture of Fort Beauséjour]] in June 1755 by British troops during the [[Seven Years War]], they began [[Great Upheaval|rounding up and deporting the local French population]].  Using [[Fort Beauséjour|Fort Cumberland]] as a base, British troops and colonial militia made forays into the surrounding countryside, rounding up Acadians and destroying their settlements.  Some of the Acadians surrendered, while others fled from the coastal communities into the interior, where they joined with local [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] and [[Maliseet]] Indians in resisting the British deportation.
+After the [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|capture of Fort Beauséjour]] in June 1755 during the [[French and Indian War]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] initiated a campaign to [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deport]] the [[Acadians]], French colonizers in [[Acadia]]. Using [[Fort Beauséjour|Fort Cumberland]] as a base, British forces made forays into the surrounding countryside, rounding up Acadians to deport and destroying their colonial settlements. Some of the Acadians surrendered, while others fled from the coastal communities into the interior, where they joined with local [[Miꞌkmaq]] and [[Maliseet]] forces and resisted the deportation efforts.
-[[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot|Charles Deschamps de Boishébert]] was a French militia commander who became a resistance leader.  Based in the [[Miramichi River]] valley, he helped Acadians fleeing the British deportation operations escape to Quebec.  After the fall of Beausejour, Monckton sent a naval squaldorn to evict him from the satellite fort at the mouth of the Saint John River.  Knowing that he could not defend his position, Bosishebert destroyed the fort.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350">Faragher, p. 350</ref> When he received word that the British were planning an expedition to the Petitcodiac River, he hurried to Chipoudy, where he organized 120 Acadians, Maliseets and Mi'kmaq into a guerrilla fighting force.<ref>Faragher, p. 350; Grenier, p.180</ref>
+[[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]] was a French militia commander who became a leader in the resistance to the deportation. Based in the [[Miramichi River]] valley, he helped Acadians fleeing the deportation operations escape to Quebec. After the capture of Fort Beauséjour, [[Robert Monckton]] sent a naval squadron to evict him from the satellite fort at the mouth of the Saint John River. Knowing that he could not defend his position, Boishebert and his men destroyed the fort.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350">Faragher, p. 350</ref> When he received word that the British were planning an expedition to the Petitcodiac River, he hurried to Chipoudy, where he organized 120 Acadians, Maliseets and Mi'kmaq into a guerilla force.<ref>Faragher, p. 350; Grenier, p.180</ref>
-During [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]], on August 28, Monckton sent Major [[Joseph Frye]] with an expedition of 200 provincial militia from Fort Cumberland in two armed sloops, with instructions to clear Acadians settlements on the [[Petitcodiac River]].<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/> After setting the buildings on fire at [[Shepody, New Brunswick]], they began moving up the river, torching settlements and taking prisoners along the way.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/>
+During [[Bay of Fundy campaign]], on August 28, Monckton sent Major [[Joseph Frye]] with an expedition of 200 provincial [[militia]] from Fort Cumberland in two armed sloops, with instructions to clear Acadians settlements on the [[Petitcodiac River]].<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/> After setting the buildings on fire at [[Shepody, New Brunswick]], they began moving up the river, torching settlements and taking prisoners along the way.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/>
 ==Battle==
-[[File:Battle of Petitcodiac Monument, Hillsborough, New Brunswick Albert County Museum.jpg|thumb|left| Battle of Petitcodiac - [[National Historic Sites of Canada]] Monument, Hillsborough, New Brunswick]]
-On September 2, the expedition began these clearing operations on settlements in and around the Village-des-Blanchard.  While the main body worked on the eastern bank of the river, a detachment of fifty or sixty under John Indicot was despatched to the western bank.<ref>Grenier, p. 180. Note: Grenier locates this battle at Chipoudy rather than at Petitcodiac. There is a primary source, however, of a letter written by Major Jedediah Preble which indicates the battle happened in "Shipodia" (See Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 535)</ref>  When they set fire to the village church, Boishébert and three hundred men attacked.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/>  The British retreated behind a dyke and were in a near panic when Frye landed with the remainder of the force and took command.  After three hours of spirited fighting, Frye eventually extracted the force to the boats and retreated.  Twenty two British were killed and another six were wounded.<ref>Grenier, p. 180. The French reported that eighty British were killed (see Grenier, p. 180).</ref> Ranger [[Joseph Gorham]] was wounded in the battle.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofcaptain00pote/journalofcaptain00pote_djvu.txt The William Pote Journal, p. 176]</ref>
+On September 2, Frye's expedition began these clearing operations on settlements in and around the Village-des-Blanchard.  While the main body worked on the eastern bank of the river, a detachment of between fifty and sixty militiamen under John Indicot was despatched to the western bank.<ref>Grenier, p. 180. Note: Grenier locates this battle at Chipoudy rather than at Petitcodiac. There is a primary source, however, of a letter written by Major Jedediah Preble which indicates the battle happened in "Shipodia" (See Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 535)</ref> When they set fire to the village church, Boishébert and three hundred men attacked.<ref name="Faragher, p. 350"/> Indicot's men retreated behind a dyke and were in a near panic when Frye landed with the remainder of the force and took command. After three hours of spirited fighting, Frye eventually extracted the force to the boats and retreated. Twenty-two provincial militiamen were killed and another six were wounded.<ref>Grenier, p. 180. The French reported that eighty of their opponents were killed (see Grenier, p. 180).</ref> Ranger [[Joseph Gorham]] was wounded in the battle.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pote|first=William|author-link=William Pote|title=The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|date=1896|url=https://archive.org/details/journalofcaptain00pote|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalofcaptain00pote/page/176 176]}}</ref>
 ==Aftermath==
+[[File:Battle of Petitcodiac Monument, Hillsborough, New Brunswick Albert County Museum.jpg|thumb|The site of the battle is marked by the Battle of Petitcodiac [[Events of National Historic Significance|National Historic Event]] monument.]]
-The battle was a stinging defeat for the British. Abbe Le Guerne wrote that it "made the English tremble more than all the cannons of Beausejour."<ref>Faragher, p. 351</ref> For many of the provincial fighters this was their first experience with combat and over 50 percent of those who participated became casualties.<ref>Grenier, p. 180</ref>
-The battle was the first bright spot for the Acadians.  Boishebert rescued thirty Acadian families and brought off several fields worth of crops and supplies.<ref>Grenier, p. 181</ref> [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]]'s created an Acadian refugee camp known as "Camp de l’Espérance", on [[Beaubears Island]] near present-day [[Miramichi, New Brunswick]]. The Acadians also managed to reach camps [[Chaleur Bay|Baie des Chaleurs]] and the [[Restigouche River]].<ref>Lockerby, 2008, p.17, p.24, p.26, p.56</ref> On the Restigouche River, Boishébert refugee camp was at Petit-Rochelle (present-day [[Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec]]).<ref>Faragher, p. 414; also see History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. ''The Canadian Press''. July 19, 2008 http://www.acadian.org/La%20Petite-Rochelle.html</ref>  Boishebert also led Acadians against the British in the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|1759 siege of Quebec]].
+The battle was a stinging defeat for Frye's forces. Abbe Le Guerne wrote that it "made the English tremble more than all the cannons of Beausejour."<ref>Faragher, p. 351</ref> For many in the provincial militia, this was their first experience with combat and over 50 percent of those who participated became casualties.<ref>Grenier, p. 180</ref> The battle was the first French military success in Acadia during the war. Boishébert rescued thirty captive Acadian families and captured large quantities of military supplies and food.<ref>Grenier, p. 181</ref> He subsequently created an Acadian [[refugee camp]] known as "Camp de l'Espérance" on [[Beaubears Island]] near present-day [[Miramichi, New Brunswick]]. The Acadians also managed to reach camps in [[Chaleur Bay]] and the [[Restigouche River]].<ref>Lockerby, 2008, p.17, p.24, p.26, p.56</ref>
+On the Restigouche River, Boishébert created another refugee camp at [[Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec|Petit-Rochelle]].<ref>Faragher, p. 414; also see History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. ''The Canadian Press''. July 19, 2008</ref> Boishebert again led Acadian forces during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]. The British would return three years later to destroy the village in the 1758 [[Petitcodiac River campaign]]. The site is marked by a plaque from the national [[National Historic Sites of Canada#Historic Sites and Monuments Board|Historic Sites and Monuments Board]]. It is the earliest recognized National Historic Event in the country, having been designated on May 16, 1918, prior to the establishment of the Board.
-The British would return three years later to destroy the village again for the final time in the [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]] (1758).
-The site is now marked by a [[National Historic Site of Canada|National Historic Sites and Monument]] plaque.
 == See also ==
-*[[Military history of the Mi’kmaq People]]
+*[[Military history of the Mi'kmaq people]]
 *[[Military history of the Acadians]]
 *[[History of New Brunswick]]
+==Footnotes==
+{{reflist}}
 == References ==
+* {{cite book |last1=Arsenault |first1=Bona |last2=Alain |first2=Pascal |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C&dq=petitcoudiac%20boishebert%201755&pg=PA194 |title=Histoire des Acadiens |language=French |publisher=Éditions Fides |isbn=2-7621-2613-4}}
-*John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005.
+* {{cite book |last=Doughty |first=Arthur G. |author-link=Arthur Doughty |title=The Acadian Exiles: A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline |url=https://archive.org/details/acadianexileschr00douguoft |year=1916 |publisher=Glasgow, Brook & Company |location=Toronto}}
-*John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.
+* {{cite book |first=John |last=Faragher |title=Great and Nobel Scheme |publisher=Norton |year=2005}}
-*Earle Lockerby. The Explusion of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island. Nimbus Press. 2008.
+* {{cite book |first=John |last=Grenier |title=The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008}}
-*[http://petitcodiac.org/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=240&cntnt01returnid=113&hl=en_US Commemoration of Battle]
+* {{cite book |first=Earle |last=Lockerby |title=The Expulsion of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island |publisher=Nimbus Press |year=2008}}
-*http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec9/sites-lieux112_e.asp
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec9/sites-lieux112_e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313113728/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec9/sites-lieux112_e.asp |archive-date=13 March 2005 |title=National Historic Sites Of Canada System Plan |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=20 April 2021}}
-*Doughty, Sir Arthur George. [http://books.google.com/books?id=7NpxAAAAMAAJ&dq=frye%20petitcodiac&lr=&as_brr=3&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q=frye%20petitcodiac&f=false ''The Acadian exiles: a chronicle of the land of Evangeline'']
+* {{cite web |url=https://rmc-ca.academia.edu/BradleyShoebottom/Papers/89669/ |title=The Battle of the Petitcodiac, September 2, 1755 |work=Academia |first=Bradley |last=Shoebottom |access-date=20 April 2021 }}
-*Wrong, George. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lRV6AAAAMAAJ&dq=frye%20petitcodiac&lr=&as_brr=3&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q=frye%20petitcodiac&f=false ''Chronicles of Canada'']
+* {{cite web |last1=Wrong |first1=George McKinnon |last2=Langton |first2=Hugh Hornby |name-list-style=amp |year=1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRV6AAAAMAAJ&dq=frye+petitcodiac&pg=PA121 |title=Chronicles of Canada: National Highways |volume=31–32 |publisher=Brook & Company}}
-*Arsenault, Bona, and Alain, Pascal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C&lpg=PA194&dq=petitcoudiac%20boishebert%201755&lr=&as_brr=3&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Histoire des Acadiens'']
-*[http://rmc-ca.academia.edu/BradleyShoebottom/Papers/89669/The_Battle_of_the_Petitcodiac_September_2_1755 The_Battle_of_the_Petitcodiac_September_2_1755]
+=== Primary sources ===
-==Footnotes==
+* {{cite web |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021267748;view=1up;seq=669 |title=The Footman's Duel |work=London Magazine |year=1755 |page=627 |via=Hathi Trust}}
-{{reflist|2}}
-{{coord|45|55|56|N|65|10|29|W|region:CA_type:city_source:kolossus-jawiki|display=title}}
+{{coord|45.92296|N|64.64546|W|region:CA_type:city_source:kolossus-jawiki|display=title}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Petitcodiac}}