Bourbaki Panorama: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 17:13, 20 October 2023

The Bourbaki Panorama is a circular panoramic painting depicting the internment of the French Armée de l'Est in neutral Switzerland at the end of the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. The army, led by General Charles-Denis Bourbaki, had been defeated in the field while attempting to raise the Siege of Belfort and fled to Switzerland in the aftermath. The Swiss admitted the French soldiers, and local villagers and the Swiss Red Cross provided aid.

The panorama in 2021, only partly visible in this photograph.

In 1876, the Belgium Panorama Society commissioned Swiss artist Édouard Castres, who had accompanied the Armée de l'Est as a medical volunteer, to produce a panorama for display in Switzerland as a tourist attraction. Castres and a team of ten artists produced a circular painting, measuring 115 metres (377 ft) in length, to be viewed from the centre. The work was intended to make the viewer appear as if within the scene, an effect heightened by the use of three-dimensional figures and objects placed in front of the painting. The work was exhibited at Geneva from 1881, then transferred to Lucerne in 1889, where it remains today. The painting was twice cut down, and its current height of 9.8 metres (32 ft) is around a third less than the original.

Background

The subject of the painting is the movement of French General Charles-Denis Bourbaki's Armée de l'Est to neutral Switzerland in February 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Bourbaki's army had been defeated during the 15–17 January Battle of the Lisaine, whilst unsuccessfully attempting to relieve the Siege of Belfort, so they sought internment in neutral Switzerland. Some 88,000 men marched into Switzerland via Les Verrières, abandoning 11,000 horses, 1,150 wagons, 285 artillery pieces, 7,200 rifles and 64,000 bayonets. The wounded received care from the Swiss Red Cross and local villagers.^[1] The interned men were released back to France after six weeks.^[2]

Painting

The internment was a well known event in post-war Switzerland and it was selected as the subject for a panoramic painting by the Belgium Panorama Society who hoped that a Swiss exhibition of the work would attract visitors from Switzerland and France. The Society commissioned Édouard Castres to produce the work in 1876. Castres was a Swiss artist who came to prominence in the post-war years. He had been studying art in Paris when the war broke out and his only commercial art activity was to produce copies of other works. Castres, whose family had French Huguenot ancestry, felt an obligation to assist France in the war. He volunteered as a medical assistant and acquired a horse and cart that he used to ferry the wounded from the battlefield to aid stations.^[3] Castres had accompanied the Armée de l'Est into internment.^[4] Castres afterwards produced a number of un-heroic depictions of events from the war, which were well received and brought him fame.^[3]

To prepare for the commission Castres spent the winter of 1876–77 at Verrières, sketching and painting the landscape to help him to reproduce it more accurately on the panorama.^[1] Castres worked on the panorama for five months with a team of ten painters who went largely uncredited, though it is known that Ferdinand Hodler was among them.^[5]^[6]^[7] Castres wanted to create a sense of atmosphere and so painted the panorama as if the viewer was within the scene, not looking down upon it from higher ground.^[3] Three-dimensional objects are exhibited in front of the painting, these include figures, military equipment and a railway carriage.^[8]

The focus of the painting is upon the meeting of French General Justin Clinchant (to whom Bourbaki had given command of the Armée de l'Est) and the Swiss General Hans Herzog in front of the Hôtel Fédéral.^[1] The rest of the scene shows a line of weary and wounded French soldiers trekking through a snow-covered valley to pile their arms under the supervision of the Swiss Bernese Battalion.^[4]^[1] Some of the Frenchmen are being assisted by local residents and members of the Red Cross.^[4] Rail lines and straight roads provide axes of perspective.^[1] The circumference of the finished work, rendered in oil paint on canvas, is 115 metres (377 ft).^[1] The panorama is unusual in depicting the tragic consequences of war, rather than the usual celebration of victory; it is also a celebration of Swiss neutrality and hospitality.^[1]

Later history

The panorama was exhibited in a timber structure at Geneva from 1881.^[1] After a number of years it was bought by Benjamin Henneburg who transferred it to Lucerne.^[5]^[1] The panorama was exhibited at Lucerne from 1889 in a structure originally built to house a panorama of the 1386 Battle of Sempach by Louis Braun; Braun had failed to complete his commission.^[1] The innovative panorama was a sensation in the late 19th century and has been compared to the modern IMAX cinema.^[6]

The panorama was twice cut down in the 20th century. It lost a third of its height from the sky and now stands 9.80 metres (32.2 ft) tall.^[1] The work was under restoration from 1977, though a 1993 photograph by Jeff Wall entitled "Restoration" and purporting to depict conservators at work on the panorama was actually posed.^[9]^[1] The panorama is currently exhibited in a wooden rotunda surrounded by a modern glass and steel structure housing shops, a cinema and restaurant.^[6] It is visited by thousands of people each year and an app has been developed that allows the panorama to be viewed in detail.^[10] The panorama is listed by the Swiss government as a cultural property of national significance.^[11]

The original panorama building in Geneva
The modern panorama building in Lucerne

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Comment, Bernard (2002). The Panorama. Reaktion Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-86189-123-5.
^ Lachenmann, Frauke; Wolfrum, Rüdiger (2017). The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press. p. 808. ISBN 978-0-19-878462-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stafford, Barbara Maria; Terpak, Frances; Poggi, Isotta (2001). Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen. Getty Publications. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-89236-590-6.
^ ^a ^b Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fodor's Switzerland. Fodor's Travel. 31 March 2015. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-101-87872-9.
^ Comment, Bernard (2002). The Panorama. Reaktion Books. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-86189-123-5.
^ Frey, Bruno S. (1 May 2021). Overcoming Overtourism: Creating Revived Originals. Springer Nature. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-030-63814-6.
^ Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012). Watching War. Stanford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8047-8501-3.
^ Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.
^ Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler Bedeutung (PDF). Swiss Government Federal Office for Civil Protection. 2009. p. 239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015.

External links

Media related to Bourbaki-Panorama at Wikimedia Commons

[comment-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Comment, Bernard (2002). The Panorama. Reaktion Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-86189-123-5.

[2] Lachenmann, Frauke; Wolfrum, Rüdiger (2017). The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press. p. 808. ISBN 978-0-19-878462-3.

[wojdon-3] Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.

[stafford-4] Stafford, Barbara Maria; Terpak, Frances; Poggi, Isotta (2001). Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen. Getty Publications. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-89236-590-6.

[wojdon43-5] Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.

[guides-6] Fodor's Switzerland. Fodor's Travel. 31 March 2015. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-101-87872-9.

[7] Comment, Bernard (2002). The Panorama. Reaktion Books. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-86189-123-5.

[8] Frey, Bruno S. (1 May 2021). Overcoming Overtourism: Creating Revived Originals. Springer Nature. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-030-63814-6.

[9] Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012). Watching War. Stanford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8047-8501-3.

[10] Wojdon, Joanna (8 February 2016). E-teaching History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4438-8855-4.

[11] Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler Bedeutung (PDF). Swiss Government Federal Office for Civil Protection. 2009. p. 239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Panoramic painting by Édouard Castres and his team}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
+The '''Bourbaki Panorama''' is a circular panoramic painting depicting the internment of the French [[Armée de l'Est]] in neutral Switzerland at the end of the 1870–71 [[Franco-Prussian War]]. The army, led by General [[Charles-Denis Bourbaki]], had been defeated in the field while attempting to raise the [[Siege of Belfort]] and fled to Switzerland in the aftermath. The Swiss admitted the French soldiers, and local villagers and the Swiss [[Red Cross]] provided aid.
+{{wide image|Bourbaki-Panorama interior-2.jpg|1000 px|align-cap=center|The panorama in 2021, only partly visible in this photograph.}}
 [[File:Armée-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg|thumb|Detail showing the piling of arms]]
 [[File:Bourbaki-Panorama painting-07.jpg|thumb|A Swiss Red Cross wagon]]
-The '''Bourbaki Panorama''' is a circular panoramic painting depicting the internment of the French [[Armée de l'Est]] in neutral Switzerland at the end of the 1870-71 [[Franco-Prussian War]].  The army, led by General [[Charles-Denis Bourbaki]] had been defeated in the field while attempting to raise the [[Siege of Belfort]] and fled to Switzerland.  The Swiss admitted the French soldiers, though their weapons and equipment were confiscated, and local villages and the Swiss [[Red Cross]] provided aid.
-In 1876 the Belgium Panorama Society commissioned Swiss artist [[Édouard Castres]], who had accompanied the Armée de l'Est as a medical volunteer, to produce a panorama for display in Switzerland as a tourist attraction.  Castres and a team of ten artists produced a circular painting, measuring {{convert|115|m|ft}} in length, to be viewed from the centre.  The work was intended to make the viewer appear as if within the scene, an effect heightened by the use of three deminsional figures and objects placed in front of the painting.  The work was exhibited at Geneva from 1881 but transferred to Lucerne in 1889 where it remains today.  The painting was twice cut down and its current height of {{convert|9.8|m|ft}} is around a third less than the original.
+In 1876, the Belgium Panorama Society commissioned Swiss artist [[Édouard Castres]], who had accompanied the Armée de l'Est as a medical volunteer, to produce a panorama for display in Switzerland as a tourist attraction. Castres and a team of ten artists produced a circular painting, measuring {{convert|115|m|ft}} in length, to be viewed from the centre. The work was intended to make the viewer appear as if within the scene, an effect heightened by the use of three-dimensional figures and objects placed in front of the painting. The work was exhibited at [[Geneva]] from 1881, then transferred to [[Lucerne]] in 1889, where it remains today. The painting was twice cut down, and its current height of {{convert|9.8|m|ft}} is around a third less than the original.
 == Background ==
-The subject of the painting is the movement of French General [[Charles-Denis Bourbaki]]'s [[Armée de l'Est]] to neutral Switzerland in February 1871, at the end of the [[Franco-Prussian War]].  Bourbaki's army had been defeated during the 15-17 January [[Battle of the Lisaine]], whilst unsuccessfully attempting to relieve the Prussian [[Siege of Belfort]].  Bourbaki's army was granted asylum on the provision that they lay down their arms and enter internment.  Some 88,000 men marched into Switzerland via [[Les Verrières]], abandoning 11,000 horses, 1,150 wagons, 285 artillery pieces, 7,200 rifles and 64,000 bayonets.  The wounded received care from the Swiss Red Cross and local villagers.<ref name=comment/>  The interned men were released back to France after six weeks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lachenmann|first1=Frauke|last2=Wolfrum|first2=Rüdiger |page=808 |title=The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force
+The subject of the painting is the movement of French General [[Charles-Denis Bourbaki]]'s [[Armée de l'Est]] to neutral Switzerland in February 1871, at the end of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Bourbaki's army had been defeated during the 15–17 January [[Battle of the Lisaine]], whilst unsuccessfully attempting to relieve the [[Siege of Belfort]], so they sought internment in neutral Switzerland. Some 88,000 men marched into Switzerland via [[Les Verrières]], abandoning 11,000 horses, 1,150 wagons, 285 artillery pieces, 7,200 rifles and 64,000 bayonets. The wounded received care from the Swiss Red Cross and local villagers.<ref name=comment/> The interned men were released back to France after six weeks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lachenmann|first1=Frauke|last2=Wolfrum|first2=Rüdiger |page=808 |title=The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force |date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-878462-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boWuDQAAQBAJ}}</ref>
-|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Law_of_Armed_Conflict_and_the_Use_of/boWuDQAAQBAJ}}</ref>
 == Painting ==
 [[File:Bourbaki-Panorama landscape-01.jpg|thumb|3D foreground figures]]
-The internment was a well known event in post-war Switzerland and it was selected as the subject for a panoramic painting by the Belgium Panorama Society who hoped that a Swiss exhibition of the work would attract visitors from Switzerland and France.  The Soiciety commissioned [[Édouard Castres]] to produce the work in 1876. Castres was a Swiss artist who came to prominence in the post-war years.  He had been studying art in Paris when the war broke out and his only commercial art activity was to produce copies of other works.  Castres, whose family had [[French Huguenot]] ancestry, felt an obligation to assist France in the war.  He volunteered as a medical assistant and acquired a horse and cart that he used to ferry the wounded from the battlefield to aid stations.<ref name=wojdon>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=42 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/E_teaching_History/BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>  Castres had accompanied the Armée de l'Est into internment.<ref name=stafford>{{cite book |last1=Stafford |first1=Barbara Maria |last2=Terpak |first2=Frances |last3=Poggi |first3=Isotta |title=Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen |date=2001 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-590-6 |page=322 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Devices_of_Wonder/829T7Ld4ZEYC |language=en}}</ref>  Castres afterwards produced a number of un-heroic depictions of events from the war, which were well received and brought him fame.<ref name=wojdon/>
+The internment was a well known event in post-war Switzerland and it was selected as the subject for a panoramic painting by the Belgium Panorama Society who hoped that a Swiss exhibition of the work would attract visitors from Switzerland and France. The Society commissioned [[Édouard Castres]] to produce the work in 1876. Castres was a Swiss artist who came to prominence in the post-war years. He had been studying art in Paris when the war broke out and his only commercial art activity was to produce copies of other works. Castres, whose family had [[French Huguenot]] ancestry, felt an obligation to assist France in the war. He volunteered as a medical assistant and acquired a horse and cart that he used to ferry the wounded from the battlefield to aid stations.<ref name=wojdon>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> Castres had accompanied the Armée de l'Est into internment.<ref name=stafford>{{cite book |last1=Stafford |first1=Barbara Maria |last2=Terpak |first2=Frances |last3=Poggi |first3=Isotta |title=Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen |date=2001 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-590-6 |page=322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=829T7Ld4ZEYC |language=en}}</ref> Castres afterwards produced a number of un-heroic depictions of events from the war, which were well received and brought him fame.<ref name=wojdon/>
 [[File:Bourbaki-Panorama joints-06.jpg|thumb|left|A transition between the foreground objects and the painted panorama]]
-To prepare for the commission Castres spent the winter of 1876-77 at Verrières, sketching and painting the landscape to help him to reproudce it more accurately on the panorama.<ref name=comment>{{cite book |last1=Comment |first1=Bernard |title=The Panorama |date=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-123-5 |page=214 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Panorama/evOke2eM_bYC |language=en}}</ref>  Castres worked on the panorama for five months with a team of ten painters who went largely uncredited, though it is known that [[Ferdinand Hodler]] was among them.<ref name=wojdon43/><ref name=guides/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Comment |first1=Bernard |title=The Panorama |date=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-123-5 |page=215 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Panorama/evOke2eM_bYC |language=en}}</ref>  Castres wanted to create a sense of atmosphere and so painted the panorama as if the viewer was within the scene, not looking down upon it from higher ground.<ref name=wojdon/>  The sense of atmosphere and depth was heightened by the inclusion of three-dimensional objects in the foreground, in front of the painting, when it was exhibited.<ref name=duthel/>  These objects included figures, military equipment and even a railway carriage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frey |first1=Bruno S. |title=Overcoming Overtourism: Creating Revived Originals |date=1 May 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-63814-6 |page=56 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Overcoming_Overtourism/PrAmEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
+To prepare for the commission Castres spent the winter of 1876–77 at Verrières, sketching and painting the landscape to help him to reproduce it more accurately on the panorama.<ref name=comment>{{cite book |last1=Comment |first1=Bernard |title=The Panorama |date=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-123-5 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC |language=en}}</ref> Castres worked on the panorama for five months with a team of ten painters who went largely uncredited, though it is known that [[Ferdinand Hodler]] was among them.<ref name=wojdon43/><ref name=guides/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Comment |first1=Bernard |title=The Panorama |date=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-123-5 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC |language=en}}</ref> Castres wanted to create a sense of atmosphere and so painted the panorama as if the viewer was within the scene, not looking down upon it from higher ground.<ref name=wojdon/> Three-dimensional objects are exhibited in front of the painting, these include figures, military equipment and a railway carriage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frey |first1=Bruno S. |title=Overcoming Overtourism: Creating Revived Originals |date=1 May 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-63814-6 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrAmEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Bourbaki-Panorama painting-04.jpg|thumb|The meeting of the generals]]
-The focus of the painting is upon the meeting of French General  General [[Justin Clinchant]] (to whom Bourbaki had given command of the Armée de l'Est) and the Swiss General [[Hans Herzog]] in front of the Hôtel Fédéral.<ref name=comment/>  The rest of the scene shows a line of weary and wounded French soldiers trekking through a snow-covered valley to pile their arms under the supervision of the Swiss Bernese Battalion.<ref name=stafford/><ref name=comment/>  Some of the Frenchmen are being assisted by local residents and members of the Red Cross.<ref name=stafford/>  Rail lines and straight roads provide axes of perspective.<ref name=comment/>  The circumference of the finished work, rendered in oil paint on canvas, is {{convert|115|m|ft}}.<ref name=comment/>  The panorama is unusual in depicting the tragic consquences of war, rather than the usual celebration of victory, it is also a celebration of Swiss neutrality and hospitality. <ref name=comment/>
+The focus of the painting is upon the meeting of French General [[Justin Clinchant]] (to whom Bourbaki had given command of the Armée de l'Est) and the Swiss General [[Hans Herzog]] in front of the Hôtel Fédéral.<ref name=comment/> The rest of the scene shows a line of weary and wounded French soldiers trekking through a snow-covered valley to pile their arms under the supervision of the Swiss Bernese Battalion.<ref name=stafford/><ref name=comment/> Some of the Frenchmen are being assisted by local residents and members of the Red Cross.<ref name=stafford/> Rail lines and straight roads provide axes of perspective.<ref name=comment/> The circumference of the finished work, rendered in oil paint on canvas, is {{convert|115|m|ft}}.<ref name=comment/> The panorama is unusual in depicting the tragic consequences of war, rather than the usual celebration of victory; it is also a celebration of Swiss neutrality and hospitality.<ref name=comment/>
 == Later history ==
+The panorama was exhibited in a timber structure at Geneva from 1881.<ref name=comment/> After a number of years it was bought by Benjamin Henneburg who transferred it to Lucerne.<ref name=wojdon43>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=comment/> The panorama was exhibited at Lucerne from 1889 in a structure originally built to house a panorama of the 1386 [[Battle of Sempach]] by [[Louis Braun]]; Braun had failed to complete his commission.<ref name=comment/> The innovative panorama was a sensation in the late 19th century and has been compared to the modern [[IMAX cinema]].<ref name=guides>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Switzerland |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Fodor's Travel |isbn=978-1-101-87872-9 |page=386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5t5BAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Le panorama de Genève 1882.jpg|thumb|The original panorama building in Geneva]]
-The panorama was exhibited in a timber structure at Geneva from 1881.<ref name=comment/>  After a number of years it was bought by Benjamin Henneburg who transferred it to Lucerne.<ref name=wojdon43>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=43 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/E_teaching_History/BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=comment/>  The panorama was exhibited at Lucerne from 1889 in a structure originally built to house a  panorama of the 1386 [[Battle of Sempach]] by Louis Braun; Braun had failed to complete his commission.<ref name=comment/>  The innovative panorama was a sensation in the late 19th century and has been compared to the modern [[IMAX cinema]].<ref name=guides>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Switzerland |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Fodor's Travel |isbn=978-1-101-87872-9 |page=386 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Fodor_s_Switzerland/A5t5BAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=duthel>{{cite book |last1=Duthel |first1=Heinz |title=Switzerland - Schweizer - Suisse - Svizzera |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7494-2812-0 |page=295 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Switzerland_Schweizer_Suisse_Svizzera/RWaLDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
+The panorama was twice cut down in the 20th century. It lost a third of its height from the sky and now stands {{convert|9.80|m|ft}} tall.<ref name=comment/> The work was under restoration from 1977, though a 1993 photograph by [[Jeff Wall]] entitled "Restoration" and purporting to depict conservators at work on the panorama was actually posed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mieszkowski |first1=Jan |title=Watching War |date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8501-3 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NG57BdlngdEC |language=en}}</ref><ref name=comment/>  The panorama is currently exhibited in a wooden rotunda surrounded by a modern glass and steel structure housing shops, a cinema and restaurant.<ref name=guides>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Switzerland |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Fodor's Travel |isbn=978-1-101-87872-9 |page=386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5t5BAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> It is visited by thousands of people each year and an app has been developed that allows the panorama to be viewed in detail.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The panorama is listed by the Swiss government as a [[Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance|cultural property of national significance]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler Bedeutung |date=2009 |publisher=Swiss Government Federal Office for Civil Protection |page=239 |url=http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000114.DownloadFile.tmp/lu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211024658/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000114.DownloadFile.tmp/lu.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref>
-[[File:Bourbaki Panorama.jpg|thumb|left|The modern panorama building in Lucerne]]
-The panorama was twice cut down in the 20th century.  It lost a third of its height from the sky and now stands {{convert|9.80|m|ft}} tall.<ref name=comment/>  The panorama is one of the few surviving circular paintings in the world.<ref name=duthel/>  The work was under restoration from 1977, though a 1993 photograph by [[Jeff Wall]] entitled "Restoration" and purporting to depict conservators at work on the panorama was actually posed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mieszkowski |first1=Jan |title=Watching War |date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8501-3 |page=91 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Watching_War/NG57BdlngdEC |language=en}}</ref><ref name=comment/>  The panorama is current exhibited in a wooden rotunda surrounded by a modern glass and steel structure housing shops, a cinema and restaurant.<ref name=guides>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Switzerland |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Fodor's Travel |isbn=978-1-101-87872-9 |page=386 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Fodor_s_Switzerland/A5t5BAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>  It is visited by thousands of people each year and an
+<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="180px">
-app has been developed that allows the panorama to be viewed in detail.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wojdon |first1=Joanna |title=E-teaching History |date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8855-4 |page=43 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/E_teaching_History/BST5DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>  The panorama is listed by the Swiss government as a [[Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance|cultural property of national significance]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler Bedeutung |date=2009 |publisher=Swiss Government Federal Office for Civil Protection |page=239 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211024658/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000114.DownloadFile.tmp/lu.pdf}}</ref>
+File:Le panorama de Genève 1882.jpg|The original panorama building in Geneva
+File:Bourbaki Panorama.jpg|The modern panorama building in Lucerne
+</gallery>
 == References ==
-{{Commonscat|Bourbaki-Panorama}}
 {{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
+* {{Commonscatinline|Bourbaki-Panorama}}
 [[Category:1877 paintings]]