Crypturellus: Difference between revisions
navbox |
Tom.Reding (talk | contribs) m +{{Authority control}} (1 ID from Wikidata); WP:GenFixes & WP:TREE cleanup on |
||
(13 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ |
{{Short description|Genus of birds}} |
||
{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
||
| name = ''Crypturellus'' |
| name = ''Crypturellus'' |
||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
| image_caption = [[Tataupa tinamou]]<br/>(''Crypturellus tataupa'') |
| image_caption = [[Tataupa tinamou]]<br/>(''Crypturellus tataupa'') |
||
| taxon = Crypturellus |
| taxon = Crypturellus |
||
| authority = [[William Knatchbull-Hugessen, 3rd Baron Brabourne|Brabourne]] & [[Charles Chubb (ornithologist)|Chubb]], 1914 |
| authority = [[William Knatchbull-Hugessen, 3rd Baron Brabourne|Brabourne]] & [[Charles Chubb (ornithologist)|Chubb, C]], 1914 |
||
| type_species = ''Tinamus tataupa'' ([[Tataupa tinamou]]) |
|||
| type_species_authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1815 |
|||
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
||
| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
||
†''[[ |
†''[[Crypturellus reai]]'' <small>Chandler 2012</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus atrocapillus''<br><small>[[Black-capped tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus atrocapillus''<br /><small>[[Black-capped tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus bartletti''<br><small>[[Bartlett's tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus bartletti''<br /><small>[[Bartlett's tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus berlepschi''<br><small>[[Berlepsch's tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus berlepschi''<br /><small>[[Berlepsch's tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus boucardi''<br><small>[[Slaty-breasted tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus boucardi''<br /><small>[[Slaty-breasted tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus brevirostris''<br><small>[[Rusty tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus brevirostris''<br /><small>[[Rusty tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus casiquiare''<br><small>[[Barred tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus casiquiare''<br /><small>[[Barred tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus cinereus''<br><small>[[Cinereous tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus cinereus''<br /><small>[[Cinereous tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus cinnamomeus''<br><small>[[Thicket tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus cinnamomeus''<br /><small>[[Thicket tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus duidae''<br><small>[[Grey-legged tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus duidae''<br /><small>[[Grey-legged tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus erythropus''<br><small>[[Red-legged tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus erythropus''<br /><small>[[Red-legged tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus kerriae''<br><small>[[Choco tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus kerriae''<br /><small>[[Choco tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus noctivagus''<br><small>[[Yellow-legged tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus noctivagus''<br /><small>[[Yellow-legged tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus obsoletus''<br><small>[[Brown tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus obsoletus''<br /><small>[[Brown tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus parvirostris''<br><small>[[Small-billed tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus parvirostris''<br /><small>[[Small-billed tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus ptaritepui''<br> <small>[[Tepui tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus ptaritepui''<br /> <small>[[Tepui tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus soui''<br><small>[[Little tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus soui''<br /><small>[[Little tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus strigulosus''<br><small>[[Brazilian tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus strigulosus''<br /><small>[[Brazilian tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus tataupa''<br><small>[[Tataupa tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus tataupa''<br /><small>[[Tataupa tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus transfasciatus''<br><small>[[Pale-browed tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus transfasciatus''<br /><small>[[Pale-browed tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus undulatus''<br><small>[[Undulated tinamou]]</small><br> |
''Crypturellus undulatus''<br /><small>[[Undulated tinamou]]</small><br /> |
||
''Crypturellus variegatus''<br><small>[[Variegated tinamou]]</small> |
''Crypturellus variegatus''<br /><small>[[Variegated tinamou]]</small> |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Crypturellus''''' is a genus of [[tinamou]]s containing mostly [[forest]] species. However, there are the odd few that are grassland or steppe tinamous. |
'''''Crypturellus''''' is a genus of [[tinamou]]s containing mostly [[forest]] species. However, there are the odd few that are grassland or steppe tinamous. The genus contains 21 species. |
||
== |
==Taxonomy== |
||
The genus ''Crypturellus'' was introduced in 1914 by the British ornithologists [[Wyndham Knatchbull-Hugessen, 3rd Baron Brabourne|Baron Brabourne]] and [[Charles Chubb (ornithologist)|Charles Chubb]] with the [[Tataupa tinamou]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Brabourne | first1=W. | author1-link=Wyndham Knatchbull-Hugessen, 3rd Baron Brabourne | last2=Chubb | first2=C. | author2-link=Charles Chubb (ornithologist) | date=1914 | title=A key to the genus ''Crypturus'' with descriptions of some new forms | journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History | series=8th | volume=14 | issue=82 | pages=319–322 [322] | doi=10.1080/00222931408693579 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18616557 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=20 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108641 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] κρυπτός (''kruptós'') meaning "hidden" with οὐρά (''oura'') meaning "tail". The ''-ellus'' is a diminutive so that the name means "small hidden tail".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=124 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n124/mode/1up }}</ref> |
|||
''Crypturellus'' is formed from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ''κρυπτός'' (kruptós), "covered" or "hidden", ''οὐρά'' (ourá), "tail", and ''-ellus'', a [[Latin]] diminutive suffix. The genus name ''Crypturellus'' therefore means "small hidden tail".<ref>Gotch, A. F. (1995)</ref> |
|||
==Description== |
==Description== |
||
Line 41: | Line 43: | ||
==Range== |
==Range== |
||
The majority of species occupy forests or rain forests, preferring lower elevations. They range from [[Uruguay]] to [[Mexico]]. However, the earliest known occurrence of the genus is a fossil [[humerus]], described as ''[[Crypturellus reai]]'', from the [[Early Miocene]] Santa Cruz Formation of [[Patagonia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chandler, Robert M. |year=2012 |title=A |
The majority of species occupy forests or rain forests, preferring lower elevations. They range from [[Uruguay]] to [[Mexico]]. However, the earliest known occurrence of the genus is a fossil [[humerus]], described as ''[[Crypturellus reai]]'', from the [[Early Miocene]] Santa Cruz Formation of [[Patagonia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chandler, Robert M. |year=2012 |title=A new species of Tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina. |journal=PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |url=http://www.palarch.nl/wp-content/Chandler_2012_A_New_Species_of_Tinamou_from_the_Early_Middle_Miocene_of_Argentina_TERQUA_Proceedings_2011_PJVP_9_2.pdf |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-date=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084639/http://www.palarch.nl/wp-content/Chandler_2012_A_New_Species_of_Tinamou_from_the_Early_Middle_Miocene_of_Argentina_TERQUA_Proceedings_2011_PJVP_9_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
==Vocalization== |
==Vocalization== |
||
Line 65: | Line 67: | ||
Females outnumber the males with some of the species, such as the [[variegated tinamou]], having a 4:1 female-to-male ratio. They also only have a 2-egg clutch, which would explain why they are one of the species that have multiple clutches.<ref name=Cabot/> |
Females outnumber the males with some of the species, such as the [[variegated tinamou]], having a 4:1 female-to-male ratio. They also only have a 2-egg clutch, which would explain why they are one of the species that have multiple clutches.<ref name=Cabot/> |
||
Once copulation has taken place, the female will choose a nest site that is typically a depression covered with leaves next to a tree trunk, usually between a couple of buttresses. Members of the genus that are savanna style birds such as the [[small-billed tinamou]] will instead lay their eggs in a cavity near a clump of grass. The eggs are oval or elliptical on the smaller birds and near spherical in the larger birds, such as the [[undulated tinamou]] and the [[Brazilian tinamou]]. The colorings of the eggs are varied, but in general are brightly colored with no splotches or spots; the colors fade over time and usually will change to a less overt color midway through the incubation period. The |
Once copulation has taken place, the female will choose a nest site that is typically a depression covered with leaves next to a tree trunk, usually between a couple of buttresses. Members of the genus that are savanna style birds such as the [[small-billed tinamou]] will instead lay their eggs in a cavity near a clump of grass. The eggs are oval or elliptical on the smaller birds and near spherical in the larger birds, such as the [[undulated tinamou]] and the [[Brazilian tinamou]]. The colorings of the eggs are varied, but in general are brightly colored with no splotches or spots; the colors fade over time and usually will change to a less overt color midway through the incubation period. The predominant colors are chocolate or red wine with the eggs of [[yellow-legged tinamou]], undulated tinamou, [[little tinamou]], and [[red-legged tinamou]] using different color schemes.<ref name=Sick/> |
||
Clutch size can be upwards of 9-16 eggs, however these larger clutches are the products of multiple females.<ref name=Sick/> The male will incubate and care for the young. Incubation takes about 16 days. If he dies, the female will take over. When the chicks cross cleared areas, they will run like the chicks of [[Rallidae|rails]]. Some members of the genus mature rapidly, like the slaty-breasted tinamou which can gain adult size (not weight) by 20 days.<ref name=Cabot/> |
Clutch size can be upwards of 9-16 eggs, however these larger clutches are the products of multiple females.<ref name=Sick/> The male will incubate and care for the young. Incubation takes about 16 days. If he dies, the female will take over. When the chicks cross cleared areas, they will run like the chicks of [[Rallidae|rails]]. Some members of the genus mature rapidly, like the slaty-breasted tinamou which can gain adult size (not weight) by 20 days.<ref name=Cabot/> |
||
==Relationships== |
==Relationships== |
||
Here is a cladogram of the relationship of species within ''Crypturellus'', from an integumentary phylogenetic study on the [[Tinamidae]], 2013.<ref> |
Here is a cladogram of the relationship of species within ''Crypturellus'', from an integumentary phylogenetic study on the [[Tinamidae]], 2013.<ref name=bertelli>{{Cite journal | last1=Bertelli | first1=Sara | last2=Giannini | first2=N.P. | date=2013 | title=On the use of intergumentary characters in bird phylogeny: the case of ''Tinamus osgoodi'' (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) and plumage character coding | journal=Acta Zoológica Lilloana | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=57–71 | url=http://www.lillo.org.ar/revis/zoo/2013/v57n1/v57n1a06.pdf }}</ref> |
||
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |
||
|label1=''Crypturellus'' |
|label1=''Crypturellus'' |
||
Line 114: | Line 116: | ||
|1=''[[Crypturellus parvirostris]]'' |
|1=''[[Crypturellus parvirostris]]'' |
||
|2=''[[Crypturellus tataupa]]''}}}}}}}}}} }}}} }}}} }} }} |
|2=''[[Crypturellus tataupa]]''}}}}}}}}}} }}}} }}}} }} }} |
||
''[[Crypturellus parvirostris]]'' and ''[[Crypturellus tataupa]]'' are also the most derived species on a tree of the entire [[Paleognathae]].<ref |
''[[Crypturellus parvirostris]]'' and ''[[Crypturellus tataupa]]'' are also the most derived species on a tree of the entire [[Paleognathae]].<ref name=bertelli/> |
||
==Species== |
|||
==Species<ref name="mikko">Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Tinamiformes - tinamous'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/palaeognathia/tinamiformes.html |access-date= 30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=2016-01-11 }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref>== |
|||
The genus contains 21 species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Ratites: Ostriches to tinamous | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ratites/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Clements">Clements, J (2007)</ref> |
|||
*†''[[''Crypturellus reai|C. reai]]'' <small>Chandler 2012</small> |
|||
* |
* [[Berlepsch's tinamou]] (''Crypturellus berlepschi'') – coastal forests of northwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador |
||
* |
* [[Little tinamou]] (''Crypturellus soui'') – southern Mexico to northeastern Brazil west to Ecuador and east to French Guiana and also Trinidad |
||
* [[Cinereous tinamou]] (''Crypturellus cinereus'') – southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, northeastern Brazil, and northern Bolivia |
|||
** ''Crypturellus soui soui'' located in northeastern [[South America]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui meserythrus'' located in [[Mexico]], [[Belize]], [[Honduras]], [[Guatemala]], [[El Salvador]], parts of [[Nicaragua]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* [[Brown tinamou]] (''Crypturellus obsoletus'') – northern Venezuela west through Ecuador, Peru, northern and southern Brazil, extreme northeastern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay |
|||
** ''Crypturellus soui modestus'' located in [[Costa Rica]] and western [[Panama]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* [[Undulated tinamou]] (''Crypturellus undulatus'') – northern and central [[South America]] except Suriname and French Guiana |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui poliocephalus'' located in southern [[Panama]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui caucae'' located in north central [[Colombia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* [[Grey-legged tinamou]] (''Crypturellus duidae'') – the tropical forests of east central Colombia and southern Venezuela |
|||
* [[Red-legged tinamou]] (''Crypturellus erythropus'') – from northern Colombia east to French Guiana and south to northern Brazil and also [[Margarita Island]] |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui caqueta'' located in southeastern [[Colombia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui nigriceps'' located in eastern [[Ecuador]] and northwestern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui albigularis'' located in eastern and northern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui inconspicuus'' located in northern [[Bolivia]] and eastern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui andrei'' [[Trinidad]] and northern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus soui panamensis'' located in parts of [[Panama]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* |
* [[Rusty tinamou]] or short-billed tinamou (''Crypturellus brevirostris'') – French Guiana, eastern Peru, and northwestern and northeastern Brazil |
||
* |
* [[Bartlett's tinamou]] (''Crypturellus bartletti'') – western Amazonian Brazil, northern Bolivia, and eastern Peru |
||
* |
* [[Small-billed tinamou]] (''Crypturellus parvirostris'') – from the [[Amazon Basin]] in Brazil to northeastern Argentina |
||
* [[Barred tinamou]] (''Crypturellus casiquiare'') – eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus obsoletus'' located in southeastern [[Brazil]], eastern [[Paraguay]], and northeastern [[Argentina]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus griseiventris'' located in central [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus hypochraceus'' located in west central [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus punensis'' located in central [[Bolivia]] and southeastern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus traylori'' located in southeastern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris'' located in central [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus castaneus'' located in northern [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Colombia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus knoxi'' located in northwestern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus obsoletus cerviniventris'' located in northern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* '''[[Undulated tinamou]]''', ''Crypturellus undulatus'' located in northern and central [[South America]] except [[Suriname]] and [[French Guiana]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus undulatus'' located in southeastern [[Peru]], eastern and northern [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], and northern [[Argentina]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus manapiare'' located in southern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus simplex'' located in southwestern [[Guyana]] and northern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus adspersus'' located in southern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus yapura'' located in eastern [[Colombia]], eastern [[Ecuador]], eastern [[Peru]], and northwestern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus undulatus vermiculatus'' located in eastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* '''[[Grey-legged tinamou]]''', ''Crypturellus duidae'' located in the tropical forests of east central [[Colombia]] and southern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* '''[[Red-legged tinamou]]''', ''Crypturellus erythropus'' located from northern [[Colombia]] east to [[French Guiana]] and south to northern [[Brazil]] and also [[Margarita Island]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus erythropus erythropus'' located in eastern [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and northeastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus erythropus cursitans'' located in northern [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus erythropus spencei'' located in northern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus erythropus margaritae'' located on [[Margarita Island]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** [[Magdalena tinamou]], ''Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius'', (no longer considered separate species)<ref name="SACC">SACC (2008)</ref> located in northeastern [[Colombia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** Santa Marta tinamou, ''Crypturellus erythropus idoneus'', (no longer considered separate species)<ref name="SACC" /> located in northeastern [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Venezuela]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** [[Colombian tinamou]], ''Crypturellus erythropus columbianus'', (no longer considered separate species)<ref name="SACC" /> located in north central [[Colombia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus'' located in southeastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus noctivagus zabele'' located in northeastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus atrocapillus atrocapillus'' located in southeastern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus atrocapillus garleppi'' located in northern [[Bolivia]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus'' located in southeastern [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], and [[Honduras]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus occidentalis'' located in western [[Mexico]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus mexicanus'' located in northeastern [[Mexico]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus sallaei'' located in southern [[Mexico]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus goldmani'' located in southeastern [[Mexico]], northern [[Belize]], and northern [[Guatemala]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis'' located in southwestern [[Mexico]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior'' located in southern [[Mexico]], [[Guatemala]], and western [[Honduras]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus delattrei'' located in western [[Nicaragua]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus cinnamomeus praepes'' located in northwestern [[Costa Rica]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus boucardi boucardi'' western [[Nicaragua]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus boucardi costaricensis'' located in northwestern [[Costa Rica]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* '''[[Rusty tinamou]]''' or Short-billed Tinamou, ''Crypturellus brevirostris'' located in [[French Guiana]], eastern [[Peru]], and northwestern and northeastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* '''[[Bartlett's tinamou]]''', ''Crypturellus bartletti'' located in western [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian]] [[Brazil]], northern [[Bolivia]], and eastern [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
* '''[[Small-billed tinamou]]''', ''Crypturellus parvirostris'' located from the [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]] to northeastern [[Argentina]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
** ''Crypturellus tataupa tataupa'' located in eastern [[Bolivia]], southern [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], and northern [[Argentina]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus tataupa inops'' located in northwestern [[Peru]] and southern [[Ecuador]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus tataupa peruviana'' located in west central [[Peru]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
** ''Crypturellus tataupa lepidotus'' located in northeastern [[Brazil]]<ref name="Clements" /> |
|||
There is also an extinct species: |
|||
==Footnotes== |
|||
*†''[[Crypturellus reai]]'' <small>Chandler 2012</small> – dating from the [[Early Miocene|Early-Middle Miocene]] ([[Santacrucian]]; 16.3–17.5 million years ago) |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
== |
== Sources == |
||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51327.htm |archive-url=https://archive. |
* {{cite web|url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51327.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071105045520/http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51327.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2007 |title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Crypturellus |access-date=Feb 7, 2009 |last=Brands |first=Sheila |date=Aug 14, 2008 |work=Project: The Taxonomicon }} |
||
* {{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |edition=6 |year=2007 |publisher= Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-0-8014-4501-9 }} |
* {{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |edition=6 |year=2007 |publisher= Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-0-8014-4501-9 }} |
||
* {{cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-3377-3|page=183|chapter=Tinamous}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-3377-3|page=183|chapter=Tinamous}} |
||
* {{cite web| url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop209-211.html | title=Classification of birds of South America Part 01 |
* {{cite web| url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop209-211.html | title=Classification of birds of South America Part 01 | access-date=4 Feb 2009 |last=Remsen Jr. | first=J. V. |date = 7 Aug 2008 |work=South American Classification Committee | publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |display-authors=etal}} |
||
{{Tinamous}} |
{{Tinamous}} |
||
{{Palaeognathae|N.}} |
{{Palaeognathae|N.}} |
||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q625342}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q625342}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:Crypturellus| ]] |
[[Category:Crypturellus| ]] |
Latest revision as of 18:23, 25 October 2023
Crypturellus | |
---|---|
Tataupa tinamou (Crypturellus tataupa) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
Order: | Tinamiformes |
Family: | Tinamidae |
Subfamily: | Tinaminae |
Genus: | Crypturellus Brabourne & Chubb, C, 1914 |
Type species | |
Tinamus tataupa (Tataupa tinamou) Temminck, 1815
| |
Species | |
†Crypturellus reai Chandler 2012 |
Crypturellus is a genus of tinamous containing mostly forest species. However, there are the odd few that are grassland or steppe tinamous. The genus contains 21 species.
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus Crypturellus was introduced in 1914 by the British ornithologists Baron Brabourne and Charles Chubb with the Tataupa tinamou as the type species.[1][2] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós) meaning "hidden" with οὐρά (oura) meaning "tail". The -ellus is a diminutive so that the name means "small hidden tail".[3]
Description
[edit]Crypturellus members, like other tinamous, have a cryptic color scheme dominated by browns, buffs, yellows, and greys. Unlike the rest of the family, these birds show some sexual dimorphism: the females are more heavily barred than the males and are also a bit brighter and larger.
Range
[edit]The majority of species occupy forests or rain forests, preferring lower elevations. They range from Uruguay to Mexico. However, the earliest known occurrence of the genus is a fossil humerus, described as Crypturellus reai, from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia.[4]
Vocalization
[edit]Crypturellus are a very loud group of birds with melodious calls. They tend to use lower frequency when they call than other members of the Tinamou. Males and females have different calls and each species also has different calls. Normally each sex will have a long and a short phrase call.[5] The genus can be grouped into two partial groups based on the similarity of their calls.[6]
- Group 1
- Group 2
Some, like the slaty-breasted tinamou are quiet and hide during the middle of the day, choosing this time to take naps and conserve energy. The slaty-breasted tinamous also have a unique call amongst themselves, so much so that individual birds can be recognized by their calls. Most members of the genus have a variation in their calls, within the species, based on their geographical location. They also are known to use regular calling sites.[5]
Feeding
[edit]Similar to other forest tinamou, the members of this genus prefer to eat fleshy fruit; however like tinamous in general they are opportunistic and will eat a variety of foods including insects, which they have been known to leap 1 metre (39 in) high to obtain[5]
Breeding
[edit]Courtship technique for the members of Crypturellus consists of the male lowering his breast to the ground, stretching his neck forward and raising his posterior vertically. This will cause the male to appear larger and longer than normal, which not only impresses the female but also benefits the male in that it scares away competitors.
Females outnumber the males with some of the species, such as the variegated tinamou, having a 4:1 female-to-male ratio. They also only have a 2-egg clutch, which would explain why they are one of the species that have multiple clutches.[5]
Once copulation has taken place, the female will choose a nest site that is typically a depression covered with leaves next to a tree trunk, usually between a couple of buttresses. Members of the genus that are savanna style birds such as the small-billed tinamou will instead lay their eggs in a cavity near a clump of grass. The eggs are oval or elliptical on the smaller birds and near spherical in the larger birds, such as the undulated tinamou and the Brazilian tinamou. The colorings of the eggs are varied, but in general are brightly colored with no splotches or spots; the colors fade over time and usually will change to a less overt color midway through the incubation period. The predominant colors are chocolate or red wine with the eggs of yellow-legged tinamou, undulated tinamou, little tinamou, and red-legged tinamou using different color schemes.[6]
Clutch size can be upwards of 9-16 eggs, however these larger clutches are the products of multiple females.[6] The male will incubate and care for the young. Incubation takes about 16 days. If he dies, the female will take over. When the chicks cross cleared areas, they will run like the chicks of rails. Some members of the genus mature rapidly, like the slaty-breasted tinamou which can gain adult size (not weight) by 20 days.[5]
Relationships
[edit]Here is a cladogram of the relationship of species within Crypturellus, from an integumentary phylogenetic study on the Tinamidae, 2013.[7]
Crypturellus |
| ||||||||||||||||||
Crypturellus parvirostris and Crypturellus tataupa are also the most derived species on a tree of the entire Paleognathae.[7]
Species
[edit]The genus contains 21 species:[8][9]
- Berlepsch's tinamou (Crypturellus berlepschi) – coastal forests of northwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador
- Little tinamou (Crypturellus soui) – southern Mexico to northeastern Brazil west to Ecuador and east to French Guiana and also Trinidad
- Cinereous tinamou (Crypturellus cinereus) – southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, northeastern Brazil, and northern Bolivia
- Tepui tinamou (Crypturellus ptaritepui) – the tepuis of southern Venezuela
- Brown tinamou (Crypturellus obsoletus) – northern Venezuela west through Ecuador, Peru, northern and southern Brazil, extreme northeastern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay
- Undulated tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) – northern and central South America except Suriname and French Guiana
- Pale-browed tinamou (Crypturellus transfasciatus) – coastal forests of Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru
- Brazilian tinamou (Crypturellus strigulosus) – central Brazil south of the Amazon River, northwestern Bolivia, and eastern Peru
- Grey-legged tinamou (Crypturellus duidae) – the tropical forests of east central Colombia and southern Venezuela
- Red-legged tinamou (Crypturellus erythropus) – from northern Colombia east to French Guiana and south to northern Brazil and also Margarita Island
- Yellow-legged tinamou (Crypturellus noctivagus) – the lowlands of eastern Brazil
- Black-capped tinamou (Crypturellus atrocapillus) – the lowlands of southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia
- Thicket tinamou (Crypturellus cinnamomeus) – from northwestern Costa Rica north to Puebla, Mexico, and all of the Atlantic coastal Mexico and Pacific coastal Mexico excluding Sonora, Mexico
- Slaty-breasted tinamou or Boucard's tinamou (Crypturellus boucardi) – the gulf coastal region of Central America from southeastern Mexico to northeastern Honduras and southeastern Honduras to northern Costa Rica
- Choco tinamou (Crypturellus kerriae) – humid foothills of southeastern Panama to northwestern Colombia
- Variegated tinamou (Crypturellus variegatus) – northern Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and Colombia
- Rusty tinamou or short-billed tinamou (Crypturellus brevirostris) – French Guiana, eastern Peru, and northwestern and northeastern Brazil
- Bartlett's tinamou (Crypturellus bartletti) – western Amazonian Brazil, northern Bolivia, and eastern Peru
- Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) – from the Amazon Basin in Brazil to northeastern Argentina
- Barred tinamou (Crypturellus casiquiare) – eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela
- Tataupa tinamou (Crypturellus tataupa) – parts of Peru, northeastern Brazil, Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina
There is also an extinct species:
- †Crypturellus reai Chandler 2012 – dating from the Early-Middle Miocene (Santacrucian; 16.3–17.5 million years ago)
References
[edit]- ^ Brabourne, W.; Chubb, C. (1914). "A key to the genus Crypturus with descriptions of some new forms". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8th. 14 (82): 319–322 [322]. doi:10.1080/00222931408693579.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 20.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Chandler, Robert M. (2012). "A new species of Tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina" (PDF). PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 9 (2): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ a b c d e Cabot, J.; Carboneras, C.; Folch, A.; de Juanca, E.; Llimona, F.; Matheu, E. (1992). "Tinamiformes". In del Hoyo, J. (ed.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
- ^ a b c Sick, H. (1993). Birds in Brazil, a Natural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- ^ a b Bertelli, Sara; Giannini, N.P. (2013). "On the use of intergumentary characters in bird phylogeny: the case of Tinamus osgoodi (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) and plumage character coding" (PDF). Acta Zoológica Lilloana. 13 (1): 57–71.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Ratites: Ostriches to tinamous". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ Clements, J (2007)
Sources
[edit]- Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Crypturellus". Project: The Taxonomicon. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved Feb 7, 2009.
- Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Tinamous". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 183. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). "Classification of birds of South America Part 01". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 Feb 2009.