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Coordinates: 40°18′47″N 20°11′31″E / 40.313°N 20.192°E / 40.313; 20.192
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| flag =
| flag =
| emblem = Stema e Bashkisë Këlcyrë.svg
| emblem = Stema e Bashkisë Këlcyrë.svg
| image_skyline = Këlcyrë_006.jpg
| image_skyline = Kelcyra.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map =
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| postal code = 6402
| postal code = 6402
| area code = (0)875
| area code = (0)875
| website = {{URL|http://www.bashkiakelcyre.gov.al|Official website}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.bashkiakelcyre.gov.al/}}
}}
}}
'''Këlcyrë''' ({{lang-sq-definite|Këlcyra}}) is a town and a municipality in southern [[Albania]], located on the bank of the river [[Vjosë]]. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities [[Ballaban]], [[Dishnicë]], Këlcyrë and [[Sukë]], that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Këlcyrë.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf |title=Law nr. 115/2014 |language=sq |pages=6371|access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> The total population is 6,113 (2011 census),<ref name="census11">{{cite web |url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3064/6__gjirokaster.pdf |title=Population and housing census - Gjirokastër 2011 |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)|INSTAT]] }}</ref> in a total area of 304.86&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="LAU">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/501971/EU-28-LAU-2019-NUTS-2016.xlsx |title=Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]|format=XLS }}</ref> The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 2,651.<ref name=census11/> The Vjosë forms a canyon near the town, known as the [[Këlcyrë Gorge]].
'''Këlcyrë''' ({{lang-sq-definite|Këlcyra}}) is a town and a municipality in southern [[Albania]], located on the bank of the river [[Vjosë]]. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities [[Ballaban]], [[Dishnicë]], Këlcyrë and [[Sukë]], that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Këlcyrë.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf |title=Law nr. 115/2014 |language=sq |pages=6371|access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> The total population is 6,113 (2011 census),<ref name="census11">{{cite web |url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3064/6__gjirokaster.pdf |title=Population and housing census - Gjirokastër 2011 |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)|INSTAT]] }}</ref> in a total area of 304.86&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="LAU">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/501971/EU-28-LAU-2019-NUTS-2016.xlsx |title=Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]|format=XLS }}</ref> The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 2,651.<ref name=census11/> The Vjosë forms a canyon near the town, known as the [[Këlcyrë Gorge]].


== Municipality ==
== Municipality ==

The municipal unit consists of the town Këlcyrë and the villages Fshat Këlcyrë, Sukë, Dishnicë, Mbrezhdan, Maleshovë, Limar, Toshkëz, Ballaban, Tolar, Çorrogunjë, Leskaj and Kala.<ref>[http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014915/http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc |date=2012-03-27 }}</ref>
The municipal unit consists of the town Këlcyrë and the villages Fshat Këlcyrë, Sukë, Dishnicë, Mbrezhdan, Maleshovë, Limar, Toshkëz, Ballaban, Tolar, Çorrogunjë, Leskaj and Kala.<ref>[http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014915/http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc |date=2012-03-27 }}</ref>


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==Name==
==Name==

The Byzantine [[Suda]] lexicon, writes that the Romans called the forts at the passes ''Kleisoúrai'' ({{lang-grc-x-medieval|Κλεισοῦραι}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Soudas|url=https://archive.org/details/suidaelexicongr02suid/page/326/mode/2up|title=Suidæ Lexicon, Græce & Latine|last2=John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL|last3=Portus|first3=Aemilius|last4=Kuster|first4=Ludolf|last5=Adams|first5=John|publisher=Cantabrigiæ : Typis Academicis|year=1705|volume=2|page=327|language=grc|quote=Κλεισοῦραι: οὕτω καλοῦνται τὰ ὀχυρώματα τῶν διαβάσεων τῇ πατρίῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων φωνῇ.|author-link=Suda}}</ref> which is the Medieval Greek rendering of the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|clausura}} in [[plural]]; the latter recorded for the first time in an order given by emperor [[Theodosius II]] in 443, while the former in the [[Strategikon of Maurice|''Strategikon'' of Maurice]] and the works of [[Procopius]] (early 6th c.) and [[Theophylact Simocatta]] (early 7th c.).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|date=2016|title=Defending the passes in the Haemus mountains – From Clausura to Kleisoura|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/341662268/Defending-the-passes-in-the-Haemus-Mount-pdf|journal=Cultură şi Civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos|volume=29|pages=213–222|via=[[Scribd]]}}</ref> By the late 7th century, the term came to be applied to more extensive frontier [[Kleisoura (Byzantine district)|districts of Byzantium]], distinct from the larger [[Theme (Byzantine district)|themata]].<ref name=":1" /> Regardless of this particular evolution, the mountain passes continued to be called ''kleisoúrai'' ({{lang-grc-x-medieval|links=no|κλεισοῦραι}}), but sometimes the word was also used to describe a 'man-made fortified pass'.<ref name=":1" />
The Byzantine [[Suda]] lexicon, writes that the Romans called the forts at the passes ''Kleisoúrai'' ({{lang-grc-x-medieval|Κλεισοῦραι}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Soudas|url=https://archive.org/details/suidaelexicongr02suid/page/326/mode/2up|title=Suidæ Lexicon, Græce & Latine|last2=John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL|last3=Portus|first3=Aemilius|last4=Kuster|first4=Ludolf|last5=Adams|first5=John|publisher=Cantabrigiæ : Typis Academicis|year=1705|volume=2|page=327|language=grc|quote=Κλεισοῦραι: οὕτω καλοῦνται τὰ ὀχυρώματα τῶν διαβάσεων τῇ πατρίῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων φωνῇ.|author-link=Suda}}</ref> which is the Medieval Greek rendering of the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|clausura}} in [[plural]]; the latter recorded for the first time in an order given by emperor [[Theodosius II]] in 443, while the former in the [[Strategikon of Maurice|''Strategikon'' of Maurice]] and the works of [[Procopius]] (early 6th c.) and [[Theophylact Simocatta]] (early 7th c.).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|date=2016|title=Defending the passes in the Haemus mountains – From Clausura to Kleisoura|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/341662268/Defending-the-passes-in-the-Haemus-Mount-pdf|journal=Cultură şi Civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos|volume=29|pages=213–222|via=[[Scribd]]}}</ref> By the late 7th century, the term came to be applied to more extensive frontier [[Kleisoura (Byzantine district)|districts of Byzantium]], distinct from the larger [[Theme (Byzantine district)|themata]].<ref name=":1" /> Regardless of this particular evolution, the mountain passes continued to be called ''kleisoúrai'' ({{lang-grc-x-medieval|links=no|κλεισοῦραι}}), but sometimes the word was also used to describe a 'man-made fortified pass'.<ref name=":1" />


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==History==
==History==
⚫
During the [[Macedonian wars#Second Macedonian war (200 to 196 BC)|Second Macedonian War]] against the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], the troops of [[Philip V of Macedon|Phillip V]] and [[Athenagoras of Macedon]] attempted to delay the Roman consul, [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin Leake|first=William|url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/a/b/metadata-01-0000438.tkl|title=Travels in Northern Greece|publisher=[[Rodwell & Martin]]|date=December 1835|isbn=9781108020114|volume=1|location=New Bond Street, London|pages=32–33}}</ref> The Macedonians had secured the passage and then blocked the Roman advance in 198 BC. A shepherd is said to have led the Roman troops through the mountains, so that they could attack the [[Macedon]]ians in the narrow gorge of two sides and destroy them. The Macedonians had been decisively defeated a first time. Later, the Romans used the route through the gorge of modern Këlcyrë and built a small settlement.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' (1854), William Smith, LLD, ed.: "It was in this pass that Philip V., king of Macedonia, in vain attempted to arrest the progress of the Roman consul, T. Quinctius Flamininus, into Epirus. Philip was encamped with the main body of his forces on Mount Aeropus, and his general, Athenagoras, with the light troops on Mount Asnaus."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan Morton|first=Jacob|date=|title=Shifting Landscaper, Policies, and Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis of the Roman Wars in Greece from 200 BC to 168 BC|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/219377905.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>

In antiquity the region was part of [[Epirus]], and afterwards was incorporated into [[Upper Macedonia]]. Later it became part of the [[Roman empire]].

In the 3rd-4th Century BC The [[Kelcyre Castle]] was built and is near the town of Këlcyrë.

⚫
During the [[Macedonian wars#Second Macedonian war (200 to 196 BC)|Second Macedonian War]] against the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], the troops of [[Philip V of Macedon|Phillip V]] and [[Athenagoras of Macedon]] attempted to delay the Roman consul, [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin Leake|first=William|url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/a/b/metadata-01-0000438.tkl|title=Travels in Northern Greece|publisher=[[Rodwell & Martin]]|date=December 1835|isbn=9781108020114|volume=1|location=New Bond Street, London|pages=32–33}}</ref> The Macedonians had secured the passage and then blocked the Roman advance in 198 BC. A shepherd is said to have led the Roman troops through the mountains, so that they could attack the [[Macedon]]ians in the narrow gorge of two sides and destroy them. The Macedonians had been decisively defeated a first time. Later, the Romans used the route through the gorge of modern Këlcyrë and built a small settlement.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' (1854), William Smith, LLD, ed.: "It was in this pass that Philip V., king of Macedonia, in vain attempted to arrest the progress of the Roman consul, T. Quinctius Flamininus, into Epirus. Philip was encamped with the main body of his forces on Mount Aeropus, and his general, Athenagoras, with the light troops on Mount Asnaus."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan Morton|first=Jacob|date=|title=Shifting Landscaper, Policies, and Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis of the Roman Wars in Greece from 200 BC to 168 BC|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/219377905.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>

[[File:Këlcyrë Gorge, Albania - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Këlcyrë Gorge]]]]




To control this passage, a castle was built in the 13th century.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} When the town was incorporated in the [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Kingdom of Albania]] in the late 13th century it was ruled by the [[Muzaka family]]. The correspondence of the [[Roman Curia]] with the Albanian nobility indicates that in 1319 it was ruled by Count Mentul Muzaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf|title=Regnum Albaniae and the Papal Curia|last=Lala|first=Etleva|author2=Gerhard Jaritz |year=2008|publisher=Central European University|page=32|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> After its capture by the Byzantine army, the Albanian population rebelled against Byzantine rule in 1335 and captured the fortress of the town.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Nicol2010">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC&pg=PA109|access-date=14 July 2011|date=2010-02-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13089-9|pages=108–9}}</ref> In 1432 the town was captured by Albanian rebels who defeated and expelled the Ottomans from the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulaha|first=Sami|year=1967|title= Sur les causes des insurrections des annees '30 du XVe siecle en Albanie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_oVAQAAMAAJ|journal=Studica Albanica|volume=4|language=fr}}</ref>
To control this passage, a castle was built in the 13th century.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} When the town was incorporated in the [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Kingdom of Albania]] in the late 13th century it was ruled by the [[Muzaka family]]. The correspondence of the [[Roman Curia]] with the Albanian nobility indicates that in 1319 it was ruled by Count Mentul Muzaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf|title=Regnum Albaniae and the Papal Curia|last=Lala|first=Etleva|author2=Gerhard Jaritz |year=2008|publisher=Central European University|page=32|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> After its capture by the Byzantine army, the Albanian population rebelled against Byzantine rule in 1335 and captured the fortress of the town.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Nicol2010">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC&pg=PA109|access-date=14 July 2011|date=2010-02-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13089-9|pages=108–9}}</ref> In 1432 the town was captured by Albanian rebels who defeated and expelled the Ottomans from the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulaha|first=Sami|year=1967|title= Sur les causes des insurrections des annees '30 du XVe siecle en Albanie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_oVAQAAMAAJ|journal=Studica Albanica|volume=4|language=fr}}</ref>
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==Today==
==Today==
The [[Kelcyre Castle]] is a Tourist Attraction nearby the City.The road is the main access route through the gorge that connects Këlcyrë with [[Tepelenë]] and other centers of Albania. To the south, the road continues to [[Përmet]] in the capital district and then to [[Greece]]. The road leading to the north in the direction of [[Berat]] is paved only a few kilometers, and navigation over long distances is very difficult. Around Këlcyrë there are some age-old Eastern Orthodox churches. [[File:Kisha e Kelcyres 02.jpg|thumb|left|View of the of Eastern Orthodox Church of Këlcyrë ]]
The [[Kelcyre Castle]] is a Tourist Attraction nearby the city.The road is the main access route through the gorge that connects Këlcyrë with [[Tepelenë]] and other centers of Albania. To the south, the road continues to [[Përmet]] in the capital district and then to [[Greece]]. The road leading to the north in the direction of [[Berat]] is paved only a few kilometers, and navigation over long distances is very difficult. Around Këlcyrë there are some age-old Eastern Orthodox churches. [[File:Kisha e Kelcyres 02.jpg|thumb|left|View of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Këlcyrë]]


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[ Kelcyre Castle]]
*[[Kelcyre Castle]]
*[[Gorge of Këlcyrë]]
*[[Tourism in Albania]]
*[[Tourism in Albania]]
*[[History of Albania]]
*[[History of Albania]]
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}







==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.gjirokastra.org Gjirokastra Region Travel Guide]
* [http://www.gjirokastra.org Gjirokastra Region Travel Guide]


{{Counties of Albania}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Counties of Albania]]
{{Municipalities of Albania}}
{{Municipalities of Albania}}
{{Gjirokastër County}}
{{Gjirokastër County}}

Latest revision as of 11:37, 29 October 2023

Këlcyrë
Municipality
Official logo of Këlcyrë
Emblem
Këlcyrë is located in Albania
Këlcyrë
Këlcyrë
Coordinates: 40°18′47″N 20°11′31″E / 40.313°N 20.192°E / 40.313; 20.192
Land Albanien
CountyGjirokastër
Regierung
 • MayorKlement Ndoni (PS)
Area
 • Municipality304.86 km2 (117.71 sq mi)
Elevation
176 m (577 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
6,113
 • Municipality density20/km2 (52/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
2,651
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
6402
Area Code(0)875
Websitewww.bashkiakelcyre.gov.al

Këlcyrë (Albanian definite form: Këlcyra) is a town and a municipality in southern Albania, located on the bank of the river Vjosë. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Ballaban, Dishnicë, Këlcyrë and Sukë, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Këlcyrë.[1] The total population is 6,113 (2011 census),[2] in a total area of 304.86 km2.[3] The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 2,651.[2] The Vjosë forms a canyon near the town, known as the Këlcyrë Gorge.

Municipality

[edit]

The municipal unit consists of the town Këlcyrë and the villages Fshat Këlcyrë, Sukë, Dishnicë, Mbrezhdan, Maleshovë, Limar, Toshkëz, Ballaban, Tolar, Çorrogunjë, Leskaj and Kala.[4]

The village of Maleshovë traditionally consists of three neighbourhoods, one Christian, one Muslim and one with families of both religions.[5]

Name

[edit]

The Byzantine Suda lexicon, writes that the Romans called the forts at the passes Kleisoúrai (Medieval Greek: Κλεισοῦραι),[6] which is the Medieval Greek rendering of the Latin word clausura in plural; the latter recorded for the first time in an order given by emperor Theodosius II in 443, while the former in the Strategikon of Maurice and the works of Procopius (early 6th c.) and Theophylact Simocatta (early 7th c.).[7] By the late 7th century, the term came to be applied to more extensive frontier districts of Byzantium, distinct from the larger themata.[7] Regardless of this particular evolution, the mountain passes continued to be called kleisoúrai (Medieval Greek: κλεισοῦραι), but sometimes the word was also used to describe a 'man-made fortified pass'.[7]

The word kleisoúra (Medieval Greek: κλεισοῦρα) was eventually borrowed by all Balkan peoples, becoming the root of several place-names. For instance, Klisura (Plovdiv Province), Klisura (Blagoevgrad Province) and the Klisura Monastery in Bulgaria, Klisura (Demir Kapija Municipality) in North Macedonia, Kleisoura (Kastoria) in Greece, etc.. The name of Këlcyrë comes from the same root; recorded as Clausura in 1327 and Qlisura in an Ottoman tax register of 1432.[7][8] The nearby mountain pass is still called Klisura.[7]

History

[edit]

During the Second Macedonian War against the Romans, the troops of Phillip V and Athenagoras of Macedon attempted to delay the Roman consul, Titus Quinctius Flamininus.[9] The Macedonians had secured the passage and then blocked the Roman advance in 198 BC. A shepherd is said to have led the Roman troops through the mountains, so that they could attack the Macedonians in the narrow gorge of two sides and destroy them. The Macedonians had been decisively defeated a first time. Later, the Romans used the route through the gorge of modern Këlcyrë and built a small settlement.[10][11]

To control this passage, a castle was built in the 13th century.[citation needed] When the town was incorporated in the Kingdom of Albania in the late 13th century it was ruled by the Muzaka family. The correspondence of the Roman Curia with the Albanian nobility indicates that in 1319 it was ruled by Count Mentul Muzaka.[12] After its capture by the Byzantine army, the Albanian population rebelled against Byzantine rule in 1335 and captured the fortress of the town.[8][13] In 1432 the town was captured by Albanian rebels who defeated and expelled the Ottomans from the area.[14]

The Turks advanced and built in the 19th century also a seraglio.[citation needed] At this time Këlcyrë experienced its bloom as a key trading center between Berat, Korça and Gjirokastra.

The capture of Klisura Pass (6–11 January 1941) was one of the most important victories of the Greek Army during the Greek-Italian War.

Heute

[edit]

The Kelcyre Castle is a Tourist Attraction nearby the city.The road is the main access route through the gorge that connects Këlcyrë with Tepelenë and other centers of Albania. To the south, the road continues to Përmet in the capital district and then to Greece. The road leading to the north in the direction of Berat is paved only a few kilometers, and navigation over long distances is very difficult. Around Këlcyrë there are some age-old Eastern Orthodox churches.

View of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Këlcyrë

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Population and housing census - Gjirokastër 2011" (PDF). INSTAT. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  3. ^ "Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries" (XLS). Eurostat. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  4. ^ Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780198142539. "Thus Maleshovë, which belongs to a group centering on Permet, has three mahaladhes, of which one is Christian, one is Mohammedan, and one has families of each faith."
  6. ^ Soudas; John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL; Portus, Aemilius; Kuster, Ludolf; Adams, John (1705). Suidæ Lexicon, Græce & Latine (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 2. Cantabrigiæ : Typis Academicis. p. 327. Κλεισοῦραι: οὕτω καλοῦνται τὰ ὀχυρώματα τῶν διαβάσεων τῇ πατρίῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων φωνῇ.
  7. ^ a b c d e Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). "Defending the passes in the Haemus mountains – From Clausura to Kleisoura". Cultură şi Civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos. 29: 213–222 – via Scribd.
  8. ^ a b Fine (Jr.), John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780472082605.
  9. ^ Martin Leake, William (December 1835). Travels in Northern Greece. Vol. 1. New Bond Street, London: Rodwell & Martin. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9781108020114.
  10. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), William Smith, LLD, ed.: "It was in this pass that Philip V., king of Macedonia, in vain attempted to arrest the progress of the Roman consul, T. Quinctius Flamininus, into Epirus. Philip was encamped with the main body of his forces on Mount Aeropus, and his general, Athenagoras, with the light troops on Mount Asnaus."
  11. ^ Nathan Morton, Jacob. "Shifting Landscaper, Policies, and Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis of the Roman Wars in Greece from 200 BC to 168 BC" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania.
  12. ^ Lala, Etleva; Gerhard Jaritz (2008). "Regnum Albaniae and the Papal Curia" (PDF). Central European University. p. 32. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  13. ^ Nicol, Donald M. (2010-02-11). The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  14. ^ Pulaha, Sami (1967). "Sur les causes des insurrections des annees '30 du XVe siecle en Albanie". Studica Albanica (in French). 4.
[edit]


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