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{{Short description|American mechanical engineer and physicist}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Seth Lloyd
|name = Seth Lloyd
|image = Seth Lloyd.jpg
|image = Seth Lloyd.jpg
|image_size = 210px
|caption = Seth Lloyd in 2013
|caption = Seth Lloyd in 2013
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|08|02}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|08|02}}
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|citizenship =
|citizenship =
|nationality = American
|nationality = American
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Physicist]]
|fields = [[Physicist]]
|workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[California Institute of Technology]]<br>[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]<br>[[Santa Fe Institute]]
|workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[California Institute of Technology]]<br>[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]<br>[[Santa Fe Institute]]
|alma_mater = [[Phillips Academy]] (1978)<br>[[Harvard College]] (A.B., 1982)<br>[[Cambridge University]] (M.Phil, 1984)<br>[[Rockefeller University]] (Ph.D. physics, 1988)
|education = [[Phillips Academy]] (1978)<br>[[Harvard College]] (A.B., 1982)<br>[[Cambridge University]] (M.Phil, 1984)<br>[[Rockefeller University]] (Ph.D. physics, 1988)
|doctoral_advisor = [[Heinz Pagels]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Heinz Pagels]]
|academic_advisors =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = Studying limits of [[computation]]<br>''[[Programming the Universe]]''
|known_for = Studying [[limits of computation]]<br>''[[Programming the Universe]]''<br>[[Coherent information]]<br>[[Continuous-variable quantum information]]<br>[[Dynamical decoupling]]<br>[[Effective complexity]]<br>[[Quantum capacity]]<br>[[Quantum illumination]]<br>[[Quantum mechanics of time travel]]<br>[[Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influences =
|influenced =
|influenced =
|awards =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes =
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'''Seth Lloyd''' (born August 2, 1960) is a [[professor]] of [[mechanical engineering]] and [[physics]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
'''Seth Lloyd''' (born August 2, 1960) is a [[professor]] of [[mechanical engineering]] and [[physics]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].


His research area is the interplay of [[information]] with [[complex systems]], especially [[quantum mechanics|quantum]] systems. He has performed seminal work in the fields of [[quantum computation]], [[quantum communication]] and [[quantum biology]], including proposing the first technologically feasible design for a [[quantum computer]], demonstrating the viability of quantum analog computation, proving quantum analogs of [[Shannon's noisy channel theorem]], and designing novel methods for [[quantum error correction]] and noise reduction.
His research area is the interplay of [[information]] with [[complex systems]], especially [[quantum mechanics|quantum]] systems. He has performed seminal work in the fields of [[quantum computation]], [[quantum communication]] and [[quantum biology]], including proposing the first technologically feasible design for a [[quantum computer]], demonstrating the viability of quantum analog computation, proving quantum analogs of [[Shannon's noisy channel theorem]], and designing novel methods for [[quantum error correction]] and noise reduction.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://news.mit.edu/2015/seth-lloyd-appointed-nam-suh-professor-mechanical-engineering-0831 |title=Seth Lloyd, leading quantum mechanics expert, appointed Nam P. Suh Professor|last=MIT News Office|date=2015-08-31|language=en|access-date=2020-10-07}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Lloyd was born on August 2, 1960. He graduated from [[Phillips Academy]] in 1978 and received a bachelor of arts degree from [[Harvard College]] in 1982. He earned a certificate of advanced study in mathematics and a master of philosophy degree from [[Cambridge University]] in 1983 and 1984, while on a [[Marshall Scholarship]]. Lloyd was awarded a doctorate by [[Rockefeller University]] in 1988 (advisor [[Heinz Pagels]]) after submitting a thesis on ''Black Holes, Demons, and the Loss of Coherence: How Complex Systems Get Information, and What They Do With It.''
Lloyd was born on August 2, 1960. He graduated from [[Phillips Academy]] in 1978 and received a bachelor of arts degree from [[Harvard College]] in 1982. He earned a certificate of advanced study in mathematics and a master of philosophy degree from [[Cambridge University]] in 1983 and 1984, while on a [[Marshall Scholarship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OYSI |url=http://oysi.org/people/entry/seth-lloyd |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=oysi.org}}</ref> Lloyd was awarded a doctorate by [[Rockefeller University]] in 1988 (advisor [[Heinz Pagels]]) after submitting a thesis on ''Black Holes, Demons, and the Loss of Coherence: How Complex Systems Get Information, and What They Do With It.''


From 1988 to 1991, Lloyd was a postdoctoral fellow in the High Energy Physics Department at the [[California Institute of Technology]], where he worked with [[Murray Gell-Mann]] on applications of information to quantum-mechanical systems. From 1991 to 1994, he was a postdoctoral fellow at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], where he worked at the Center for Nonlinear Systems on quantum computation. In 1994, he joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at [[MIT]]. Since 1988, Lloyd has also been an external faculty member at the [[Santa Fe Institute]].
From 1988 to 1991, Lloyd was a postdoctoral fellow in the High Energy Physics Department at the [[California Institute of Technology]], where he worked with [[Murray Gell-Mann]] on applications of information to quantum-mechanical systems. From 1991 to 1994, he was a postdoctoral fellow at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], where he worked at the Center for Nonlinear Systems on quantum computation. In 1994, he joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at [[MIT]]. Starting in 1988, Lloyd was an external faculty member at the [[Santa Fe Institute]] for more than 30 years.


In his 2006 book, ''[[Programming the Universe]]'', Lloyd contends that the universe itself is one big [[quantum computer]] producing what we see around us, and ourselves, as it runs a cosmic [[computer program|program]]. According to Lloyd, once we understand the laws of [[physics]] completely, we will be able to use small-scale quantum computing to understand the universe completely as well.
In his 2006 book, ''[[Programming the Universe]]'', Lloyd contends that the universe itself is one big [[quantum computer]] producing what we see around us, and ourselves, as it runs a cosmic [[computer program|program]]. According to Lloyd, once we understand the laws of [[physics]] completely, we will be able to use small-scale quantum computing to understand the universe completely as well.


Lloyd states that we could have the whole universe simulated in a computer in 600 years provided that computational power increases according to [[Moore's Law]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} However, Lloyd shows that there are limits to rapid [[exponential growth]] in a finite universe, and that it is very unlikely that Moore's Law will be maintained indefinitely.
Lloyd states that we could have the whole universe simulated in a computer in 600 years provided that computational power increases according to [[Moore's Law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-the-computational-universe |title=THE COMPUTATIONAL UNIVERSE |last=Lloyd |first=Seth |date=20 October 2002 |website=Edge.org |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=7 October 2020 |quote='Every physical system registers information, and just by evolving in time, by doing its thing, it changes that information&nbsp;...'}}</ref> However, Lloyd shows that there are limits to rapid [[exponential growth]] in a finite universe, and that it is very unlikely that Moore's Law will be maintained indefinitely.


Lloyd directs the ''Center for Extreme Quantum Information Theory'' (xQIT) at MIT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rle.mit.edu/xqit |title=People: xQIT: Leadership |work=mit.edu |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> He has made influential contributions to a broad range of topics, mostly in the wider field of [[quantum information science]]. Among his most cited works are the first proposal for a digital [[quantum simulator]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Seth Lloyd |title=Universal Quantum Simulators |journal=Science |volume=273 |year=1996 |issue=5278 |pages=1073–1078 |doi=10.1126/science.273.5278.1073|pmid=8688088 |bibcode=1996Sci...273.1073L }}</ref> a general framework for [[quantum metrology]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantum Metrology |first1=Vittorio |last1=Giovannetti |first2=Seth |last2=Lloyd |first3=Lorenzo |last3=Maccone |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |year=2006 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=010401 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.010401 |pmid=16486424 |arxiv=quant-ph/0509179|bibcode=2006PhRvL..96a0401G |s2cid=32512151 }}</ref> the first treatment of quantum computation with [[continuous variables]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantum Computation over Continuous Variables |first1=Seth |last1=Lloyd |first2=Samuel L. |last2=Braunstein |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=82 |pages=1784–1787 |year=1999 |issue=8 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1784|arxiv=quant-ph/9810082|bibcode=1999PhRvL..82.1784L |s2cid=921320 }}</ref> [[dynamical decoupling]] as a method of quantum error avoidance,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dynamical Decoupling of Open Quantum Systems |first1=Lorenza |last1=Viola |first2=Emanuel |last2=Knill |first3=Seth |last3=Lloyd |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=82 |pages=2417–2421 |year=1999 |issue=12 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2417 |arxiv=quant-ph/9809071|bibcode=1999PhRvL..82.2417V }}</ref> [[quantum algorithm]]s for equation solving<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Aram W. |last1=Harrow |first2=Avinatan |last2=Hassidim |first3=Seth |last3=Lloyd |title=Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=103 |year=2009 |issue=15 |pages=150502 |arxiv=0811.3171 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.150502|pmid=19905613 |bibcode=2009PhRvL.103o0502H }}</ref> and [[machine learning]]<ref>{{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Lloyd |first2=M. |last2=Mohseni |first3=P. |last3=Rebentrost |title=Quantum principal component analysis |journal=Nature Physics |volume=10 |pages=631–633 |year=2014 |issue=9 |doi=10.1038/nphys3029 |arxiv=1307.0401|bibcode=2014NatPh..10..631L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantum Support Vector Machine for Big Data Classification |first1=Patrick |last1=Rebentrost |first2=Masoud |last2=Mohseni |first3=Seth |last3=Lloyd |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=113 |pages=130503 |year=2014 |issue=13 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.130503 |pmid=25302877 |arxiv=1307.0471|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113m0503R |s2cid=5503025 }}</ref> or research on the possible relevance of quantum effects in biological phenomena, especially [[photosynthesis]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Environment-assisted quantum walks in photosynthetic energy transfer |first1=Masoud |last1=Mohseni |first2=Patrick |last2=Rebentrost |first3=Seth |last3=Lloyd |first4=Alán |last4=Aspuru-Guzik |journal=J. Chem. Phys. |volume=129 |pages=174106 |year=2008 |issue=17 |doi=10.1063/1.3002335 |pmid=19045332 |arxiv=0805.2741|bibcode=2008JChPh.129q4106M |s2cid=938902 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=Seth |date=2011|title=Quantum coherence in biological systems|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |language=en |volume=302 |issue=1 |pages=012037 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012037|issn=1742-6596|bibcode=2011JPhCS.302a2037L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite speech
Lloyd is principal investigator at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, and directs the [http://www.rle.mit.edu/xqit Center for Extreme Quantum Information Theory] (xQIT) at MIT. His most recent work has focused on the role of quantum phenomena such as [[quantum coherence|coherence]] in biological phenomena, especially photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lloyd|first=Seth|date=2011|title=Quantum coherence in biological systems|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|language=en|volume=302|issue=1|pages=012037|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012037|issn=1742-6596|bibcode=2011JPhCS.302a2037L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite speech
|title = Optimal Energy Transport in Photosynthesis
|title = Optimal Energy Transport in Photosynthesis
|first = Seth
|first = Seth
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|author-link = Seth Lloyd
|author-link = Seth Lloyd
|event = From Atomic to Mesoscale: The Role of Quantum Coherence in Systems of Various Complexities
|event = From Atomic to Mesoscale: The Role of Quantum Coherence in Systems of Various Complexities
|location = Institute for Theoretical, Atomic and Molecular and Optical Physics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
|location = Institute for Theoretical, Atomic and Molecular and Optical Physics, [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|Center for Astrophysics {{!}} Harvard & Smithsonian]], Cambridge, Massachusetts
|date = 2014-03-10
|date = 2014-03-10
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YC28RzLeuFc
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YC28RzLeuFc
|access-date = 2019-09-30
|access-date = 2019-09-30
}}</ref> He has also collaborated in work to exploit these phenomena technologically.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/216358-mit-develops-enhanced-energy-transport-using-quantum-physics-and-genetic-engineering|last=Hewitt|first=John|title= MIT team genetically engineers a quantum virus for efficient energy transport| date=2015-10-16|website=extremetech.com}}</ref>
}}</ref> an effect he has also collaborated to exploit technologically.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/216358-mit-develops-enhanced-energy-transport-using-quantum-physics-and-genetic-engineering|last=Hewitt|first=John|title= MIT team genetically engineers a quantum virus for efficient energy transport| date=2015-10-16|website=extremetech.com}}</ref>

According to [[Clarivate]] he had in July 2023 in total 199 peer-reviewed publications which were cited more than 22,600 times leading to an [[H-index|h index]] of 61.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/citation-report/38a2ae94-0e7b-462f-b873-1d2484ddf999-9912a935 |title=citation report Seth Lloyd |work=webofscience.com |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>


==Epstein affair==
==Epstein affair==
During July 2019, reports surfaced that MIT and other institutions had accepted funding from convicted sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein Called Himself A “Science Philanthropist” And Donated Millions To These Researchers|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-science-donations|access-date=2020-01-27|last=Aldhous|first=Peter|date=2019-07-11}}</ref> In the ensuing scandal,<ref name="factfindingmit">{{cite web|url=http://factfindingjan2020.mit.edu/|access-date=2020-01-27|title=MIT and Jeffrey Epstein|website=factfinding2020.mit.edu}}</ref> the director of the [[MIT Media Lab]], Professor [[Joi Ito]], resigned from MIT as a result of his association with Epstein.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/business/mit-media-lab-jeffrey-epstein-joichi-ito.html|work=The New York Times|title=Director of M.I.T.’s Media Lab Resigns After Taking Money From Jeffrey Epstein|last1=Tracy|first1=Marc|last2=Hsu|first2=Tiffany|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> Lloyd's connections to Epstein also drew criticism: Lloyd had acknowledged receiving funding from Epstein in 19 of his papers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/business/epstein-mit-media-lab.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein Donations to M.I.T. Will be Focus of University Inquiry|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2019-08-23|last1 = Tracy|first1 = Marc|last2 = Hsu|first2 = Tiffany}}</ref> On August 22, 2019, Lloyd published a letter<ref>{{Cite web |first=Seth|last=Lloyd| url=https://medium.com/@sqlloyd/i-am-writing-to-apologize-to-jeffrey-epsteins-victims-eee805c4f13 |title=I am writing to apologize to Jeffrey Epstein's victims|date=2019-08-24|website=medium.com}}</ref> apologizing for accepting grants (totaling $225,000) from Epstein. Despite this, the controversy continued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ne8yvk/students-are-demanding-mit-fire-a-professor-who-visited-epstein-in-prison|title=Students Are Demanding MIT Fire a Professor Who Visited Epstein in Prison|last=Gurley|first=Lauren Kaori|date=2019-11-04|work=Vice|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetech.com/2019/10/23/seth-lloyd-should-not-teach|title=Seth Lloyd should not be teaching at MIT|last=Graham|first=Eleanor|date=|website=The Tech|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seth Lloyd should continue teaching at MIT|url=https://thetech.com/2019/12/05/seth-lloyd-continue-teaching-mit|last1=Tolchin|first1=Rion|date=2019-12-05|work=The Tech|location=Cambridge, MA|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> In January 2020, at the request of the [[MIT Corporation]], the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] issued a report<ref name="factfindingmit"></ref> on all of MIT's interactions with Epstein. As a result of the report, on January 10, 2020, Lloyd was placed on [[administrative leave|paid administrative leave]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2020/mit-releases-results-fact-finding-report-jeffrey-epstein-0110|title=MIT releases results of fact-finding on engagements with Jeffrey Epstein|last=MIT News Office|date=2020-01-10|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> Lloyd has vigorously denied that he misled MIT about the source of the funds he received from Epstein.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@sqlloyd/what-i-told-mit-about-epsteins-donations-feec0beb26a|first=Seth|last=Lloyd|title=What I told MIT about Epstein’s donations|website=medium.com|access-date=2020-01-27|date=2020-01-16}}</ref>
During July 2019, reports surfaced that MIT and other institutions had accepted funding from convicted sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein Called Himself A "Science Philanthropist" And Donated Millions To These Researchers|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-science-donations|access-date=2020-01-27|last=Aldhous|first=Peter|date=2019-07-11}}</ref> In the ensuing scandal,<ref name="factfindingmit">{{cite web|url=http://factfindingjan2020.mit.edu/|access-date=2020-01-27|title=MIT and Jeffrey Epstein|website=factfinding2020.mit.edu}}</ref> the director of the [[MIT Media Lab]], [[Joi Ito]], resigned from MIT as a result of his association with Epstein.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/business/mit-media-lab-jeffrey-epstein-joichi-ito.html|work=The New York Times|title=Director of M.I.T.'s Media Lab Resigns After Taking Money From Jeffrey Epstein|last1=Tracy|first1=Marc|last2=Hsu|first2=Tiffany|date=7 September 2019 |access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> Lloyd's connections to Epstein also drew criticism: Lloyd had acknowledged receiving funding from Epstein in 19 of his papers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/business/epstein-mit-media-lab.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein Donations to M.I.T. Will be Focus of University Inquiry|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2019-08-23|last1 = Tracy|first1 = Marc|last2 = Hsu|first2 = Tiffany}}</ref> On August 22, 2019, Lloyd published a letter<ref>{{Cite web |first=Seth|last=Lloyd| url=https://medium.com/@sqlloyd/i-am-writing-to-apologize-to-jeffrey-epsteins-victims-eee805c4f13 |title=I am writing to apologize to Jeffrey Epstein's victims|date=2019-08-24|website=medium.com}}</ref> apologizing for accepting grants (totaling $225,000) from Epstein. Despite this, the controversy continued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ne8yvk/students-are-demanding-mit-fire-a-professor-who-visited-epstein-in-prison|title=Students Are Demanding MIT Fire a Professor Who Visited Epstein in Prison|last=Gurley|first=Lauren Kaori|date=2019-11-04|work=Vice|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetech.com/2019/10/23/seth-lloyd-should-not-teach|title=Seth Lloyd should not be teaching at MIT|last=Graham|first=Eleanor|website=The Tech|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seth Lloyd should continue teaching at MIT|url=https://thetech.com/2019/12/05/seth-lloyd-continue-teaching-mit|last1=Tolchin|first1=Rion|date=2019-12-05|work=The Tech|location=Cambridge, MA|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> In January 2020, at the request of the [[MIT Corporation]], the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] issued a report<ref name="factfindingmit" /> on all of MIT's interactions with Epstein. As a result of the report, on January 10, 2020, Lloyd was placed on [[administrative leave|paid administrative leave]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2020/mit-releases-results-fact-finding-report-jeffrey-epstein-0110|title=MIT releases results of fact-finding on engagements with Jeffrey Epstein|last=MIT News Office|date=2020-01-10|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> Lloyd has vigorously denied that he misled MIT about the source of the funds he received from Epstein.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@sqlloyd/what-i-told-mit-about-epsteins-donations-feec0beb26a|first=Seth|last=Lloyd|title=What I told MIT about Epstein's donations|website=medium.com|access-date=2020-01-27|date=2020-01-16}}</ref> This denial was validated by a subsequent MIT investigation that concluded that Lloyd did not attempt to circumvent the MIT vetting process, nor try to conceal the name of the donor, and Lloyd was allowed to continue his tenured faculty position at MIT.<ref name="masslive">{{Cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/boston/2020/12/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-disciplining-professor-with-ties-to-disgraced-financier-jeffrey-epstein.html|title=Massachusetts Institute of Technology disciplining professor with ties to disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein|last=Stening|first=Tanner|access-date=2020-12-20|work=MassLive|language=en|date=2020-12-18}}</ref> However, most but not all members of MIT's fact-finding committee concluded that Lloyd had violated MIT's conflict of interest policy by not revealing crucial publicly known information about Epstein's background to MIT, as a result of which Lloyd will be subject to a series of administrative actions for 5 years.<ref name="masslive" />


==Honors==
==Honors==
* 2007 Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]<ref name="aps">{{cite news|title=2007 Fellows of the American Physical Society|url=http://www.aps.org/units/gqi/fellowship/index.cfm?year=2007}}</ref>
* 2007 Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]<ref name="aps">{{cite news|title=2007 Fellows of the American Physical Society|url=http://www.aps.org/units/gqi/fellowship/index.cfm?year=2007}}</ref>
* 2012 [[International Quantum Communication Award]]<ref name="qcmc">{{cite news|title=2012 QCMC |url=http://www.qcmc2012.org}}</ref>
* 2012 International Quantum Communication Award<ref name="qcmc">{{cite news|title=2012 QCMC |url=http://www.qcmc2012.org}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
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|date = 1988
|date = 1988
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120607195224/http://meche.mit.edu/documents/slloyd_thesis.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120607195224/http://meche.mit.edu/documents/slloyd_thesis.pdf
|archivedate = 2012-06-07
|archive-date = 2012-06-07
}}
}}

*{{cite journal
*{{cite journal
| author = Lloyd, S.
| author = Lloyd, S.
Line 87: Line 84:
| arxiv = quant-ph/9908043v3
| arxiv = quant-ph/9908043v3
| bibcode = 2000Natur.406.1047L
| bibcode = 2000Natur.406.1047L
| s2cid = 75923
}}
}}
*{{cite journal
⚫
*Lloyd, S., ''[[Programming the Universe|Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos]]'', [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]], March 14, 2006, 240 p., {{ISBN|1-4000-4092-2}}
| author = Lloyd
| date = 2001-10-24
| title = Computational capacity of the universe
| journal = Physical Review Letters
| volume = 88
| pages = 237901
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.237901
| pmid = 12059399
| issue = 23
| arxiv = quant-ph/0110141
| bibcode =
| s2cid = 6341263
|first=Seth}}
⚫
* Lloyd, S., ''[[Programming the Universe|Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos]]'', [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]], March 14, 2006, 240 p., {{ISBN|1-4000-4092-2}}
* Interview: ''[https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-quantum-hanky-panky Quantum Hanky Panky: A Conversation with Seth Lloyd]'' (video), [[Edge Foundation, Inc.|Edge Foundation]], 2016
* Interview: ''[https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-quantum-hanky-panky Quantum Hanky Panky: A Conversation with Seth Lloyd]'' (video), [[Edge Foundation, Inc.|Edge Foundation]], 2016
* Interview: ''[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lloyd2/lloyd2_index.html The Computational Universe: Seth Lloyd]'' (video), [[Edge Foundation, Inc.|Edge Foundation]], 2002
* Interview: ''[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lloyd2/lloyd2_index.html The Computational Universe: Seth Lloyd]'' (video), [[Edge Foundation, Inc.|Edge Foundation]], 2002
* Lecture: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0kJEAEx-5Q#! The Black Hole of Finance] (video), [[Santa Fe Institute]]
* Lecture: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0kJEAEx-5Q#! The Black Hole of Finance] (video), [[Santa Fe Institute]]
* Movie: In 2022 Lloyd starred in the [[short film]] ''Steeplechase'' directed by [[Andrey Kezzyn]],<ref>{{IMDb title|tt21401580}}</ref> which thematizes [[closed timelike curves]], a topic Lloyd has also addressed in his scientific work.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Seth |last1=Lloyd |first2=Lorenzo |last2=Maccone |first3=Raul |last3=Garcia-Patron |first4=Vittorio |last4=Giovannetti |first5=Yutaka |last5=Shikano |first6=Stefano |last6=Pirandola |first7=Lee A. |last7=Rozema |first8=Ardavan |last8=Darabi |first9=Yasaman |last9=Soudagar |first10=Lynden K. |last10=Shalm |first11=Aephraim M. |last11=Steinberg |title=Closed Timelike Curves via Postselection: Theory and Experimental Test of Consistency |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=106 |year=2011 |issue=4 |pages=040403 |arxiv=1005.2219 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.040403|pmid=21405310 |bibcode=2011PhRvL.106d0403L |s2cid=18442086 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Digital physics]]
* [[Digital physics]]
* [[Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer]]
* [[Quantum Aspects of Life]]
* ''[[Quantum Aspects of Life]]''
* [[Simulated reality]]
* [[Simulated reality]]


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==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Seth Lloyd}}
{{commons category|Seth Lloyd}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=lyMGnwIAAAAJ Google Scholar page]
*[http://meche.mit.edu/people/?id=55 Personal web page]
*[http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/[email protected] Personal web page]
*[http://www.pulse-berlin.com/index.php?id=144 "Crazy Molecules: Pulse Berlin Interview"]
*[http://www.pulse-berlin.com/index.php?id=144 "Crazy Molecules: Pulse Berlin Interview"]
*[http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/lloyd/ ''Programming the Universe'']
*[http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/lloyd/ ''Programming the Universe'']
*[http://www.twis.org/2006/09/26/83/ Radio Interview] from [[This Week in Science]] September 26, 2006 Broadcast
*[http://www.twis.org/2006/09/26/83/ Radio Interview] from [[This Week in Science]] September 26, 2006 Broadcast
* {{MathGenealogy|id=123909}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=123909}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Rockefeller University alumni]]
[[Category:Rockefeller University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
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[[Category:Quantum information scientists]]
[[Category:Quantum information scientists]]
[[Category:Quantum biology]]
[[Category:Quantum biology]]
[[Category:Marshall Scholars]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]

Revision as of 01:45, 30 October 2023

Seth Lloyd
Seth Lloyd in 2013
Born (1960-08-02) August 2, 1960 (age 64)
NationalityAmerican
BildungPhillips Academy (1978)
Harvard College (A.B., 1982)
Cambridge University (M.Phil, 1984)
Rockefeller University (Ph.D. physics, 1988)
Known forStudying limits of computation
Programming the Universe
Coherent information
Continuous-variable quantum information
Dynamical decoupling
Effective complexity
Quantum capacity
Quantum illumination
Quantum mechanics of time travel
Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations
Scientific career
FieldsPhysicist
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
California Institute of Technology
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Santa Fe Institute
Doctoral advisorHeinz Pagels

Seth Lloyd (born August 2, 1960) is a professor of mechanical engineering and physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

His research area is the interplay of information with complex systems, especially quantum systems. He has performed seminal work in the fields of quantum computation, quantum communication and quantum biology, including proposing the first technologically feasible design for a quantum computer, demonstrating the viability of quantum analog computation, proving quantum analogs of Shannon's noisy channel theorem, and designing novel methods for quantum error correction and noise reduction.[1]

Biography

Lloyd was born on August 2, 1960. He graduated from Phillips Academy in 1978 and received a bachelor of arts degree from Harvard College in 1982. He earned a certificate of advanced study in mathematics and a master of philosophy degree from Cambridge University in 1983 and 1984, while on a Marshall Scholarship.[2] Lloyd was awarded a doctorate by Rockefeller University in 1988 (advisor Heinz Pagels) after submitting a thesis on Black Holes, Demons, and the Loss of Coherence: How Complex Systems Get Information, and What They Do With It.

From 1988 to 1991, Lloyd was a postdoctoral fellow in the High Energy Physics Department at the California Institute of Technology, where he worked with Murray Gell-Mann on applications of information to quantum-mechanical systems. From 1991 to 1994, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he worked at the Center for Nonlinear Systems on quantum computation. In 1994, he joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. Starting in 1988, Lloyd was an external faculty member at the Santa Fe Institute for more than 30 years.

In his 2006 book, Programming the Universe, Lloyd contends that the universe itself is one big quantum computer producing what we see around us, and ourselves, as it runs a cosmic program. According to Lloyd, once we understand the laws of physics completely, we will be able to use small-scale quantum computing to understand the universe completely as well.

Lloyd states that we could have the whole universe simulated in a computer in 600 years provided that computational power increases according to Moore's Law.[3] However, Lloyd shows that there are limits to rapid exponential growth in a finite universe, and that it is very unlikely that Moore's Law will be maintained indefinitely.

Lloyd directs the Center for Extreme Quantum Information Theory (xQIT) at MIT.[4] He has made influential contributions to a broad range of topics, mostly in the wider field of quantum information science. Among his most cited works are the first proposal for a digital quantum simulator,[5] a general framework for quantum metrology,[6] the first treatment of quantum computation with continuous variables,[7] dynamical decoupling as a method of quantum error avoidance,[8] quantum algorithms for equation solving[9] and machine learning[10][11] or research on the possible relevance of quantum effects in biological phenomena, especially photosynthesis,[12][13][14] an effect he has also collaborated to exploit technologically.[15]

According to Clarivate he had in July 2023 in total 199 peer-reviewed publications which were cited more than 22,600 times leading to an h index of 61.[16]

Epstein affair

During July 2019, reports surfaced that MIT and other institutions had accepted funding from convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.[17] In the ensuing scandal,[18] the director of the MIT Media Lab, Joi Ito, resigned from MIT as a result of his association with Epstein.[19] Lloyd's connections to Epstein also drew criticism: Lloyd had acknowledged receiving funding from Epstein in 19 of his papers.[20] On August 22, 2019, Lloyd published a letter[21] apologizing for accepting grants (totaling $225,000) from Epstein. Despite this, the controversy continued.[22][23][24] In January 2020, at the request of the MIT Corporation, the law firm Goodwin Procter issued a report[18] on all of MIT's interactions with Epstein. As a result of the report, on January 10, 2020, Lloyd was placed on paid administrative leave.[25] Lloyd has vigorously denied that he misled MIT about the source of the funds he received from Epstein.[26] This denial was validated by a subsequent MIT investigation that concluded that Lloyd did not attempt to circumvent the MIT vetting process, nor try to conceal the name of the donor, and Lloyd was allowed to continue his tenured faculty position at MIT.[27] However, most but not all members of MIT's fact-finding committee concluded that Lloyd had violated MIT's conflict of interest policy by not revealing crucial publicly known information about Epstein's background to MIT, as a result of which Lloyd will be subject to a series of administrative actions for 5 years.[27]

Honors

Works

  • Lloyd, Seth (1988). Black Holes, Demons and the Loss of Coherence: How complex systems get information, and what they do with it (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). The Rockefeller University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-07.
  • Lloyd, S. (2000-08-31). "Ultimate physical limits to computation". Nature. 406 (6799): 1047–1054. arXiv:quant-ph/9908043v3. Bibcode:2000Natur.406.1047L. doi:10.1038/35023282. PMID 10984064. S2CID 75923.
  • Lloyd, Seth (2001-10-24). "Computational capacity of the universe". Physical Review Letters. 88 (23): 237901. arXiv:quant-ph/0110141. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.237901. PMID 12059399. S2CID 6341263.
  • Lloyd, S., Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos, Knopf, March 14, 2006, 240 p., ISBN 1-4000-4092-2
  • Interview: Quantum Hanky Panky: A Conversation with Seth Lloyd (video), Edge Foundation, 2016
  • Interview: The Computational Universe: Seth Lloyd (video), Edge Foundation, 2002
  • Lecture: The Black Hole of Finance (video), Santa Fe Institute
  • Movie: In 2022 Lloyd starred in the short film Steeplechase directed by Andrey Kezzyn,[30] which thematizes closed timelike curves, a topic Lloyd has also addressed in his scientific work.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ MIT News Office (2015-08-31). "Seth Lloyd, leading quantum mechanics expert, appointed Nam P. Suh Professor". Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  2. ^ "OYSI". oysi.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  3. ^ Lloyd, Seth (20 October 2002). "THE COMPUTATIONAL UNIVERSE". Edge.org. Edge Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2020. 'Every physical system registers information, and just by evolving in time, by doing its thing, it changes that information ...'
  4. ^ "People: xQIT: Leadership". mit.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  5. ^ Seth Lloyd (1996). "Universal Quantum Simulators". Science. 273 (5278): 1073–1078. Bibcode:1996Sci...273.1073L. doi:10.1126/science.273.5278.1073. PMID 8688088.
  6. ^ Giovannetti, Vittorio; Lloyd, Seth; Maccone, Lorenzo (2006). "Quantum Metrology". Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (1): 010401. arXiv:quant-ph/0509179. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96a0401G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.010401. PMID 16486424. S2CID 32512151.
  7. ^ Lloyd, Seth; Braunstein, Samuel L. (1999). "Quantum Computation over Continuous Variables". Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (8): 1784–1787. arXiv:quant-ph/9810082. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.1784L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1784. S2CID 921320.
  8. ^ Viola, Lorenza; Knill, Emanuel; Lloyd, Seth (1999). "Dynamical Decoupling of Open Quantum Systems". Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (12): 2417–2421. arXiv:quant-ph/9809071. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.2417V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2417.
  9. ^ Harrow, Aram W.; Hassidim, Avinatan; Lloyd, Seth (2009). "Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations". Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (15): 150502. arXiv:0811.3171. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.103o0502H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.150502. PMID 19905613.
  10. ^ Lloyd, S.; Mohseni, M.; Rebentrost, P. (2014). "Quantum principal component analysis". Nature Physics. 10 (9): 631–633. arXiv:1307.0401. Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..631L. doi:10.1038/nphys3029.
  11. ^ Rebentrost, Patrick; Mohseni, Masoud; Lloyd, Seth (2014). "Quantum Support Vector Machine for Big Data Classification". Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (13): 130503. arXiv:1307.0471. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113m0503R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.130503. PMID 25302877. S2CID 5503025.
  12. ^ Mohseni, Masoud; Rebentrost, Patrick; Lloyd, Seth; Aspuru-Guzik, Alán (2008). "Environment-assisted quantum walks in photosynthetic energy transfer". J. Chem. Phys. 129 (17): 174106. arXiv:0805.2741. Bibcode:2008JChPh.129q4106M. doi:10.1063/1.3002335. PMID 19045332. S2CID 938902.
  13. ^ Lloyd, Seth (2011). "Quantum coherence in biological systems". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 302 (1): 012037. Bibcode:2011JPhCS.302a2037L. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012037. ISSN 1742-6596.
  14. ^ Lloyd, Seth (2014-03-10). Optimal Energy Transport in Photosynthesis (Speech). From Atomic to Mesoscale: The Role of Quantum Coherence in Systems of Various Complexities. Institute for Theoretical, Atomic and Molecular and Optical Physics, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  15. ^ Hewitt, John (2015-10-16). "MIT team genetically engineers a quantum virus for efficient energy transport". extremetech.com.
  16. ^ "citation report Seth Lloyd". webofscience.com. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  17. ^ Aldhous, Peter (2019-07-11). "Jeffrey Epstein Called Himself A "Science Philanthropist" And Donated Millions To These Researchers". Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  18. ^ a b "MIT and Jeffrey Epstein". factfinding2020.mit.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  19. ^ Tracy, Marc; Hsu, Tiffany (7 September 2019). "Director of M.I.T.'s Media Lab Resigns After Taking Money From Jeffrey Epstein". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  20. ^ Tracy, Marc; Hsu, Tiffany (2019-08-23). "Jeffrey Epstein Donations to M.I.T. Will be Focus of University Inquiry". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Lloyd, Seth (2019-08-24). "I am writing to apologize to Jeffrey Epstein's victims". medium.com.
  22. ^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (2019-11-04). "Students Are Demanding MIT Fire a Professor Who Visited Epstein in Prison". Vice. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  23. ^ Graham, Eleanor. "Seth Lloyd should not be teaching at MIT". The Tech. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  24. ^ Tolchin, Rion (2019-12-05). "Seth Lloyd should continue teaching at MIT". The Tech. Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  25. ^ MIT News Office (2020-01-10). "MIT releases results of fact-finding on engagements with Jeffrey Epstein". Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  26. ^ Lloyd, Seth (2020-01-16). "What I told MIT about Epstein's donations". medium.com. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  27. ^ a b Stening, Tanner (2020-12-18). "Massachusetts Institute of Technology disciplining professor with ties to disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein". MassLive. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  28. ^ "2007 Fellows of the American Physical Society".
  29. ^ "2012 QCMC".
  30. ^ Seth Lloyd at IMDb
  31. ^ Lloyd, Seth; Maccone, Lorenzo; Garcia-Patron, Raul; Giovannetti, Vittorio; Shikano, Yutaka; Pirandola, Stefano; Rozema, Lee A.; Darabi, Ardavan; Soudagar, Yasaman; Shalm, Lynden K.; Steinberg, Aephraim M. (2011). "Closed Timelike Curves via Postselection: Theory and Experimental Test of Consistency". Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (4): 040403. arXiv:1005.2219. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106d0403L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.040403. PMID 21405310. S2CID 18442086.
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