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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma and China}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Lashi
| name = Lashi
|nativename=Lachik
| nativename = လရှီ / လချစ် Lacid
|states=Burma, China
| states = [[Myanmar]], [[China]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|31,200<!--excl. Chashan-->|1}}
|speakers=30,000
|date=2000
| date = 2000
|ref=e17
| ref = e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
| fam2 = ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
|fam3=[[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
| fam3 = [[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
|fam4=[[Burmish languages|Burmish]]
| fam4 = [[Burmish languages|Burmish]]
|fam5=Maruic
| fam5 = Maruic
|iso3=lsi
| iso3 = lsi
|iso3comment=(incl. Chashan)
| iso3comment = (incl. Chashan)
|glotto=lash1243
| glotto = lash1243
|glottorefname=Lashi
| glottorefname = Lashi
}}
}}


'''Lashi''' (endonym ''Lachik'') is a [[Burmish languages|Burmish]] language. It is according to Nishi (1999: 70) in the Maruic branch, which preserves the preglottalized initials of Proto-Burmish in the most phonotactic environments.
'''Lashi''' ({{lang-my|လရှီ}}, endonym ''Lacid'') is a [[Burmish languages|Burmish]] language. Although the endonym Lashi is often used by Western researchers, the people refer to themselves and their language as Lacid.<ref name="Noftz" /> It is according to Nishi in the Maruic branch, which preserves the preglottalized initials of Proto-Burmish in the most phonotactic environments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nishi |first1=Yoshio |title=Four Papers on Burmese: Toward the History of Burmese (the Myanmar Language) |date=1999 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa |isbn=978-4-87297-744-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDpYAAAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Data on Lashi is available in the followining publications (Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Huang et al. 1992; Wannemacher 1995-7, as cited in Mann 1998, and Yabu 1988).


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
In China, Lashi (Leqi) speakers are distributed in [[Mang City]] (formerly Luxi County), [[Ruili City]], [[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan County]], and [[Yingjiang County]] of western Yunnan province (Dai 2007:5). Mang City has the most Lashi speakers, who are distributed in the following townships.
There are conflicting reports about the size of the Lashi population. Reports range from 30,000 to 60,000.<ref name="Noftz">Robert Noftz (2017) A Literature Review on Segments in Lacid (Lashi){{full citation needed|date=October 2023}}</ref> In China, Lashi (Leqi) speakers are distributed in [[Mangshi]] City (formerly Luxi County), [[Ruili City]], [[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan County]], and [[Yingjiang County]] of western [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]] (Dai 2007:5). Mangshi has the most Lashi speakers, who are distributed in the following [[Townships of China|townships]].
*Manghai 芒海镇
*Manghai (မန်ဟိုင်, 芒海镇)
*Zhongshan 中山乡
*Zhongshan (ကျုင်းရှန်မြို့ , 中山乡)
*Dongshan 东山乡
*Dongshan (သုင်ရှန်မြို့ , 东山乡)
*Santai 三台乡 (in Gonglin 拱岭寨 and Manggang 芒岗寨 villages)
*Santai (ဆန်ထိုင်မြို့ , 三台乡, in Gonglin ကုင်လင် 拱岭寨 and Manggang မန်ကန်芒岗寨 villages)


Lashi (လရှီ) is also spoken in eastern [[Shan State]], [[Myanmar|Burma]]. Lashi was originally spoken in the downstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley, a tributary of the N’Mai Hka river, while [[Achang language|Ngochang]] was originally spoken in the upstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley.<ref name="Sawada2017">{{Cite conference |last=Sawada |first=Hideo |date=2017 |title=Two Undescribed Dialects of Northern Burmish Sub-branch: Gyannoʔ and Thoʔlhang |conference=Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China |language=en |url=https://www.academia.edu/36568446}}</ref>
Lashi is also spoken in eastern [[Shan State]], Burma.


The [[Chashan language]], which is closely related to Lashi, is spoken in nearby Pianma Township 片马镇, [[Lushui County]].
The [[Chashan language]], which is closely related to Lashi, is spoken in nearby Pianma Township (片马镇), [[Lushui County]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*Dai Qingxia (2007). ''Leqiyu Yanjiu [A study of Lashi]''. Beijing: Minzu University.
*Huang Bufan 黃布凡, ed. (1992). 藏緬語族語言詞匯 ''Zangmianyuzu yuyan cihui / A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon''. Beijing: 中央民族大學出版社 Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe, 1992.
⚫
*Luce, G. H. (1985). ''Phases of Pre-Pagán Burma: Languages and History.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Mann, Noel Walter (1998). A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.
⚫
*Wannemacher, Mark W. (1995-7). Notes on Achang, Atsi, Jinghpaw, Lashi, and Maru. (unpublished manuscript cited by Mann 1998).
⚫
*Wannemacher, Mark (2011). ''[http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/research/lacid_phonological_summary.pdf A Phonological Overview of the Lacid Language]''. Chiang Mai: Research Unit, Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*[[Yabu Shirō]] 藪 司郎 (1987). "The Lashi Language of Burma: a brief description." ''Burma and Japan: basic studies on their cultural and social structure.'' Tokyo: Toyota Foundation. 47-53.
*Yabu Shirō 藪 司郎 (1988). A preliminary report on the study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi languages of Burma. In Yoshiaki Ishizawa (ed.), Historical and cultural studies in Burma, 65-132. Tokyo: Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University.


==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dai |first1=Qingxia 戴庆厦 |title=Lèqīyǔ yánjiū |last2=Li |first2=Jie 李洁 |date=2007 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |isbn=9787811083262 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:勒期语研究 |trans-title=Study of the Lashi language}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Nathan |last2=Cooper |first2=Douglas |date=2020 |title=A Machine Readable Collection of Lexical Data on the Burmish Languages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3759030 |type=Data set |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3759030 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Huang |editor-first=Bufan 黃布凡 |date=1992 |script-title=zh:藏緬語族語言詞匯 |title=Zàngmiǎnyǔzú yǔyán cíhuì |trans-title=A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon |location=Beijing |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |language=zh}}
⚫
* {{Cite book |last=Luce |first=G. H. |title=Phases of Pre-Pagán Burma: Languages and History |date=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Luk |first=Hkaw |title=A Grammatical Sketch of Lacid |date=2017 |degree=MA |publisher=Payap University |url=http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Luk_Hkaw_Thesis2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184825/https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Luk_Hkaw_Thesis2017.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-12}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Mann |first=Noel Walter |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic |date=1998 |degree=MA |publisher=The University of Texas |language=en}}
⚫
* {{Citation |last=Wannemacher |first=Mark W. |title=Notes on Achang, Atsi, Jinghpaw, Lashi, and Maru |date=1995–1997}}. (unpublished manuscript cited by Mann 1998).
⚫
* {{Citation |last=Wannemacher |first=Mark |title=A Phonological Overview of the Lacid Language |date=2011 |url=http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/research/lacid_phonological_summary.pdf |place=Chiang Mai |publisher=Research Unit, Linguistics Institute, Payap University |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yabu |first=Shirō 藪司郎 |title=Burma and Japan: Basic Studies on Their Cultural and Social Structure |date=1987 |publisher=Toyota Foundation |location=Tokyo |pages=47–53 |chapter=The Lashi Language of Burma: A Brief Description |author-link=Yabu Shirō}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yabu |first=Shirō 藪司郎 |title=Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma |date=1988 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University |editor-last=Ishizawa |editor-first=Yoshiaki |location=Tokyo |pages=65–132 |chapter=A Preliminary Report on the Study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi Languages of Burma}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lacid.net Lacid language site]
*[https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/languages/#lacid Lacid orthography]

{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of China}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}

[[Category:Burmish languages]]
[[Category:Burmish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Burma]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]



{{st-lang-stub}}
{{st-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 05:35, 30 October 2023

Lashi
လရှီ / လချစ် Lacid
Native toMyanmar, China
Native speakers
30,000 (2000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lsi (incl. Chashan)
Glottologlash1243

Lashi (Burmese: လရှီ, endonym Lacid) is a Burmish language. Although the endonym Lashi is often used by Western researchers, the people refer to themselves and their language as Lacid.[2] It is according to Nishi in the Maruic branch, which preserves the preglottalized initials of Proto-Burmish in the most phonotactic environments.[3]

Distribution

[edit]

There are conflicting reports about the size of the Lashi population. Reports range from 30,000 to 60,000.[2] In China, Lashi (Leqi) speakers are distributed in Mangshi City (formerly Luxi County), Ruili City, Longchuan County, and Yingjiang County of western Yunnan Province (Dai 2007:5). Mangshi has the most Lashi speakers, who are distributed in the following townships.

  • Manghai (မန်ဟိုင်, 芒海镇)
  • Zhongshan (ကျုင်းရှန်မြို့ , 中山乡)
  • Dongshan (သုင်ရှန်မြို့ , 东山乡)
  • Santai (ဆန်ထိုင်မြို့ , 三台乡, in Gonglin ကုင်လင် 拱岭寨 and Manggang မန်ကန်芒岗寨 villages)

Lashi (လရှီ) is also spoken in eastern Shan State, Burma. Lashi was originally spoken in the downstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley, a tributary of the N’Mai Hka river, while Ngochang was originally spoken in the upstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley.[4]

The Chashan language, which is closely related to Lashi, is spoken in nearby Pianma Township (片马镇), Lushui County.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lashi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Robert Noftz (2017) A Literature Review on Segments in Lacid (Lashi)[full citation needed]
  3. ^ Nishi, Yoshio (1999). Four Papers on Burmese: Toward the History of Burmese (the Myanmar Language). Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. ISBN 978-4-87297-744-8.
  4. ^ Sawada, Hideo (2017). Two Undescribed Dialects of Northern Burmish Sub-branch: Gyannoʔ and Thoʔlhang. Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦; Li, Jie 李洁 (2007). Lèqīyǔ yánjiū 勒期语研究 [Study of the Lashi language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 9787811083262.
  • Hill, Nathan; Cooper, Douglas (2020). "A Machine Readable Collection of Lexical Data on the Burmish Languages" (Data set). doi:10.5281/zenodo.3759030.
  • Huang, Bufan 黃布凡, ed. (1992). Zàngmiǎnyǔzú yǔyán cíhuì 藏緬語族語言詞匯 [A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
  • Luce, G. H. (1985). Phases of Pre-Pagán Burma: Languages and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Luk, Hkaw (2017). A Grammatical Sketch of Lacid (PDF) (MA thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-12.
  • Mann, Noel Walter (1998). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic (MA thesis). The University of Texas.
  • Wannemacher, Mark W. (1995–1997), Notes on Achang, Atsi, Jinghpaw, Lashi, and Maru. (unpublished manuscript cited by Mann 1998).
  • Wannemacher, Mark (2011), A Phonological Overview of the Lacid Language (PDF), Chiang Mai: Research Unit, Linguistics Institute, Payap University
  • Yabu, Shirō 藪司郎 (1987). "The Lashi Language of Burma: A Brief Description". Burma and Japan: Basic Studies on Their Cultural and Social Structure. Tokyo: Toyota Foundation. pp. 47–53.
  • Yabu, Shirō 藪司郎 (1988). "A Preliminary Report on the Study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi Languages of Burma". In Ishizawa, Yoshiaki (ed.). Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma. Tokyo: Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University. pp. 65–132.
[edit]


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