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{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Nimbaphrynoides''
| image = Nimbaphrynoides_occidentalis_gestating_female.jpg
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| image_caption = Gestating female
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2014 |title=''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T16793075A16793120 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T16793075A16793120.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]]
| status2 = CITES_A1
| familia = [[Bufonidae]]
| status2_system = CITES
| genus = '''''Nimbaphrynoides'''''
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus_authority = Dubois, 1987
⚫
| genus = Nimbaphrynoides
| species = occidentalis
| authority = ([[Fernand Angel|Angel]], 1943)
| parent_authority = {{interlanguage link multi|Alain Dubois|fr|lt=Dubois}}, 1987
| synonyms = ''Nectophrynoides occidentalis'' <small>Angel, 1943</small><br/>
⚫
''Nectophrynoides liberiensis'' <small>Xavier, 1979 "1978"</small><br/>
''Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis'' <small>(Xavier, 1979)</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}
}}


'''''Nimbaphrynoides''''' is a small [[genus]] of [[Bufonidae|true toads]] from highlands in the [[Mount Nimba]] region of the [[West Africa]]n countries of [[Guinea]], [[Liberia]] and [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. They are [[Critically Endangered]] due to [[habitat loss]], and [[Iron ore|iron]] and [[bauxite]] mining within their small [[range (biology)|ranges]]. Traditionally two species are recognized, but in 2010 it was proposed that ''[[Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis|N. liberiensis]]'' should be considered a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis|N. occidentalis]]''.<ref name=Sandberger>Sandberger, Hillers, Doumbia, Loua, Brede and Rödel (2010). ''[http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02355p068f.pdf Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status.]'' Zootaxa 2355: 56–68</ref>
'''''Nimbaphrynoides''''' is a [[monotypic]] [[genus]] of [[Bufonidae|true toads]]<ref name="Frost genus"/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> from highlands in the [[Mount Nimba]] region of the [[West Africa]]n countries of [[Guinea]], [[Liberia]], and [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. The sole species is '''''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'''''.<ref name=Frost/> Along with ''[[Nectophrynoides]]'', ''[[Eleutherodactylus jasperi]]'', and ''[[Limnonectes larvaepartus]]'', ''Nimbaphrynoides'' is one of the only anurans that combine [[internal fertilization]] with [[ovoviviparity]].<ref name=Wells>Wells (2007). ''The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians.'' Pp. 486–487. {{ISBN|978-0-226-89334-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0115884| pmid = 25551466| pmc = 4281041| title = A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 12| pages = e115884| year = 2014| last1 = Iskandar | first1 = D. T. | last2 = Evans | first2 = B. J. | last3 = McGuire | first3 = J. A. | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9k5884I| doi-access = free}}</ref>


==Taxonomy and systematics==
The two [[species]] are [[Vivipary|viviparous]] – they have [[internal fertilisation]] and the female give birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets.<ref name=Sandberger/> Until the description of ''Nimbaphrynoides'' in 1987, the two species were included in ''[[Nectophrynoides]]'' instead.<ref name=Sandberger/> ''Nectophrynoides'', ''Nimbaphrynoides'' and ''[[Limnonectes larvaepartus]]'' are the only frogs/toads that do not lay [[egg (biology)|eggs]].<ref name=Wells>Wells (2007). ''The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians.'' Pp. 486–487. {{ISBN|978-0-226-89334-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0115884| title = A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 12| pages = e115884| year = 2014| last1 = Iskandar | first1 = D. T. | last2 = Evans | first2 = B. J. | last3 = McGuire | first3 = J. A. }}</ref>
''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'' was first [[species description|described]] as ''Nectophrynoides occidentalis'' by [[Fernand Angel]] in 1943. A second species from Mount Nimba, ''Nectophrynoides liberiensis'', was described in 1979. The two were then transferred to a newly erected genus ''Nimbaphrynoides'' in 1987.<ref name=Frost/><ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> The two species were similar except for the larger size of ''N. liberiensis'' compared to ''N. occidentalis'' and some small colour differences. However, their calls are similar, and the genetic differences are minor. On this basis, they have been judged to be the same species. However, acknowledging the significant differences in size and that small genetic differences do exist,<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> they are still retained as [[subspecies]]:<ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/>
⚫
* ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis occidentalis'' {{small|(Angel, 1943)}} — Western Nimba toad, Mount Nimba viviparous toad
* ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis'' {{small|(Xavier, 1979)}} — Liberia Nimba toad


==Species==
==Description==
[[File:Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis young female.jpg|thumb|left|Young female towards the end of the rainy season]]
{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; "
Adult males of ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis occidentalis'' measure on average {{convert|18|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females on average {{convert|20.5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis'' are larger at respectively {{convert|22.4|and|28.7|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Adult colouration is variable. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] in most individuals is brown to black backs, without a distinct border between the two colours. It may also be uniform in colouration, or have lighter and darker browns irregularly mixed. There are some lighter areas in the head, at least on the snout and the eye-lids. The legs are light brown with irregularly bordered darker stripes or dots. The venter is typically white, but some ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis'' have small to large light brown dots on their venter. Juveniles had brighter coloured backs than adults.<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/>
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "

!Binomial Name and Author!! Common Name
==Reproduction==
|-
[[File:Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis female and male in amplexus.jpg|thumb|left|Female and male in [[amplexus]]]]
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
The [[Sexual selection in amphibians#Vocal signaling in frogs|male advertisement call]] is very faint, short, and resembles a metallic "bing". ''Nimbaphrynoides'' are [[Viviparity|viviparous]]—they have [[internal fertilisation]] and the female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets.<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> Eggs are small, ranging from 0.5–0.6&nbsp;mm in diameter.<ref name=VittCaldwell>{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J. |last1=Vitt |first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell |publisher=Academic Press |year=2014 |pages=169}}</ref>
⚫
| ''[[Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis]]'' {{small|(Xavier, 1979)}} || Liberia Nimba Toad

|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
==Habitat and conservation==
⚫
| ''[[Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis]]'' {{small|(Angel, 1943)}} || Western Nimba Toad
''Nimbaphrynoides'' occur in montane grasslands at elevations of {{convert|1200|–|1680|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. It is not tolerant to disturbance,<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> and recent observations are from less impacted areas where soil was not compacted or little compacted.<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> It can be locally very common, but the population is severely fragmented.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> The area has been affected by mining,<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> and the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] of ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis'' is now an open cast mining pit.<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010"/> Future threats include a proposed iron ore mining concession and the arrival of a large contingent of refugees. Part of the population is protected by the [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]], although improved management of the site is required.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
|-
⚫
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{reflist}}
<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtml|title=Bufonidae |year=2018 |work=AmphibiaWeb |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
* {{aut|Frost, Darrel R}}. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=&subfamily=&genus=Nimbaphrynoides&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= ''Nimbaphrynoides''] access date: 2008-04-17

⚫
* eol – Encyclopedia of Life at [http://www.eol.org] Taxon [http://www.eol.org/taxa/16148693 ''Nimbaphrynoides'']
<ref name="Frost genus">{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Nimbaphrynoides |title=''Nimbaphrynoides'' Dubois, 1987 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Nimbaphrynoides/Nimbaphrynoides-occidentalis |title=''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'' (Angel, 1943) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Sandberger et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sandberger |first1=L. |last2=Hillers |first2=A. |last3=Doumbia |first3=J. |last4=Loua |first4=N.-S. |last5=Brede |first5=C. |last6=Rödel |first6=M.-O. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, ''Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis'' (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2355 |pages=56–68 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02355p068f.pdf |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3 }}</ref>
⚫
}}

==External links==
⚫
* eol – Encyclopedia of Life at [http://www.eol.org] Taxon [http://eol.org/pages/40004/overview ''Nimbaphrynoides'']
* {{ITIS |id=585625 |taxon=''Nimbaphrynoides'' |accessdate=16 April 2008}}
* {{ITIS |id=585625 |taxon=''Nimbaphrynoides'' |accessdate=16 April 2008}}
* GBIF – Global Biodiversity Information Facility at [http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm] Taxon [http://data.gbif.org/species/13191220/ ''Nimbaphrynoides'']
* GBIF – Global Biodiversity Information Facility at [http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm] Taxon [http://data.gbif.org/species/13191220/ ''Nimbaphrynoides'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2673597}}
⚫
[[Category:Toads]]
⚫
[[Category:Amphibian genera]]


{{Bufonidae-stub}}
[[Category:Bufonidae]]
⚫
[[Category:Monotypic amphibian genera]]
⚫
[[Category:Frogs of Africa]]
[[Category:Amphibians of West Africa]]

Latest revision as of 04:48, 1 November 2023

Nimbaphrynoides
Gestating female
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Nimbaphrynoides
Dubois [fr], 1987
Species:
N. occidentalis
Binomial name
Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis
(Angel, 1943)
Synonyms[3]

Nectophrynoides occidentalis Angel, 1943
Nectophrynoides liberiensis Xavier, 1979 "1978"
Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1979)

Nimbaphrynoides is a monotypic genus of true toads[4][5] from highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The sole species is Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis.[3] Along with Nectophrynoides, Eleutherodactylus jasperi, and Limnonectes larvaepartus, Nimbaphrynoides is one of the only anurans that combine internal fertilization with ovoviviparity.[6][7]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis was first described as Nectophrynoides occidentalis by Fernand Angel in 1943. A second species from Mount Nimba, Nectophrynoides liberiensis, was described in 1979. The two were then transferred to a newly erected genus Nimbaphrynoides in 1987.[3][8] The two species were similar except for the larger size of N. liberiensis compared to N. occidentalis and some small colour differences. However, their calls are similar, and the genetic differences are minor. On this basis, they have been judged to be the same species. However, acknowledging the significant differences in size and that small genetic differences do exist,[8] they are still retained as subspecies:[3][5][8]

  • Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis occidentalis (Angel, 1943) — Western Nimba toad, Mount Nimba viviparous toad
  • Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis (Xavier, 1979) — Liberia Nimba toad

Description

[edit]
Young female towards the end of the rainy season

Adult males of Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis occidentalis measure on average 18 mm (0.7 in) and adult females on average 20.5 mm (0.8 in) in snout–vent length. Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis are larger at respectively 22.4 and 28.7 mm (0.9 and 1.1 in). Adult colouration is variable. The dorsum in most individuals is brown to black backs, without a distinct border between the two colours. It may also be uniform in colouration, or have lighter and darker browns irregularly mixed. There are some lighter areas in the head, at least on the snout and the eye-lids. The legs are light brown with irregularly bordered darker stripes or dots. The venter is typically white, but some Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis have small to large light brown dots on their venter. Juveniles had brighter coloured backs than adults.[8]

Reproduction

[edit]
Female and male in amplexus

The male advertisement call is very faint, short, and resembles a metallic "bing". Nimbaphrynoides are viviparous—they have internal fertilisation and the female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets.[8] Eggs are small, ranging from 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter.[9]

Habitat and conservation

[edit]

Nimbaphrynoides occur in montane grasslands at elevations of 1,200–1,680 m (3,940–5,510 ft) above sea level. It is not tolerant to disturbance,[1] and recent observations are from less impacted areas where soil was not compacted or little compacted.[8] It can be locally very common, but the population is severely fragmented.[1] The area has been affected by mining,[1][8] and the type locality of Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis is now an open cast mining pit.[8] Future threats include a proposed iron ore mining concession and the arrival of a large contingent of refugees. Part of the population is protected by the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, although improved management of the site is required.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T16793075A16793120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T16793075A16793120.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis (Angel, 1943)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  6. ^ Wells (2007). The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. Pp. 486–487. ISBN 978-0-226-89334-1
  7. ^ Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5884I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884. PMC 4281041. PMID 25551466.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Sandberger, L.; Hillers, A.; Doumbia, J.; Loua, N.-S.; Brede, C. & Rödel, M.-O. (2010). "Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2355: 56–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3.
  9. ^ Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 169.
[edit]
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