Valve stem: Difference between revisions

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A valve stem is a self-contained valve that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a tire),^[1] and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the pressure in the chamber, or a spring,^[2]^[3] or both, to prevent the gas from escaping.^[4]

There are many types of valves, and they are most commonly used on automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle tires, but also for many other applications. The most common type is the Schrader valve, but some road bicycles with skinny tires instead use the Presta valve.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Schrader

Schrader valve stem

Schrader valves consist of a valve stem into which a poppet valve is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile and motorbike tires and on wider-rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, plumbing, engine fuel injection, suspension systems, and SCUBA regulators, allowing the user to remove and attach a hose while in use. The Schrader valves in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles are used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure or connect an injector cleaner cartridge.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Presta

Presta valve stem

Presta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6 mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8 mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller. Has a locknut that needs to be opened to inflate/deflate.^[17]^[18]

Dunlop (or Woods)

Dunlop (or Woods) valve stem

Dunlop valves (also called Woods valves or English valves) were the dominating bicycle valves in the European region and many other countries. As of 2021, Presta valves are just as common in these regions. Dunlop valves are still widely used especially on low to medium-priced bicycles (city and trekking bikes).^[19] They can be pumped up with a Presta bicycle pump.^[20]

Regina

Regina Valve stem

The "Regina Valve" is very similar to the Presta and mostly used in Italy.^[21]^{[circular reference]} The central threaded pin is so short that it does not protrude from the valve tube and therefore cannot be bent. In order to close the valve tightly, a small, loose nut is placed on this threaded rod with a diameter of only around 1.5 mm and screwed on by hand. A threaded rod is enough. By tightening the nut, the valve disc with the conical sealing body is pressed against the valve seat.

Rim drilling:⌀ 6.5 mm

Thread DIN 7756 • outside VG 6×32 •outside VG 5.2×24 at the upper end

Maximum pressure 15 bars.

Others

Many other valves are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes.

Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a "portable" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator, the tire is inflated as usual.

References

^ García-Ramírez, Yasmany (2022). "Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. doi:10.5220/0011056900003191.
^ "Pressure". Pressure. 2020. doi:10.5040/9781682661031.
^ Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ "Handmade Automobiles". Handmade Automobiles. 2009. doi:10.5040/9781350904057.
^ Motorcycle Headlamps, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ "The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires". Scientific American. 75 (5): 125–126. 1896-08-01. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125. ISSN 0036-8733.
^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Eugene A. Sloane (1991). Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles. Simon and Schuster. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-0-671-67587-5.
^ "poppet valve, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Karmakar, Sibdas; Karmakar (2022-02-16), "Diameters and Conjugate Diameters", Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions, London: CRC Press, pp. 273–300, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ "Air conditioning system cost", Air Conditioning, Routledge, pp. 367–373, 2014-05-09, ISBN 978-1-315-79406-8, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Pressure regulators for use with medical gases, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ "Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing", Plumbing, Routledge, pp. 13–32, 2007-08-15, ISBN 978-0-08-055005-3, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Bauer, Wolfgang (2021-10-01), "Suspension Systems Basics", Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-3-662-63771-5, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Christopher Wiggins (5 June 2014). Bike Repair and Maintenance. DK Publishing. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-61564-511-4.
^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25
^ Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary
^ "Fahrradventil". Wikipedia DE. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

External links

[1] García-Ramírez, Yasmany (2022). "Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. doi:10.5220/0011056900003191.

[2] "Pressure". Pressure. 2020. doi:10.5040/9781682661031.

[3] Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[4] Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[5] "Handmade Automobiles". Handmade Automobiles. 2009. doi:10.5040/9781350904057.

[6] Motorcycle Headlamps, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25

[7] "The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires". Scientific American. 75 (5): 125–126. 1896-08-01. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125. ISSN 0036-8733.

[8] Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[Sloane1991-9] Eugene A. Sloane (1991). Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles. Simon and Schuster. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-0-671-67587-5.

[10] "poppet valve, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, retrieved 2023-09-25

[11] Karmakar, Sibdas; Karmakar (2022-02-16), "Diameters and Conjugate Diameters", Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions, London: CRC Press, pp. 273–300, retrieved 2023-09-25

[12] "Air conditioning system cost", Air Conditioning, Routledge, pp. 367–373, 2014-05-09, ISBN 978-1-315-79406-8, retrieved 2023-09-25

[13] Pressure regulators for use with medical gases, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[14] "Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing", Plumbing, Routledge, pp. 13–32, 2007-08-15, ISBN 978-0-08-055005-3, retrieved 2023-09-25

[15] Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25

[16] Bauer, Wolfgang (2021-10-01), "Suspension Systems Basics", Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-3-662-63771-5, retrieved 2023-09-25

[Wiggins2014-17] Christopher Wiggins (5 June 2014). Bike Repair and Maintenance. DK Publishing. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-61564-511-4.

[18] Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[19] Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25

[20] Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary

[21] "Fahrradventil". Wikipedia DE. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{for|the shaft which transmits motion from the outside to the inside of a valve|Valve#Stem}}
 {{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}
+{{short description|Type of valve}}
+[[File:ImageerMedia-70.jpg|thumb|Replacing a valve stem.]]
+A '''valve stem''' is a self-contained [[valve]] that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a [[tire]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García-Ramírez |first=Yasmany |date=2022 |title=Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011056900003191 |journal=Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems |publisher=SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications |doi=10.5220/0011056900003191|doi-access=free }}</ref> and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the [[pressure]] in the chamber, or a [[spring (device)|spring]],<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Pressure |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781682661031 |journal=Pressure |doi=10.5040/9781682661031}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/30338766 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref> or both, to prevent the gas from escaping.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref>
+There are many types of valves, and they are most commonly used on [[Tire|automobile]], [[Motorcycle tire|motorcycle]], and [[bicycle tire]]s, but also for many other applications. The most common type is the [[Schrader valve]], but some [[road bicycle]]s with skinny tires instead use the [[Presta valve]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Handmade Automobiles |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350904057 |journal=Handmade Automobiles |doi=10.5040/9781350904057}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Headlamps |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j584_202002 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=SAE International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1896-08-01 |title=The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125 |journal=Scientific American |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125 |issn=0036-8733}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref>
-A '''valve stem''' is a self-contained [[valve]] which opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a [[tire]]), and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the [[pressure]] in the chamber, or a [[spring (device)|spring]], or both, to prevent the gas from escaping. They are most commonly used on [[automobile]] and [[bicycle]] [[wheel]]s, but also for many other applications.
 ==Schrader==
-[[Image:Schrader valve tall.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Schrader valve stem]]
+[[Image:Schrader-ventil.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Schrader valve stem]]
 {{Main|Schrader valve}}
+Schrader valves consist of a valve stem into which a [[poppet valve]] is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile and motorbike tires and on wider-rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in [[refrigeration]] and [[Air conditioning|air conditioning systems]], [[plumbing]], [[Fuel injection|engine fuel injection]], [[Car suspension|suspension systems]], and SCUBA [[Diving regulator|regulator]]s, allowing the user to remove and attach a hose while in use. The Schrader valves in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles are used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure or connect an injector cleaner cartridge.<ref name="Sloane1991">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ume00drmsC&pg=PA313|title=Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles|author=Eugene A. Sloane|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1991|isbn=978-0-671-67587-5|pages=313–}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=poppet valve, n. |date=2023-03-02 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/1063025456 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Karmakar |first=Sibdas |title=Diameters and Conjugate Diameters |date=2022-02-16 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293248-7 |work=Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions |pages=273–300 |access-date=2023-09-25 |place=London |publisher=CRC Press |last2=Karmakar}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Air conditioning system cost |date=2014-05-09 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315794068-23 |work=Air Conditioning |pages=367–373 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-79406-8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Pressure regulators for use with medical gases |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02670016u |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing |date=2007-08-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080550053-6 |work=Plumbing |pages=13–32 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-08-055005-3}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j1223_201208 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=SAE International}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bauer |first=Wolfgang |title=Suspension Systems Basics |date=2021-10-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63772-2_1 |work=Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems |pages=1–22 |access-date=2023-09-25 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-63771-5}}</ref>
-Schrader valves (also called American valves) consist of a valve stem into which a [[poppet valve]] is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile tires, and in the United States, on most wider rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, plumbing, fuel injection engines, suspension systems, and SCUBA [[Diving regulator|regulator]]s, allowing the user to remove and attach the hose while in use.
-Another use for Schrader valves is in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles, where it is used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure and to connect a cleaner injection device or cleaner cartridge.
 ==Presta==
@@ Line 15: / Line 17: @@
 {{Main|Presta valve}}
-Presta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6 mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8 mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
+Presta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6 mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8 mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller.
+Has a locknut that needs to be opened to inflate/deflate.<ref name="Wiggins2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oruUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|title=Bike Repair and Maintenance|author=Christopher Wiggins|date=5 June 2014|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-61564-511-4|pages=16–}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref>
 ==Dunlop (or Woods)==
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 {{Main|Dunlop valve}}
-Dunlop valves, (also called Woods valves or English valves) were once popular in Great Britain.  They are still widely used on bicycle tires in many countries,<ref>
+Dunlop valves (also called Woods valves or English valves) were the dominating bicycle valves in the European region and many other countries.
+As of 2021, Presta valves are just as common in these regions. Dunlop valves are still widely used especially on low to medium-priced bicycles (city and trekking bikes).<ref>{{Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards}}</ref>
-{{cite web
+They can be pumped up with a Presta [[bicycle pump]].<ref>[http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_w.html#woods Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary]</ref>
-|url=http://www.japancycling.org/v2/info/bikesj/tyres.shtml
-|title=Japan Cycling Navigator:Information: Bikes in Japan: Tyres and Tubes
-|publisher=www.japancycling.org
-|accessdate=2009-06-01
-|last=
-|first=
-}}</ref> especially on low to medium priced{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} bicycles.
-==Others==
+==Regina==
 [[Image:Valve Regina avec son bouchon.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Regina Valve stem]]
+The "Regina Valve" is very similar to the Presta and mostly used in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fahrradventil |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrradventil#Reginaventil |website=Wikipedia DE |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2023}} The central threaded pin is so short that it does not protrude from the valve tube and therefore cannot be bent. In order to close the valve tightly, a small, loose nut is placed on this threaded rod with a diameter of only around 1.5 mm and screwed on by hand. A threaded rod is enough. By tightening the nut, the valve disc with the conical sealing body is pressed against the valve seat.
-Many other valves exist that are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes.
+Rim drilling:⌀ 6.5 mm
+Thread DIN 7756
+• outside VG 6×32
+•outside VG 5.2×24 at the upper end
+Maximum pressure 15 bars.
+==Others==
+Many other valves are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes.
-For example the "Regina Valve" is a valve very much similar to the Presta and mostly being used in Italy. Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a "portable" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator the tire is inflated as usual.
+Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a "portable" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator, the tire is inflated as usual.
 ==References==
@@ Line 42: / Line 51: @@
 ==External links==
 *[http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_u-v.html#valve summary of bicycle valve types] by [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]]
-*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/cyqlist/valve.html&date=2009-10-25+18:01:19 common types of valves used for bicycles]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040908231241/http://www.geocities.com/cyqlist/valve.html common types of valves used for bicycles]
+*[https://www.quickpressure.com/advantages-of-tire-monitoring-valve-cap/ advantages Of tire monitoring valve cap]
+{{Tires|state=collapsed}}
 {{Bike equipment}}

v t e Tires
Types	Tubeless tire Radial tire Low rolling resistance tire Run-flat tire Michelin PAX System Airless tire Tweel Rain tyre Snow tire All-terrain tire Bar grip Knobby tire Large tire Mud-terrain tire Paddle tire Orange oil tires Whitewall tire Aircraft tire Tundra tire Bicycle tire Tubular tire Lego tire Motorcycle tyre Tractor tire Racing slick Formula One tyres Spare tire Continental tire
Components	Bead Beadlock Tread Siping (rubber) Valve stem Dunlop valve Presta valve Schrader valve
Attributes	Camber thrust Circle of forces Cold inflation pressure Contact patch Cornering force Ground pressure Pacejka's Magic Formula Pneumatic trail Relaxation length Rolling resistance Self aligning torque Slip angle Steering ratio Tire balance Tire load sensitivity Tire uniformity Lateral Force Variation Radial Force Variation Traction (engineering) Treadwear rating
Behaviors	Aquaplaning Groove wander Slip (vehicle dynamics) Tramlining
Maintenance	Tire maintenance Tire rotation Bicycle pump Central Tire Inflation System Tire mousse Tire-pressure monitoring system Tire-pressure gauge Direct TPMS Bead breaker Tire changer Tire iron
Life cycle	Tire manufacturing List of tire companies Retread Waste tires Tire recycling Tire fire Blowout Flat tire Ozone cracking
Organizations	European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Tire Society Tire Science and Technology
Identification	Tire code Plus sizing Tire label Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
Outline of tires Kategorie

v t e Bicycle parts
Frame	Handlebars Stem Head tube Headset Fork Seatpost Saddle Bottom bracket Fork end Suspension
Wheels	Tire Spoke Spoke nipple Valve stem Dustcap Quick release skewer
Drivetrain	Pedal Crankset Chain/Belt Master link Cogset Derailleur/Hub gears Gear case Sprocket
Cabling	Shifter Bowden cable Cable guide Brake Ferrule
Peripherals	Basket Bell Bottle cage Fairing Cyclocomputer Kickstand Lighting Luggage carrier Mudguards Panniers Saddlebag Spoke card Reflectors Skirt guard Fender Training wheels