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{{Short description|Genus of palms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Livistona-chinensis.jpg
| image = Livistona-chinensis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Livistona chinensis]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Livistona chinensis]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Livistona
| taxon = Livistona
| authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6911 |title=Genus: ''Livistona'' R. Br. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-10-15 |accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>
| authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6911 |title=Genus: ''Livistona'' R. Br. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-10-15 |access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=asdfuh0ash8dfhshdafuio>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=114902 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
| synonyms = *''[[Wissmannia]]'' <small>Burret</small>|
| synonyms = *''Wissmannia'' <small>Burret</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSPF/>
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}
}}
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[[File:Carnarvon Fan Palms.jpg|thumb|''[[Livistona nitida]]'', the Carnarvon fan palm, as seen from the Amphitheatre in [[Carnarvon National Park]], Australia.]]


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'''''Livistona''''' is a genus of [[Arecaceae|palm]]s, the [[Family (taxonomy)|botanical family]] [[Arecaceae]], native to [[Southeast Asia|southeastern]] and [[East Asia|eastern Asia]], [[Australasia]], and the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name=WCSPF>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=114902 |title=''Livistona'' |last1=Govaerts |first1=Rafaël H. A. |author-link=Rafaël Govaerts |last2=Dransfield |first2=John |author-link2=John Dransfield |date=2005 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> They are [[fan palm]]s, the [[leaf|leaves]] with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, [[:wikt:costapalmate|costapalmate]] fan of numerous leaflets.<ref name=Dowe2009>{{cite journal |last=Dowe |first=John Leslie |author-link=John Leslie Dowe |date=2009 |title=A taxonomic account of ''Livistona'' R.Br. (Arecaceae) |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/4-4-60-2-02-y2009-v60p2-gbs-pg-185.pdf |journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |volume=60 |pages=185–344 |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6911 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Livistona'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118760 Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 147, <big>蒲葵属</big> pu kui shu, ''Livistona'' R. Brown, Prodr. 267. 1810. ]</ref>
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[[File:Carnarvon Fan Palms.jpg|thumb|''[[Livistona nitida]]'', the Carnarvon Fan Palm, as seen from the Amphitheatre in [[Carnarvon National Park]].]]
⚫
'''''Livistona''''' is a genus of [[Arecaceae|palm]]s (family [[Arecaceae]]), native to southern, southeastern and eastern [[Asia]], [[Australasia]], and the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name=asdfuh0ash8dfhshdafuio/> They are [[fan palm]]s, the [[leaf|leaves]] with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets.<ref>Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Dowe, J.L. (2009). A taxonomic account of ''Livistona'' R.Br. (Arecaceae). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 60: 185-344.</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6911 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Livistona'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118760 Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 147, <big>蒲葵属</big> pu kui shu, ''Livistona'' R. Brown, Prodr. 267. 1810. ]</ref>


⚫
''[[Livistona speciosa|L. speciosa]]'', locally called ''kho'', gives its name to [[Amphoe Khao Kho|Khao Kho District]] in [[Thailand]].<ref>[http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Livistona_speciosa Palmpedia, Livistona speciosa]</ref>
''Livistona'' is closely related to the genus ''[[Saribus]]'', and for a time ''Saribus'' was included in ''Livistona''. Recent studies, however, have advocated separating the two groups.<ref name=asdfuh0ash8dfhshdafuio/><ref>Bacon, C.D. & Baker, W.J. (2011). ''Saribus'' resurrected. Palms; Journal of the International Palm Society 55: 109-116.</ref>


==Taxonomy==
''Livistona'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Batrachedra|Batrachedra arenosella]]'' (recorded on ''L. subglobosa'') and ''[[Paysandisia archon]]''.
The genus was established by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in his ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen|Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae]]'' (1810) to accommodate his descriptions of two species collected during an expedition to Australia. The names published by Brown were ''[[Livistona humilis]]'' and ''[[Livistona inermis|L. inermis]]'', describing material he had collected in the north of Australia, a partial taxonomic revision in 1963 nominated the first of these as the [[lectotype]]. His collaborator [[Ferdinand Bauer]], the botanist and master illustrator, produced artworks to accompany Brown's descriptions, but these were not published until 1838.<ref name="Rodd1998">{{cite journal |last1=Rodd |first1=A. |author-link=Tony Rodd |title=Revision of ''Livistona'' (Arecaceae) in Australia |journal=Telopea |date=21 December 1998 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=49–153 |doi=10.7751/telopea19982015|doi-access=free }}</ref>


In 1983 a species of palm from [[Somalia]] was formally transferred to the genus by [[John Dransfield]] and [[Natalie Whitford Uhl]].<ref name=Dowe2009/>
⚫
Kho (''[[Livistona speciosa|L. speciosa]]'') is the tree of [[Amphoe Khao Kho|Khao Kho District]] in [[Thailand]].<ref>[http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Livistona_speciosa Palmpedia, Livistona speciosa]</ref>

The Australian members of the genus were subjected to a taxonomic revision by [[Tony Rodd]] in 1998. Rodd added five new Australian species, increasing the size of the genus.<ref name="Rodd1998"/> Another species was described from Vietnam in 2000. In 2009 [[John Leslie Dowe]] published the latest [[monograph]] on the genus. Along with the Indonesian botanist [[Johanis P. Mogea]] and [[Anders Sánchez Barfod]] from Denmark, he had described five new species in the previous years, further swelling the genus.<ref name=Dowe2009/>

For much of the history of the genus, the species of the genus ''[[Saribus]]'' were classified within the genus ''Livistona''. [[Phylogenetic]] studies using [[DNA]] comparisons of numerous species in the different genera in the [[List of Arecaceae genera#Tribe Trachycarpeae|Trachycarpeae]] tribe of palms, however, found that the species from the [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]] and other surrounding regions were more closely related to ''[[Pholidocarpus]]'', ''[[Licuala]]'' and ''[[Johannesteijsmannia]]'' than they were to ''Livistona'', which advocated separating the two groups taxonomically. The genus was thus revised again by Christine D. Bacon and William J. Baker in 2011, with ''Saribus'' split off and combined with ''[[Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi]]'', decreasing the genus again.<ref name=BaconBaker2011>{{cite journal |last1=Bacon |first1=Christine D. |last2=Baker |first2=William J. |date=14 September 2011 |title=''Saribus'' resurrected |url=https://www.province-sud.nc/pandoreweb/pandore/document/Document/ff80818167be546e0167be88e52d0c36/fichier?_responseMode=binary |journal=Palms |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=109–116 |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>

⚫
===Etymology===
⚫
Robert Brown named the genus ''Livistona'' after Patrick Murray (1634&ndash;1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|botanical gardens]] in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111968#page/136/mode/1up|title=Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805 |last=Brown |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) |year=1810}} {{in lang|la}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author1=Napier, D | author2 = Smith, N | author3 = Alford, L | author4 = Brown, J | year = 2012 | title= Common Plants of Australia's Top End | publisher = Gecko Books | location = South Australia |isbn = 9780980852523 | pages = 50–51}}</ref><ref name="Dowe2010">{{Citation | last = Dowe |first=John Leslie |author-link=John Leslie Dowe |year=2010 | title = Australian Palms : Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | location = Melbourne, Vic |isbn = 9780643096158 | pages=110–112}}</ref> Brown's praise for the early horticulturist begins, "''… in memoriam viri nobilis Patricii Murray Baronis de Livistone,''", and the Latinised name of the genus is evidently derived from the name of the family's seat.<ref name="Rodd1998"/>

==Distribution==
The genus has a [[disjunct distribution]], which is split into three contiguous areas. The range of ''[[Livistona carinensis]]'' in Africa is very far away from that of the other species in the genus. In 1983 [[John Dransfield]] and [[Natalie Whitford Uhl]] first suggested that this odd pattern was due to a formerly much more extensive distribution during the warmer and moister climate of the [[Miocene]], including areas between it and the rest, but that prehistoric [[climate change]] split them. Later DNA evidence of a mass of ancient extinctions between ''L. carinensis'' and the rest is thought to corroborate the theory. The recognition of ''Saribus'' has split the remaining distribution into a group of species found in [[Australia]] and southern [[New Guinea]], and another group of species in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=BaconBaker2011/>


==Species==
==Species==
The classification of the genus has been the subject of a number of recent revisions which have reduced the number of species since the 2009 monograph. The following is an uncritical list of species:


* ''[[Livistona alfredii]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]]</small> - [[Australia]]: [[Western Australia]]
* ''[[Livistona alfredii]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]]</small> - [[Australia]]: [[Western Australia]]
* ''[[Livistona australis]]'' <small>([[R.Br.]]) [[Mart.]]</small> &ndash; Cabbage-tree Palm - Australia: [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
* ''[[Livistona australis]]'' <small>([[R.Br.]]) [[Mart.]]</small> &ndash; Cabbage-tree palm - Australia: [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
* ''[[Livistona benthamii]]'' <small>[[F.M.Bailey]]</small> - Australia: Queensland, [[Northern Territory]]; [[New Guinea]]
* ''[[Livistona benthamii]]'' <small>[[F.M.Bailey]]</small> - Australia: Queensland, [[Northern Territory]]; [[New Guinea]]
* ''[[Livistona boninensis]]'' <small>([[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]) Nakai</small> - [[Bonin Islands]]
* ''[[Livistona boninensis]]'' <small>([[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]) Nakai</small> - [[Bonin Islands]]
* ''[[Livistona carinensis]]'' <small>(Chiov.) [[J.Dransf.]] & [[N.W.Uhl]]</small> - [[Djibouti]], [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]]
* ''[[Livistona carinensis]]'' <small>([[Chiov.]]) [[J.Dransf.]] & [[N.W.Uhl]]</small> - [[Djibouti]], [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]]
* ''[[Livistona chinensis]]'' <small>(Jacq.) [[R.Br.]] ex [[Mart.]]</small> &ndash; Chinese Fan Palm - [[Japan]]: South and [[Ryukyu Islands]], [[China]]: [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], [[Taiwan]]; naturalized in [[South Africa]], [[Java]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Micronesia]], [[Florida]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Bermuda]], [[Puerto Rico]], and various island in the [[Indian Ocean]]
* ''[[Livistona chinensis]]'' <small>([[Jacq.]]) [[R.Br.]] ex [[Mart.]]</small> &ndash; Chinese fan palm - [[Japan]]: South and [[Ryukyu Islands]], [[China]]: [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], [[Taiwan]]; naturalized in [[South Africa]], [[Java]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Micronesia]], [[Florida]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Bermuda]], [[Puerto Rico]], and various island in the [[Indian Ocean]]
* ''[[Livistona concinna]]'' <small>[[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & Barfod</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona concinna]]'' <small>[[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & Barfod</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona decora]]'' <small>([[W.Bull]]) [[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona decora]]'' <small>([[W.Bull]]) [[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona drudei]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]] ex Drude</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona drudei]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]] ex Drude</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona eastonii]]'' <small>[[C.A.Gardner]]</small> - Australia: Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona eastonii]]'' <small>[[C.A.Gardner]]</small>, known as darngarna on the [[Mitchell Plateau]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Jewel of the Kimberley Western Australias Mitchell Plateau Protected | website=The Pew Charitable Trusts | date=14 April 2015 | url=http://pew.org/1GiaGNx | access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> - Australia: Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona endauensis]]'' <small>[[J.Dransf.]] & [[K.M.Wong]]</small> - [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
* ''[[Livistona endauensis]]'' <small>[[J.Dransf.]] & [[K.M.Wong]]</small> - [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
* ''[[Livistona exigua]]'' <small>[[J.Dransf.]]</small> - [[Brunei]]
* ''[[Livistona exigua]]'' <small>[[J.Dransf.]]</small> - [[Brunei]]
* ''[[Livistona fulva]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona fulva]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona halongensis]]'' - [[Ha Long Bay]] Islands in [[Vietnam]]
* ''[[Livistona halongensis]]'' <small>[[T.H.Nguyên]] & [[Ruth Kiew|Kiew]]</small> - [[Ha Long Bay]] Islands in [[Vietnam]]
* ''[[Livistona humilis]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> - Australia: Northern Territory
* ''[[Livistona humilis]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> - Australia: Northern Territory
* ''[[Livistona inermis]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
* ''[[Livistona inermis]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
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* ''[[Livistona lanuginosa]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona lanuginosa]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona lorophylla]]'' <small>[[Becc.]]</small>. - Australia: Northern Territory, Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona lorophylla]]'' <small>[[Becc.]]</small>. - Australia: Northern Territory, Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona mariae]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]]</small> &ndash; Central Australian Fan Palm - Australia: Northern Territory
* ''[[Livistona mariae]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]]</small> &ndash; three subspecies Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
* ''[[Livistona muelleri]]'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small> - Australia: Queensland; New Guinea
* ''[[Livistona muelleri]]'' <small>[[F.M.Bailey]]</small> - Australia: Queensland; New Guinea
* ''[[Livistona nasmophila]]'' <small>[[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & [[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]]</small> - Australia: Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona nasmophila]]'' <small>[[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & [[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]]</small> - Australia: Western Australia
* ''[[Livistona nitida]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> &ndash; Carnarvon Fan Palm - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona nitida]]'' <small>[[Tony Rodd|Rodd]]</small> &ndash; Carnarvon Fan Palm - Australia: Queensland
* ''[[Livistona rigida]]'' <small>[[Becc.]]</small>. - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
* ''[[Livistona saribus]]'' <small>([[Lour.]]) [[Merr.]] ex A. Chev.</small> - [[Indochina]], [[Malaysia]], [[Borneo]], Java, [[Philippines]]; naturalized in [[Polynesia]], China: Guangdong, Yunnan
* ''[[Livistona saribus]]'' <small>([[Lour.]]) [[Merr.]] ex A. Chev.</small> - [[Indochina]], [[Malaysia]], [[Borneo]], Java, [[Philippines]]; naturalized in [[Polynesia]], China: Guangdong, Yunnan
* ''[[Livistona speciosa]]'' <small>Kurz</small><small></small> &ndash; Kho - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, [[Bangladesh]], southern China<!--the tree of [[Amphoe Khao Kho|Khao Kho District]] in Thailand-->
* ''[[Livistona speciosa]]'' <small>Kurz</small><small></small> - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, [[Bangladesh]], southern China<!--the tree of [[Amphoe Khao Kho|Khao Kho District]] in Thailand-->
* ''[[Livistona tahanensis]]'' <small>[[Becc.]]</small> - [[Pahang]] in Malaysia
* ''[[Livistona tahanensis]]'' <small>[[Becc.]]</small> - [[Pahang]] in Malaysia
* ''[[Livistona victoriae]]'' <small>Rodd</small> - Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory
* ''[[Livistona victoriae]]'' <small>Rodd</small> - Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory
[[File:Livistona humilis Bauer in Martius Historia naturalis palmarum plate 110.jpg|thumb|''[[Livistona humilis]]'' by [[Ferdinand Bauer]] in Martius ''Historia naturalis palmarum'' (1838)]]

;Formerly placed here
;Formerly placed here
* ''[[Pritchardia gaudichaudii]]'' <small>(Mart.) H.Wendl.</small> (''Livistona gaudichaudii'')
* ''[[Pholidocarpus kingianus]]'' <small>([[Becc.]]) [[Ridl.]]</small> (''Livistona kingiana'')
* ''[[Pritchardia martii]]'' <small>([[Gaudich.]]) [[H.Wendl.]]</small> (''Livistona martii'')<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>
* ''[[Pritchardia gaudichaudii]]'' <small>([[Mart.]]) [[H.Wendl.]]</small> (''Livistona gaudichaudii'')
* ''[[Saribus rotundifolius]]'' <small>([[Lam.]]) [[Mart.]]</small> &ndash; Anáhaw (''Livistona rotundifolia, Livistona altissima, Livistona microcarpa, Livistona mindorensis)''
* ''[[Pritchardia martii]]'' <small>([[Gaudich.]]) [[H.Wendl.]]</small> (''Livistona martii'')<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>
* ''[[Saribus brevifolius]]'' <small>(Dowe & Mogea) Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - ''(Livistona brevifolia)''
* ''[[Saribus brevifolius]]'' <small>(Dowe & Mogea) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - (''Livistona brevifolia'')
* ''[[Saribus chocolatinus]]'' <small>(Dowe) Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - ''(Livistona chocolatina)''
* ''[[Saribus chocolatinus]]'' <small>(Dowe) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - (''Livistona chocolatina'')
* ''[[Saribus merrillii]]'' <small>(Becc.) Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - ''(Livistona merrillii, Livistona whitfordii, Livistona blancoi)''
* ''[[Saribus merrillii]]'' <small>([[Becc.]]) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - (''Livistona merrillii'', ''L. whitfordii'', ''L. blancoi'')
* ''[[Saribus papuanus]]'' <small>(Becc.) Kuntze</small> - ''(Livistona papuana)''
* ''[[Saribus papuanus]]'' <small>([[Becc.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small> - (''Livistona papuana'')
* ''[[Saribus surru]]'' <small>([[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & Barfod) Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - ''(Livistona surru)''
* ''[[Saribus rotundifolius]]'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small> (''Livistona rotundifolia'', ''L. altissima, ''L. microcarpa, ''L. mindorensis'')
* ''[[Saribus tothur]]'' <small>(Dowe & Barfod) Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - ''(Livistona tothur)''
* ''[[Saribus surru]]'' <small>([[John Leslie Dowe|Dowe]] & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - (''Livistona surru'')
* ''[[Saribus woodfordii]]'' <small>(Ridl.) Bacon & [[W.J.Baker]]</small> - ''(Livistona woodfordii, Livistona beccariana)''
* ''[[Saribus tothur]]'' <small>(Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker</small> - (''Livistona tothur'')
* ''[[Saribus woodfordii]]'' <small>([[Ridl.]]) C.D.Bacon & [[W.J.Baker]]</small> - (''Livistona woodfordii'', ''L. beccariana'')


==Ecology==
The genus was the subject of a taxonomic revision in 1998.<ref name="Rodd1998">{{cite journal |last1=Rodd |first1=A. |title=Revision of ''Livistona'' (Arecaceae) in Australia |journal=Telopea |date=21 December 1998 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=49–153 |doi=10.7751/telopea19982015}}</ref>
''Livistona'' species are used as [[Larval food plants of Lepidoptera|food plants]] by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species. In Australia, the species ''[[Cephrenes trichopepla]]'' and [[Cephrenes augiades|''C. augiades sperthias'']] have been recorded on a number of different ''Livistona'' species. In Asia, ''[[Elymnias hypermnestra]]'' and likely ''[[Gangara thyrsis]]'' feed on ''Livistona''. A number of other Lepidoptera which do not naturally occur to the native range of the genus ''Livistona'' have been recorded feeding on these palms,<ref name=Savela>{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/liliopsida/arecaceae/livistona/ |title=''Livistona'' |last=Savela |first=Markku |website=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref> including ''[[Batrachedra arenosella]]'' (recorded on ''L. subglobosa''),{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Brassolis astyra|''Brassolis astyra astyra'']], ''[[Opsiphanes cassina]]'', [[Opsiphanes invirae|''O. invirae'']] and ''[[Paysandisia archon]]''.<ref name=Savela/>


''P. archon'' is a giant day-flying moth of which the caterpillars known to attack the piths of a number of these palm species, along with many other genera, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palms are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers genera of palm with more hairy trunks like ''[[Trachycarpus]]'', ''[[Trithrinax]]'' or ''[[Chamaerops]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Paysandisia_Archon |title=Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums - Paysandisia Archon |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website=Lepiforum |language=de |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
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==Etymology==
⚫
[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]] named the genus ''Livistona'' after Patrick Murray (1634&ndash;1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|botanical gardens]] in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111968#page/136/mode/1up|title=Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805 |author=Robert Brown|year=1810}} {{La icon}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author1 = Napier, D | author2 = Smith, N | author3 = Alford, L | author4 = Brown, J | year = 2012 | title = Common Plants of Australia's Top End | publisher = Gecko Books | location = South Australia | isbn = 9780980852523 | pages = 50–51}}</ref><ref name="Dowe2010">{{Citation | last = Dowe | first = JL | year = 2010 | title = Australian Palms : Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | location = Melbourne, Vic | isbn = 9780643096158 | pages = 110–112}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Livistona|''Livistona''}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Livistona|''Livistona''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Livistona|''Livistona''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Livistona|''Livistona''}}


{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132836}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132836}}
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[[Category:Livistona| ]]
[[Category:Livistona| ]]
[[Category:Arecaceae genera]]
[[Category:Arecaceae genera]]
[[Category:Livistoninae]]

Latest revision as of 09:37, 11 November 2023

Livistona
Livistona chinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Coryphoideae
Tribe: Trachycarpeae
Genus: Livistona
R.Br.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Wissmannia Burret
Livistona nitida, the Carnarvon fan palm, as seen from the Amphitheatre in Carnarvon National Park, Australia.

Livistona is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa.[2] They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets.[3][4][5]

L. speciosa, locally called kho, gives its name to Khao Kho District in Thailand.[6]

Taxonomy

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The genus was established by Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae (1810) to accommodate his descriptions of two species collected during an expedition to Australia. The names published by Brown were Livistona humilis and L. inermis, describing material he had collected in the north of Australia, a partial taxonomic revision in 1963 nominated the first of these as the lectotype. His collaborator Ferdinand Bauer, the botanist and master illustrator, produced artworks to accompany Brown's descriptions, but these were not published until 1838.[7]

In 1983 a species of palm from Somalia was formally transferred to the genus by John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl.[3]

The Australian members of the genus were subjected to a taxonomic revision by Tony Rodd in 1998. Rodd added five new Australian species, increasing the size of the genus.[7] Another species was described from Vietnam in 2000. In 2009 John Leslie Dowe published the latest monograph on the genus. Along with the Indonesian botanist Johanis P. Mogea and Anders Sánchez Barfod from Denmark, he had described five new species in the previous years, further swelling the genus.[3]

For much of the history of the genus, the species of the genus Saribus were classified within the genus Livistona. Phylogenetic studies using DNA comparisons of numerous species in the different genera in the Trachycarpeae tribe of palms, however, found that the species from the Philippines, New Guinea and other surrounding regions were more closely related to Pholidocarpus, Licuala and Johannesteijsmannia than they were to Livistona, which advocated separating the two groups taxonomically. The genus was thus revised again by Christine D. Bacon and William J. Baker in 2011, with Saribus split off and combined with Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi, decreasing the genus again.[8]

Etymology

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Robert Brown named the genus Livistona after Patrick Murray (1634–1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the botanical gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland.[9][10][11] Brown's praise for the early horticulturist begins, "… in memoriam viri nobilis Patricii Murray Baronis de Livistone,", and the Latinised name of the genus is evidently derived from the name of the family's seat.[7]

Distribution

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The genus has a disjunct distribution, which is split into three contiguous areas. The range of Livistona carinensis in Africa is very far away from that of the other species in the genus. In 1983 John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl first suggested that this odd pattern was due to a formerly much more extensive distribution during the warmer and moister climate of the Miocene, including areas between it and the rest, but that prehistoric climate change split them. Later DNA evidence of a mass of ancient extinctions between L. carinensis and the rest is thought to corroborate the theory. The recognition of Saribus has split the remaining distribution into a group of species found in Australia and southern New Guinea, and another group of species in East and Southeast Asia.[8]

Species

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The classification of the genus has been the subject of a number of recent revisions which have reduced the number of species since the 2009 monograph. The following is an uncritical list of species:

Livistona humilis by Ferdinand Bauer in Martius Historia naturalis palmarum (1838)
Formerly placed here

Ecology

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Livistona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. In Australia, the species Cephrenes trichopepla and C. augiades sperthias have been recorded on a number of different Livistona species. In Asia, Elymnias hypermnestra and likely Gangara thyrsis feed on Livistona. A number of other Lepidoptera which do not naturally occur to the native range of the genus Livistona have been recorded feeding on these palms,[13] including Batrachedra arenosella (recorded on L. subglobosa),[citation needed] Brassolis astyra astyra, Opsiphanes cassina, O. invirae and Paysandisia archon.[13]

P. archon is a giant day-flying moth of which the caterpillars known to attack the piths of a number of these palm species, along with many other genera, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palms are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers genera of palm with more hairy trunks like Trachycarpus, Trithrinax or Chamaerops.[14]

References

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  1. ^ "Genus: Livistona R. Br". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  2. ^ a b Govaerts, Rafaël H. A.; Dransfield, John (2005). "Livistona". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Dowe, John Leslie (2009). "A taxonomic account of Livistona R.Br. (Arecaceae)" (PDF). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 60: 185–344. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Livistona". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  5. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 147, 蒲葵属 pu kui shu, Livistona R. Brown, Prodr. 267. 1810.
  6. ^ Palmpedia, Livistona speciosa
  7. ^ a b c Rodd, A. (21 December 1998). "Revision of Livistona (Arecaceae) in Australia". Telopea. 8 (1): 49–153. doi:10.7751/telopea19982015.
  8. ^ a b Bacon, Christine D.; Baker, William J. (14 September 2011). "Saribus resurrected". Palms. 55 (3): 109–116. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  9. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805. (in Latin)
  10. ^ Napier, D; Smith, N; Alford, L; Brown, J (2012), Common Plants of Australia's Top End, South Australia: Gecko Books, pp. 50–51, ISBN 9780980852523
  11. ^ Dowe, John Leslie (2010), Australian Palms : Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics, Melbourne, Vic: CSIRO Publishing, pp. 110–112, ISBN 9780643096158
  12. ^ "The Jewel of the Kimberley Western Australias Mitchell Plateau Protected". The Pew Charitable Trusts. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  13. ^ a b Savela, Markku. "Livistona". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums - Paysandisia Archon". Lepiforum (in German). 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
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