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{{short description|Rock containing a mixture of natural debris held together by plastic}}
{{short description|Rock containing a mixture of natural debris held together by plastic}}
[[File:Plastiglomerate forming a marker horizon in sediment layers.svg|thumb|The melting of plastic waste from campfires or high temperatures on beaches(1)is resulting in the formation of a new type of rock known as plastiglomerate (2). Formed plastiglomerate merges with surrounding sediment to create a compositionally different sediment layer(3).The emergence of this new layer is being used as physical evidence of a marker horizon for an Anthropocene Epoch(4).]]
[[File:Plastiglomerate forming a marker horizon in sediment layers.svg|thumb|The melting of plastic waste from campfires or high temperatures on beaches (1) is resulting in the formation of a new type of rock known as plastiglomerate (2). Formed plastiglomerate merges with surrounding sediment to create a compositionally different sediment layer (3).The emergence of this new layer is being used as physical evidence of a marker horizon for an Anthropocene Epoch (4).]]
'''Plastiglomerate''' is a rock made of a mixture of [[sedimentary]] grains, and other natural [[debris]] (e.g. shells, wood) that is held together by [[plastic]].<ref name="The Geological Society of America">{{cite news |url = https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/article/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm|title = An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record|author1=Patricia Corcoran |author2=Charles Moore |author3=Kelly Jazvac |name-list-style=amp |date = September 3, 2013|publisher = GSA Today}}</ref> It has been considered a potential marker of the [[Anthropocene]], an informal epoch of the [[Quaternary]] proposed by some social scientists, environmentalists, and geologists.<ref name="Nuwer 2014">{{cite web |last = Nuwer|first = Rachel|title = Future Fossils: Plastic Stone|website = The New York Times|date = 9 June 2014|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/science/earth/future-fossils-plastic-stone.html|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref>
'''Plastiglomerate''' is a rock made of a mixture of [[sedimentary]] grains, and other natural [[debris]] (e.g. shells, wood) that is held together by [[plastic]].<ref name="The Geological Society of America">{{cite news |url = https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/article/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm|title = An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record|author1=Patricia Corcoran |author2=Charles Moore |author3=Kelly Jazvac |name-list-style=amp |date = September 3, 2013|publisher = GSA Today}}</ref> It has been considered a potential marker of the [[Anthropocene]], an informal epoch of the [[Quaternary]] proposed by some social scientists, environmentalists, and geologists.<ref name="Nuwer 2014">{{cite web |last = Nuwer|first = Rachel|author-link = Rachel Nuwer|title = Future Fossils: Plastic Stone|website = The New York Times|date = 9 June 2014|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/science/earth/future-fossils-plastic-stone.html|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref>


==Origin==
==Origin==
Line 9: Line 9:
Plastiglomerate could potentially form a marker horizon of human [[pollution]] on the geologic record.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="The Register 2014">{{cite web |first = Simon|last = Sharwood|title = Plastic is the new rock, say Geologists|website = The Register|date = 6 June 2014|url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/06/geologists_say_plastic_trash_becomes_new_form_of_rock/|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014">{{cite web | last=Herreria | first=Carla | title=Humans Are Leaving Their Mark On The Planet In The Worst Way Possible | website=The Huffington Post | date=19 June 2014 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/19/plastiglomerate_n_5496062.html | access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> and may survive as future [[fossil]]s.<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/> Plastiglomerate may also conceivably form in [[plastic pollution|plastic-polluted]] regions affected by [[lava flow]]s or [[forest fire]]s.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014"/> They have been found on the surface as well as beneath the sand.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="MacDonald 2014">{{cite web | last=MacDonald | first=James | title="Plastic Rock" Marks the Presence of Humans in the Fossil Record | website=JSTOR Daily | date=13 August 2014 | url=http://daily.jstor.org/plastic-rock-marks-the-presence-of-humans-in-the-fossil-record/ | access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> This suggests that plastiglomerates are being actively deposited into the sedimentary record.<ref name="MacDonald 2014"/> Some geophysicists and geologists speculate that plastiglomerates will not persist in the [[fossil record]], however, or that they might "{{as written|reve|rt back}} to a source of oil from whence they came, given the right conditions of burial".<ref name="Chen 2015">{{cite web |last = Chen|first = Angus|title = Rocks Made of Plastic Found on Hawaiian Beach|website = sciencemag.org|publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science|date = 4 June 2014|url = https://www.science.org/content/article/rocks-made-plastic-found-hawaiian-beach|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref>
Plastiglomerate could potentially form a marker horizon of human [[pollution]] on the geologic record.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="The Register 2014">{{cite web |first = Simon|last = Sharwood|title = Plastic is the new rock, say Geologists|website = The Register|date = 6 June 2014|url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/06/geologists_say_plastic_trash_becomes_new_form_of_rock/|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014">{{cite web | last=Herreria | first=Carla | title=Humans Are Leaving Their Mark On The Planet In The Worst Way Possible | website=The Huffington Post | date=19 June 2014 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/19/plastiglomerate_n_5496062.html | access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> and may survive as future [[fossil]]s.<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/> Plastiglomerate may also conceivably form in [[plastic pollution|plastic-polluted]] regions affected by [[lava flow]]s or [[forest fire]]s.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014"/> They have been found on the surface as well as beneath the sand.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="MacDonald 2014">{{cite web | last=MacDonald | first=James | title="Plastic Rock" Marks the Presence of Humans in the Fossil Record | website=JSTOR Daily | date=13 August 2014 | url=http://daily.jstor.org/plastic-rock-marks-the-presence-of-humans-in-the-fossil-record/ | access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> This suggests that plastiglomerates are being actively deposited into the sedimentary record.<ref name="MacDonald 2014"/> Some geophysicists and geologists speculate that plastiglomerates will not persist in the [[fossil record]], however, or that they might "{{as written|reve|rt back}} to a source of oil from whence they came, given the right conditions of burial".<ref name="Chen 2015">{{cite web |last = Chen|first = Angus|title = Rocks Made of Plastic Found on Hawaiian Beach|website = sciencemag.org|publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science|date = 4 June 2014|url = https://www.science.org/content/article/rocks-made-plastic-found-hawaiian-beach|access-date = 17 January 2015}}</ref>


"In situ" plastiglomerate forms where plastic melts and fills in rock cavities.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014">{{cite web | last1=Castro | first1=Joseph | last2=Contributor | first2=Live Science | title=Plastic Legacy: Humankind's Trash Is Now a New Rock | website=Yahoo News | date=4 June 2014 | url=https://news.yahoo.com/plastic-legacy-humankinds-trash-now-rock-130346422.html | access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="DNews 2014">{{cite web | title=New Rock Forms from Our Trash: Plastiglomerate : DNews | website=DNews | date=4 June 2014 | url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/rocks-fossils/new-rock-forms-from-our-trash-plastiglomerate-140604.htm | first=Joseph|last=Castro|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> "Clastic" plastiglomerate are smaller solitary pieces that form where larger fused items become fragmented by waves. Plastiglomerate is more dense than particles that are solely composed of plastic, which gives them greater potential to become buried and preserved in the rock record.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="Chen 2015" />
"In situ" plastiglomerate forms where plastic melts and fills in rock cavities.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014">{{cite web | last1=Castro | first1=Joseph | last2=Contributor | first2=Live Science | title=Plastic Legacy: Humankind's Trash Is Now a New Rock | website=Yahoo News | date=4 June 2014 | url=https://news.yahoo.com/plastic-legacy-humankinds-trash-now-rock-130346422.html | access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="DNews 2014">{{cite web | title=New Rock Forms from Our Trash: Plastiglomerate : DNews | website=DNews | date=4 June 2014 | url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/rocks-fossils/new-rock-forms-from-our-trash-plastiglomerate-140604.htm | first=Joseph|last=Castro|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> "Clastic" plastiglomerate are smaller solitary pieces that form where larger fused items become fragmented by waves. Plastiglomerate is denser than particles that are solely composed of plastic, which gives them greater potential to become buried and preserved in the rock record.<ref name="The Geological Society of America" /><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="Chen 2015" />


[[File:Plastiglomerate Museon.jpg|thumb|right|Plastiglomerate from Kamilo Beach displayed in the exhibition One Planet in Museon (The Hague, The Netherlands).]] Plastiglomerates have been featured at the Yale [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]];<ref name="Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History 2015">{{cite web | title=Plasti-what? Plastiglomerate. | website=Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | date=2015-01-06| url=http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/plasti-what-plastiglomerate | access-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115133124/http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/plasti-what-plastiglomerate|archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Oakville Galleries in Oakville, Ontario, Canada;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morgan-Feir|first1=Caoimhe|title=Exhibition Review: Kelly Jazvac|url=http://www.magentafoundation.org/magazine/kelly-jazvac/|website=Magenta Magazine|publisher=Magenta|access-date=31 May 2015|date=2014-05-09}}</ref> Louis B. James Gallery in New York City; Carleton University Gallery in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Prosjektrom Normanns, Stavanger, Norway; and [[Museon]] in The Hague, Netherlands. Museon claims to have probably the largest piece of plastiglomerate, which is more than 1m long and 50cm wide.<ref>https://www.museon.nl/nl/plastiglomeraat largest piece</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Size of any of their samples is not mentioned in the cited webpage's Dutch language text.|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Plastiglomerate Museon.jpg|thumb|right|Plastiglomerate from Kamilo Beach displayed in the exhibition One Planet in Museon (The Hague, The Netherlands).]] Plastiglomerates have been featured at the Yale [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]];<ref name="Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History 2015">{{cite web | title=Plasti-what? Plastiglomerate. | website=Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | date=2015-01-06| url=http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/plasti-what-plastiglomerate | access-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115133124/http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/plasti-what-plastiglomerate|archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Oakville Galleries in Oakville, Ontario, Canada;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morgan-Feir|first1=Caoimhe|title=Exhibition Review: Kelly Jazvac|url=http://www.magentafoundation.org/magazine/kelly-jazvac/|website=Magenta Magazine|publisher=Magenta|access-date=31 May 2015|date=2014-05-09}}</ref> Louis B. James Gallery in New York City; Carleton University Gallery in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Prosjektrom Normanns, Stavanger, Norway; and [[Museon]] in The Hague, Netherlands. Museon claims to have probably the largest piece of plastiglomerate, which is more than 1m long and 50cm wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plastiglomeraat |url=https://www.museon-omniversum.nl/nl/plastiglomeraat |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Museon Omniversum |language=nl}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Size of any of their samples is not mentioned in the cited webpage's Dutch language text.|date=June 2022}}


==History==
==History==
Charles Moore, a sea captain and oceanographer for the Algalita Marine Research Institute in [[Long Beach, California]], discovered this substance in 2006 while surveying [[Kamilo Beach]] on the Big Island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai’i]].<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/> Geology professor, Dr. Patricia Corcoran and Visual artist professor, Kelly Jazvac of the [[University of Western Ontario]] investigated the samples on Kamilo Beach in 2012 where they also coined the term "plastiglomerate".<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/> Approximately one-fifth of the plastiglomerates found at Kamilo Beach consisted of fishing debris, one quarter consisted of broken lid containers, and one half consisted of plastic "confetti".<ref name="The Register 2014"/><ref name="CBS News 2014">{{cite web | title=Pollution forms a new kind of rock, "plastiglomerate" | website=CBS News | date=11 June 2014 | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/pollution-forms-a-new-kind-of-rock-plastiglomerate-in-hawaii/ | access-date=17 January 2015|first=Eliene|last=Augenbraun}}</ref> The plastiglomerate at Kamilo Beach was more likely created from human [[campfire]]s than from molten lava flows.<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014"/> In 2023, it was reported plastiglomerates had been discovered on remote [[Trindade Island]], a known refuge for turtles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazilian researchers find 'terrifying' plastic rocks on remote island |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/15/americas/brazil-terrifying-plastic-rocks-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNN |date=16 March 2023}}</ref>
Charles Moore, a sea captain and oceanographer for the Algalita Marine Research Institute in [[Long Beach, California]], discovered this substance in 2006 while surveying [[Kamilo Beach]] on the Big Island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai’i]].<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/> Geology professor, Dr. Patricia Corcoran and Visual artist professor, Kelly Jazvac of the [[University of Western Ontario]] investigated the samples on Kamilo Beach in 2012 where they also coined the term "plastiglomerate".<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/> Approximately one-fifth of the plastiglomerates found at Kamilo Beach of fishing debris, one quarter of broken lid containers, and one half consisted of plastic "confetti".<ref name="The Register 2014"/><ref name="CBS News 2014">{{cite web | title=Pollution forms a new kind of rock, "plastiglomerate" | website=CBS News | date=11 June 2014 | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/pollution-forms-a-new-kind-of-rock-plastiglomerate-in-hawaii/ | access-date=17 January 2015|first=Eliene|last=Augenbraun}}</ref> The plastiglomerate at Kamilo Beach was more likely created from human [[campfire]]s than from molten lava flows.<ref name="Nuwer 2014"/><ref name="Castro Contributor 2014"/><ref name="PostC123abc 2014"/> In 2023, it was reported plastiglomerates had been discovered on remote [[Trindade Island]], a known refuge for turtles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazilian researchers find 'terrifying' plastic rocks on remote island |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/15/americas/brazil-terrifying-plastic-rocks-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNN |date=16 March 2023}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 22:08, 30 November 2023

The melting of plastic waste from campfires or high temperatures on beaches (1) is resulting in the formation of a new type of rock known as plastiglomerate (2). Formed plastiglomerate merges with surrounding sediment to create a compositionally different sediment layer (3).The emergence of this new layer is being used as physical evidence of a marker horizon for an Anthropocene Epoch (4).

Plastiglomerate is a rock made of a mixture of sedimentary grains, and other natural debris (e.g. shells, wood) that is held together by plastic.[1] It has been considered a potential marker of the Anthropocene, an informal epoch of the Quaternary proposed by some social scientists, environmentalists, and geologists.[2]

Origin

[edit]

Plastiglomerates form along shorelines where natural sedimentary grains and organic debris are agglutinated by melted plastic. They can be created during campfire burning, as has been reported from Kamilo Beach on the island of Hawaii,[1] or during hot weather, as is the case on Trindade Island.[3]

Depositional environment

[edit]

Plastiglomerate could potentially form a marker horizon of human pollution on the geologic record.[1][4][5][6] and may survive as future fossils.[2][5] Plastiglomerate may also conceivably form in plastic-polluted regions affected by lava flows or forest fires.[1][5][6] They have been found on the surface as well as beneath the sand.[1][7] This suggests that plastiglomerates are being actively deposited into the sedimentary record.[7] Some geophysicists and geologists speculate that plastiglomerates will not persist in the fossil record, however, or that they might "revert back to a source of oil from whence they came, given the right conditions of burial".[8]

"In situ" plastiglomerate forms where plastic melts and fills in rock cavities.[1][5][9] "Clastic" plastiglomerate are smaller solitary pieces that form where larger fused items become fragmented by waves. Plastiglomerate is denser than particles that are solely composed of plastic, which gives them greater potential to become buried and preserved in the rock record.[1][5][8]

Plastiglomerate from Kamilo Beach displayed in the exhibition One Planet in Museon (The Hague, The Netherlands).

Plastiglomerates have been featured at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History;[10] Oakville Galleries in Oakville, Ontario, Canada;[11] Louis B. James Gallery in New York City; Carleton University Gallery in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Prosjektrom Normanns, Stavanger, Norway; and Museon in The Hague, Netherlands. Museon claims to have probably the largest piece of plastiglomerate, which is more than 1m long and 50cm wide.[12][better source needed]

History

[edit]

Charles Moore, a sea captain and oceanographer for the Algalita Marine Research Institute in Long Beach, California, discovered this substance in 2006 while surveying Kamilo Beach on the Big Island of Hawai’i.[2] Geology professor, Dr. Patricia Corcoran and Visual artist professor, Kelly Jazvac of the University of Western Ontario investigated the samples on Kamilo Beach in 2012 where they also coined the term "plastiglomerate".[2] Approximately one-fifth of the plastiglomerates found at Kamilo Beach of fishing debris, one quarter of broken lid containers, and one half consisted of plastic "confetti".[4][13] The plastiglomerate at Kamilo Beach was more likely created from human campfires than from molten lava flows.[2][5][6] In 2023, it was reported plastiglomerates had been discovered on remote Trindade Island, a known refuge for turtles.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Patricia Corcoran; Charles Moore & Kelly Jazvac (September 3, 2013). "An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record". GSA Today.
  2. ^ a b c d e Nuwer, Rachel (9 June 2014). "Future Fossils: Plastic Stone". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  3. ^ "Brazilian researchers find 'terrifying' plastic rocks on remote island". CNN. Reuters. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b Sharwood, Simon (6 June 2014). "Plastic is the new rock, say Geologists". The Register. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Castro, Joseph; Contributor, Live Science (4 June 2014). "Plastic Legacy: Humankind's Trash Is Now a New Rock". Yahoo News. Retrieved 17 January 2015. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ a b c Herreria, Carla (19 June 2014). "Humans Are Leaving Their Mark On The Planet In The Worst Way Possible". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b MacDonald, James (13 August 2014). ""Plastic Rock" Marks the Presence of Humans in the Fossil Record". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b Chen, Angus (4 June 2014). "Rocks Made of Plastic Found on Hawaiian Beach". sciencemag.org. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  9. ^ Castro, Joseph (4 June 2014). "New Rock Forms from Our Trash: Plastiglomerate : DNews". DNews. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  10. ^ "Plasti-what? Plastiglomerate". Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. 2015-01-06. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  11. ^ Morgan-Feir, Caoimhe (2014-05-09). "Exhibition Review: Kelly Jazvac". Magenta Magazine. Magenta. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  12. ^ "Plastiglomeraat". Museon Omniversum (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  13. ^ Augenbraun, Eliene (11 June 2014). "Pollution forms a new kind of rock, "plastiglomerate"". CBS News. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  14. ^ "Brazilian researchers find 'terrifying' plastic rocks on remote island". CNN. Reuters. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
Look up plastiglomerate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastiglomerate&oldid=1187698059"