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{{short description|British World War I flying ace}}
{{For|those of a similar name|Charles Collett (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name= Charles Herbert Collet
|name = Charles Herbert Collet
|lived=
|image = [[Image:CHColletpilot.jpg|300px]]
|image = CHColletpilot - DFW Mars.jpg
|image_size = 300px
⚫
|caption = C H Collet during [[World War I]]
|alt = man sat in cockpit of old aeroplane
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|birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|02|04|df=yes}}
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|caption = C. H. Collet sat in his DFW Mars ca.1914
⚫
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1915|08|19|1888|02|04|df=yes}}
⚫
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|2|4||df=yes}}
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|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
⚫
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1915|8|19|1888|2|4|df=yes}}
⚫
|death_place = [[Imbros]], Greece
⚫
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
|image=
⚫
|death_place = [[Imbros]], Turkey
|caption=
|placeofburial = [[Lancashire Landing Cemetery]], Turkey
⚫
|nickname=
|placeofburial_label =
|allegiance=
|placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
⚫
|serviceyears= 1905–1915
⚫
|nickname =
⚫
|rank= Flight Commander
|allegiance = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|branch= [[Royal Naval Air Service]]
|branch = [[Royal Navy]]
⚫
|commands=
⚫
|serviceyears = 1905–1915
|unit=
⚫
|rank = Flight Lieutenant
|battles= [[World War I]]
|servicenumber =
⚫
|awards= [[Distinguished Service Order]]
|unit = Royal Marine Artillery<br/>Royal Naval Air Service
⚫
|laterwork=
⚫
|commands =
|battles = World War I<br/>{{*}}Western Front<br/>{{*}}Gallipoli Campaign
⚫
|awards = [[Distinguished Service Order]]
|relations =
⚫
|laterwork =
}}
}}
⚫
Flight Lieutenant '''Charles Herbert Collet''' {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|DSO}} (4 February 1888 – 19 August 1915) was a British naval airman during the [[First World War]], regarded as one of the best naval airmen of his day.<ref name="Edmund Burke 1916 page 162">{{cite book |editor-first=Edmund |editor-last=Burke |year=1916 |title=Annual Register |page=162 |publisher=Rivingtons}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
⚫
'''Charles Herbert Collet''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (4 February 1888 - 19 August 1915), was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Royal Navy|Naval]] airman during the [[First World War]], regarded as one of the best Naval airmen of his day.<ref name="Edmund Burke 1916 page 162">Edmund Burke (editor), (1916), ''Annual Register'', page 162, (Rivingtons)</ref>
⚫
Charles Collet was born in India, the son of an engineer James Francis Herbert Collet and his wife Teresa Collet (née Pilley). For a time the family lived on [[Guernsey]]. At the time of his death, Charles Collet's parents lived in Woodleigh, [[West End, Hampshire|West End]], [[Southampton]].<ref name="cwgc.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/599687/COLLET,%20CHARLES%20HERBERT |title=Collet, Charles Herbert |work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |year=2014 |access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> He was educated at [[Dulwich College]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodges |first=S. |year=1981 |title=God's Gift: A Living History of Dulwich College |page=100 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London}}</ref>


==Background==
==Naval career==
Collet was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [[Royal Marine Artillery]] on 1 September 1905,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=5 September 1905 |issue= 27833 |page=6054 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1906.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 September 1908 |issue= 28181 |page=7016 |nolink=yes }}</ref> On 21 October 1913 Collet was awarded Aviators' Certificate No. 666 after flying an Avro biplane at the [[Central Flying School]] at [[RAF Upavon|Upavon]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%201220.html |title=Aviators' Certificates |issue=255 |volume=V |page=1246 |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=15 November 1913 |access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>
⚫
Charles Collet was born in India in around 1888, the son of an engineer James Francis Herbert Collet and his wife Teresa Collet (née Pilley). For a time the family lived on [[Guernsey]]. At the time of his death, Charles Collet's parents lived in Woodleigh, [[West End, Hampshire|West End]], [[Southampton]].<ref name="cwgc.org">[http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=599687 Commonwealth War Graves Commission COLLET, CHARLES HERBERT]</ref> He was educated at [[Dulwich College]].<ref>Hodges, S, (1981), ''God's Gift: A Living History of Dulwich College'', page 100, (Heinemann: London)</ref>


At the outbreak of the war on 4 August 1914, Collet was based at [[RAF Eastchurch|RNAS Eastchurch]]. On 10 August he took part in the ''[[Daily Mail]]''–sponsored "Circuit of Britain" race, which was not cancelled despite the declaration of war. He flew a German-built [[DFW Mars]] (No. 154), which the RNAS had bought in 1913, and refitted with a [[Beardmore 120 hp]] engine. Unfortunately mechanical problems forced him to make an emergency landing at [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] racecourse, where he was promptly arrested and questioned. After repairs were made, Collet completed the race, coming second.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk/aircraft/planes/ryedale/154.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141020184955/http://yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk/aircraft/planes/ryedale/154.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2014 |title=DFW Arrow 154 at Scarborough Racecourse |first=Richard |last=Allenby |work=Aircraft Accidents in Yorkshire |year=2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>
[[Image:CHColletpilot.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|C H Collet during [[World War I]]]]


Collet's unit, under the command of Wing Commander [[Charles Rumney Samson]], initially flew patrols along the North Sea coast, but on 27 August 1914 was moved to France. Renamed [[No. 203 Squadron RAF|No. 3 Squadron RNAS]], they were based at [[Saint-Pol-sur-Mer]] near [[Dunkirk]], and operated a variety of aircraft and some improvised armoured cars.<ref name="flyingmarines">{{cite web |url=http://www.flyingmarines.com/Biographies/1911-1920/Collett.htm |title=Charles Herbert Collet |first=Jim |last=Dresner |work=Flying Marines |year=2013 |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041434/http://www.flyingmarines.com/Biographies/1911-1920/Collett.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
==Düsseldorf Air Raid, September 1914==


⚫
===The Düsseldorf Raid===
On 22 September 1914, [[Flight Lieutenant]] Collet flew two hundred miles to [[Düsseldorf]] and bombed the [[Zeppelin]] shed there. Despite being hit, he returned safely.<ref>Captain Logan Howard-Smith, (2005) ''Thrilling Stories of the Great War: Heroic Incidents and Startling Events of the World War on Land and Sea in the Air and Under the Water'', page 121, (Kessinger Publishing)</ref> For this act he received the [[Distinguished Service Order]].<ref name="Edmund Burke 1916 page 162"/>
On 22 September 1914 Collet, flying a [[Sopwith Tractor Biplane]], led a raid by four aircraft, which flew two hundred miles to attack the [[Zeppelin]] sheds at Düsseldorf and Cologne, in the first British air raid of the war. Thick mist in the [[Rhine|Rhine Valley]] meant that only Collet found his target, and he accurately dropped two {{convert|20|lb|0|adj=on}} bombs from {{convert|400|ft}} on the shed at Düsseldorf, although the bombs failed to explode. Despite being hit by enemy fire, he returned safely,<ref name="flyingmarines"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Logan |last=Howard-Smith |date=2005 |title=Thrilling Stories of the Great War: Heroic Incidents and Startling Events of the World War on Land and Sea in the Air and Under the Water |page=121 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing}}</ref> as did the other three aircraft; they had spent more than an hour flying over Cologne attempting to find their target, but after failing to do so they returned to base without dropping their bombs.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1914/1914%20-%200992.html |title=The British Way |issue=301 |volume=VI |page=992 |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=2 October 1914 |access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>


Collet's feat was described by Frederick A. Talbot:
Collet's feat was described thusly:
⚫
:Flight Lieutenant Collet approached the Zeppelin shed at Düsseldorf at an altitude of {{convert|6000|ft|abbr=on}}. There was a bank of mist below, which he encountered at {{convert|1500|ft|abbr=on}}. He traversed the depth of this layer and emerged there from at a height of only {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground. His objective was barely a quarter of a mile ahead. Travelling at high speed he launched his bombs with what proved to be deadly precision, and disappeared into cover almost before the enemy had grasped his intentions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frederick A. |last=Talbot |year=1997 |title=Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War |page=40 |publisher=The World Wide School |location=Seattle}}</ref>


Collet was subsequently awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]]<ref name="Edmund Burke 1916 page 162"/> on 21 October 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 October 1914 |supp=y |issue= 28948 |page=8501 |nolink=yes }}</ref>
⚫
<BLOCKQUOTE>''Flight Lieutenant Collet approached the Zeppelin shed at Düsseldorf at an altitude of 6,000&nbsp;feet. There was a bank of mist below, which he encountered at 1,500&nbsp;feet. He traversed the depth of this layer and emerged therefrom at a height of only 400&nbsp;feet above the ground. His objective was barely a quarter of a mile ahead. Travelling at high speed he launched his bombs with what proved to be deadly precision, and disappeared into cover almost before the enemy had grasped his intentions.''<ref>Frederick A. Talbot, (1997), ''Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War'', Chapter X page 40, (The World Wide School: Seattle)</ref></BLOCKQUOTE>


On 23 February 1915 he was granted the temporary rank of captain whilst serving as a [[flight commander]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=23 March 1915 |issue= 29109 |page=2845 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and was promoted to the rank of flight lieutenant the following day.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=26 February 1915 |issue= 29084 |pages=1978–1979 |nolink=yes }}</ref> He was also twice [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref name="cwgc.org"/>
⚫
==Other notable achievements==

⚫
Collet was also the first Naval officer to [[Aerobatic maneuver|loop the loop]].<ref name="H.V. Hodson 1916 page 162">H.V. Hodson (editor), (1916), ''The Annual Register'', page 162, (Longmans)</ref>
In March 1915 his unit was moved from France to the island of [[Tenedos]] to take part in the [[Gallipoli campaign]], were they flew reconnaissance and bombing missions over the Turkish positions. On 22 June Collet was flying a Voisin aircraft, with Major R.E.T. Hogg as observer, when he intercepted a German aircraft near [[Achi Baba]]. Hogg shot at it with a rifle, hitting it in the engine, and forcing it down.<ref name="flyingmarines"/>
He was promoted [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] in his secondary regiment, the [[Royal Marine Artillery]].<ref name="cwgc.org"/><ref name="H.V. Hodson 1916 page 162"/>
Apart from the [[Distinguished Service Order]], he was also twice [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref name="cwgc.org"/>
He achieved the rank of [[Commander|Flight Commander]] in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] before his death.


==Death==
==Death==
On 19 August 1915, Collet took off from an airfield on [[Imbros]], and had reached a height of {{convert|150|-|185|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} when his engine failed. Collet turned to attempt a landing, but in the strong winds from the nearby cliffs he lost control, and his aircraft fell vertically to the ground, bursting into flames. His passenger, Chief Petty Officer Michael Sullivan Keogh of {{HMS|Ark Royal|1914|6}}, broke his thigh in the crash, but nevertheless dragged Collet from the wreckage, receiving severe burns. However, Collet was fatally injured and died 30 minutes later. Keogh was awarded the [[Albert Medal for Lifesaving|Albert Medal (2nd Class)]] for his attempt to save Collet's life.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=14 January 1916 |issue= 29439 |page=624 |nolink=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Peter H. |last=Liddle |title=Gallipoli 1915: Pens, Pencils, and Cameras at War |publisher=Brassey's (UK) Ltd |location=London |date=April 1985 |page=110 |url=http://www.gallipoli.com.tr/pages/memorials_cemeteries/helles/lancashire_landing.htm |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183021/http://www.gallipoli.com.tr/pages/memorials_cemeteries/helles/lancashire_landing.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Collet is buried at the [[Lancashire Landing Cemetery]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name="cwgc.org"/>
Collet died in an aircraft accident on [[Imbros]] on 19 August 1915 and is buried at the [[Lancashire Landing Cemetery]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name="cwgc.org"/>

⚫
==Other notable achievements==
⚫
Collet was also the first naval officer to [[Aerobatic maneuver|loop the loop]].<ref name="H.V. Hodson 1916 page 162">{{cite book |editor-first=H. V. |editor-last=Hodson |year=1916 |title=The Annual Register |page=162 |publisher=Longmans}}</ref>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*''Flight-Lieutenant Collet's Daring: The Bomb-Dropper's Weapon; and Objectives of the British Aerial Raid into Germany'', in ''The Illustrated War News'', 30 September 1914, p. 22
* {{cite journal |title=Flight-Lieutenant Collet's Daring: The Bomb-Dropper's Weapon; and Objectives of the British Aerial Raid into Germany |journal=The Illustrated War News |date=30 September 1914 |page=22}}
*John William Ransom Taylor, ''Air Facts and Feats'' (Two Continents Publishing Group, 1974)
*{{cite book |first=John William Ransom |last=Taylor |title=Air Facts and Feats |publisher=Two Continents Publishing Group |date=1974}}
*{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Castle |title=The Zeppelin Base Raids - Germany 1914 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |date=2011}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://southamptoncenotaph.com/charles-herbert-collet/ |title=Charles Herbert Collet |first=Debbie |last=Hawke-Wareham |work=Southampton Cenotaph |date=June 2013 }}
* [http://www.gallipoli.com.tr/pages/memorials_cemeteries/helles/lancashire_landing.htm Lancashire Landing cemetery<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.gallipoli.com.tr

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Collet, Charles
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 February 1888
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Calcutta]], India
| DATE OF DEATH = 19 August 1915
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Imbros]], Greece
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collet, Charles}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collet, Charles}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Old Alleynians]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British World War I flying aces]]
[[Category:People educated at Dulwich College]]
⚫
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
⚫
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:Royal Marines officers]]
[[Category:Royal Marines officers]]
⚫
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:British World War I flying aces]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Turkey]]
⚫
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1915]]
[[Category:Burials at Lancashire Landing Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]]
[[Category:20th-century Royal Marines personnel]]

Latest revision as of 04:12, 2 December 2023

For those of a similar name, see Charles Collett (disambiguation).

Charles Herbert Collet
man sat in cockpit of old aeroplane
C. H. Collet sat in his DFW Mars ca.1914
Born(1888-02-04)4 February 1888
Calcutta, India
Died19 August 1915(1915-08-19) (aged 27)
Imbros, Turkey
Buried
Lancashire Landing Cemetery, Turkey
AllegianceVereinigtes Königreich
Service/branchRoyal Navy
Years of service1905–1915
RankFlight Lieutenant
UnitRoyal Marine Artillery
Royal Naval Air Service
Battles/warsWorld War I
 • Western Front
 • Gallipoli Campaign
AwardsDistinguished Service Order

Flight Lieutenant Charles Herbert Collet DSO (4 February 1888 – 19 August 1915) was a British naval airman during the First World War, regarded as one of the best naval airmen of his day.[1]

Early life and education

[edit]

Charles Collet was born in India, the son of an engineer James Francis Herbert Collet and his wife Teresa Collet (née Pilley). For a time the family lived on Guernsey. At the time of his death, Charles Collet's parents lived in Woodleigh, West End, Southampton.[2] He was educated at Dulwich College.[3]

[edit]

Collet was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Marine Artillery on 1 September 1905,[4] and was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1906.[5] On 21 October 1913 Collet was awarded Aviators' Certificate No. 666 after flying an Avro biplane at the Central Flying School at Upavon.[6]

At the outbreak of the war on 4 August 1914, Collet was based at RNAS Eastchurch. On 10 August he took part in the Daily Mail–sponsored "Circuit of Britain" race, which was not cancelled despite the declaration of war. He flew a German-built DFW Mars (No. 154), which the RNAS had bought in 1913, and refitted with a Beardmore 120 hp engine. Unfortunately mechanical problems forced him to make an emergency landing at Scarborough racecourse, where he was promptly arrested and questioned. After repairs were made, Collet completed the race, coming second.[7]

Collet's unit, under the command of Wing Commander Charles Rumney Samson, initially flew patrols along the North Sea coast, but on 27 August 1914 was moved to France. Renamed No. 3 Squadron RNAS, they were based at Saint-Pol-sur-Mer near Dunkirk, and operated a variety of aircraft and some improvised armoured cars.[8]

The Düsseldorf Raid

[edit]

On 22 September 1914 Collet, flying a Sopwith Tractor Biplane, led a raid by four aircraft, which flew two hundred miles to attack the Zeppelin sheds at Düsseldorf and Cologne, in the first British air raid of the war. Thick mist in the Rhine Valley meant that only Collet found his target, and he accurately dropped two 20-pound (9 kg) bombs from 400 feet (120 m) on the shed at Düsseldorf, although the bombs failed to explode. Despite being hit by enemy fire, he returned safely,[8][9] as did the other three aircraft; they had spent more than an hour flying over Cologne attempting to find their target, but after failing to do so they returned to base without dropping their bombs.[10]

Collet's feat was described thusly:

Flight Lieutenant Collet approached the Zeppelin shed at Düsseldorf at an altitude of 6,000 ft (1,800 m). There was a bank of mist below, which he encountered at 1,500 ft (460 m). He traversed the depth of this layer and emerged there from at a height of only 400 ft (120 m) above the ground. His objective was barely a quarter of a mile ahead. Travelling at high speed he launched his bombs with what proved to be deadly precision, and disappeared into cover almost before the enemy had grasped his intentions.[11]

Collet was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Order[1] on 21 October 1914.[12]

On 23 February 1915 he was granted the temporary rank of captain whilst serving as a flight commander,[13] and was promoted to the rank of flight lieutenant the following day.[14] He was also twice mentioned in despatches.[2]

In March 1915 his unit was moved from France to the island of Tenedos to take part in the Gallipoli campaign, were they flew reconnaissance and bombing missions over the Turkish positions. On 22 June Collet was flying a Voisin aircraft, with Major R.E.T. Hogg as observer, when he intercepted a German aircraft near Achi Baba. Hogg shot at it with a rifle, hitting it in the engine, and forcing it down.[8]

Death

[edit]

On 19 August 1915, Collet took off from an airfield on Imbros, and had reached a height of 150–185 ft (46–56 m) when his engine failed. Collet turned to attempt a landing, but in the strong winds from the nearby cliffs he lost control, and his aircraft fell vertically to the ground, bursting into flames. His passenger, Chief Petty Officer Michael Sullivan Keogh of HMS Ark Royal, broke his thigh in the crash, but nevertheless dragged Collet from the wreckage, receiving severe burns. However, Collet was fatally injured and died 30 minutes later. Keogh was awarded the Albert Medal (2nd Class) for his attempt to save Collet's life.[15][16] Collet is buried at the Lancashire Landing Cemetery in Turkey.[2]

Other notable achievements

[edit]

Collet was also the first naval officer to loop the loop.[17]

Further reading

[edit]
  • "Flight-Lieutenant Collet's Daring: The Bomb-Dropper's Weapon; and Objectives of the British Aerial Raid into Germany". The Illustrated War News: 22. 30 September 1914.
  • Taylor, John William Ransom (1974). Air Facts and Feats. Two Continents Publishing Group.
  • Castle, Ian (2011). The Zeppelin Base Raids - Germany 1914. Osprey Publishing Ltd.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Burke, Edmund, ed. (1916). Annual Register. Rivingtons. p. 162.
  2. ^ a b c "Collet, Charles Herbert". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  3. ^ Hodges, S. (1981). God's Gift: A Living History of Dulwich College. London: Heinemann. p. 100.
  4. ^ "No. 27833". The London Gazette. 5 September 1905. p. 6054.
  5. ^ "No. 28181". The London Gazette. 29 September 1908. p. 7016.
  6. ^ "Aviators' Certificates". Flight. V (255): 1246. 15 November 1913. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  7. ^ Allenby, Richard (2014). "DFW Arrow 154 at Scarborough Racecourse". Aircraft Accidents in Yorkshire. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Dresner, Jim (2013). "Charles Herbert Collet". Flying Marines. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  9. ^ Howard-Smith, Logan (2005). Thrilling Stories of the Great War: Heroic Incidents and Startling Events of the World War on Land and Sea in the Air and Under the Water. Kessinger Publishing. p. 121.
  10. ^ "The British Way". Flight. VI (301): 992. 2 October 1914. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  11. ^ Talbot, Frederick A. (1997). Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War. Seattle: The World Wide School. p. 40.
  12. ^ "No. 28948". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 October 1914. p. 8501.
  13. ^ "No. 29109". The London Gazette. 23 March 1915. p. 2845.
  14. ^ "No. 29084". The London Gazette. 26 February 1915. pp. 1978–1979.
  15. ^ "No. 29439". The London Gazette. 14 January 1916. p. 624.
  16. ^ Liddle, Peter H. (April 1985). Gallipoli 1915: Pens, Pencils, and Cameras at War. London: Brassey's (UK) Ltd. p. 110. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  17. ^ Hodson, H. V., ed. (1916). The Annual Register. Longmans. p. 162.
[edit]
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