Glandular odontogenic cyst: Difference between revisions
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| synonym = Sialo-Odontogenic cyst |
| synonym = Sialo-Odontogenic cyst |
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| image = Relative incidence of odontogenic cysts.jpg |
| image = Relative incidence of odontogenic cysts.jpg |
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| caption = Relative incidence of [[odontogenic cyst]]s.<ref name=" |
| caption = Relative incidence of [[odontogenic cyst]]s.<ref name="Borges et al 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Leandro Bezerra |last2=Fechine |first2=Francisco Vagnaldo |last3=Mota |first3=Mário Rogério Lima |last4=Sousa |first4=Fabrício Bitu |last5=Alves |first5=Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes |title=Odontogenic lesions of the jaw: a clinical-pathological study of 461 cases |journal=Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia |date=March 2012 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=71–78 |url=http://www.revistargo.com.br/viewarticle.php?id=2229 |s2cid=46982083 }}</ref> ''Glandular odontogenic cyst'' is labeled at bottom. |
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| pronounce = |
| pronounce = |
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| specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten--> |
| specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten--> |
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| symptoms = |
| symptoms = Jaw expansion, swelling, impairment to the tooth, root and cortical plate <ref name=pmid26587384/><ref name=pmid25971944/> |
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| complications = |
| complications = |
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| onset = |
| onset = |
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| duration = |
| duration = |
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| types = |
| types = |
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| causes = Cellular mutation, cyst maturation at glandular, BCL-2 protein <ref name= |
| causes = Cellular mutation, cyst maturation at glandular, BCL-2 protein <ref name=pmid26587384/><ref name=pmid24959044/> |
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| risks = |
| risks = |
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| diagnosis = Biopsy, CT scans, Panoramic x-rays <ref name=pmid21865053/><ref name=pmid15789313/> |
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| diagnosis = |
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| differential = Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma, odontogenic keratocyst <ref name=" |
| differential = Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma, odontogenic keratocyst <ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /><ref name=pmid15789313/> |
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| prevention = Post-surgery follow-ups are commonly proposed to prevent the chances of recurrence <ref name=pmid15789313/> |
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| prevention = |
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| treatment = Enucleation, curettage, marginal or partial resection, marsupialization |
| treatment = Enucleation, curettage, marginal or partial resection, marsupialization<ref name=pmid15789313/> |
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| medication = |
| medication = |
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| prognosis = |
| prognosis = |
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| frequency = 0.12 to 0.13% of people <ref name= |
| frequency = 0.12 to 0.13% of people <ref name=pmid26587384/> |
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| deaths = |
| deaths = |
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A '''glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC)''' is a rare and usually [[Benign tumor|benign]] [[odontogenic cyst]] developed at the odontogenic epithelium of the [[mandible]] or [[maxilla]].<ref name=pmid26587384>{{cite journal |last1=Faisal |first1=Mohammad |last2=Ahmad |first2=Syed Ansar |last3=Ansari |first3=Uzma |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst – Literature review and report of a paediatric case |journal=Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |date=September 2015 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=219–225 |doi=10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.011 |pmid=26587384 |pmc=4623883 }}</ref><ref name=pmid21180452>{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=Sudeendra |last2=Rekha |first2=K |last3=Kumar |first3=GS |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst mimicking central mucoepidermoid carcinoma |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology |date=2010 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=12–5 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.64303 |pmid=21180452 |pmc=2996005 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=pmid24374982>{{cite journal |last1=Motooka |first1=Naomi |last2=Ohba |first2=Seigo |last3=Uehara |first3=Masataka |last4=Fujita |first4=Syuichi |last5=Asahina |first5=Izumi |title=A case of glandular odontogenic cyst in the mandible treated with the dredging method |journal=Odontology |date=1 January 2015 |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=112–115 |doi=10.1007/s10266-013-0143-0 |pmid=24374982 |s2cid=21059170 }}</ref><ref name=pmid27134453>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=AmishaA |last2=Sangle |first2=Amit |last3=Bussari |first3=Smita |last4=Koshy |first4=AjitV |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: A diagnostic dilemma |journal=Indian Journal of Dentistry |date=2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=38–43 |doi=10.4103/0975-962X.179371 |pmid=27134453 |pmc=4836096 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Originally, the cyst was labeled as "sialo-odontogenic cyst" in 1987.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470759769.ch7 |chapter=Glandular Odontogenic Cyst (Sialo-Odontogenic Cyst) |pages=94–99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgt7046OlUAC&pg=PA94 |editor1-last=Shear |editor1-first=Mervyn |editor2-last=Speight |editor2-first=Paul |title=Cysts of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-75976-9 }}</ref> However, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) decided to adopt the medical expression "glandular odontogenic cyst".<ref name=pmid24374982/> Following the initial classification, only 60 medically documented cases were present in the population by 2003.<ref name=pmid15789313>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Ilana |last2=Gal |first2=Gavriel |last3=Anavi |first3=Yakir |last4=Manor |first4=Ronen |last5=Calderon |first5=Shlomo |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: Treatment and recurrence |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |date=April 2005 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2004.08.007 |pmid=15789313 }}</ref> GOC was established as its own biological growth after differentiation from other jaw cysts such as the "central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC)", a popular type of neoplasm at the salivary glands.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/><ref name=pmid29131467>{{cite journal |last1=Nagasaki |first1=Atsuhiro |last2=Ogawa |first2=Ikuko |last3=Sato |first3=Yukiko |last4=Takeuchi |first4=Kengo |last5=Kitagawa |first5=Masae |last6=Ando |first6=Toshinori |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Shinnichi |last8=Shrestha |first8=Madhu |last9=Uchisako |first9=Kaori |last10=Koizumi |first10=Koichi |last11=Toratani |first11=Shigeaki |last12=Konishi |first12=Masaru |last13=Takata |first13=Takashi |title=Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from glandular odontogenic cyst confirmed by analysis of MAML2 rearrangement: A case report: Central MEC arising from GOC |journal=Pathology International |date=January 2018 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=31–35 |doi=10.1111/pin.12609 |pmid=29131467 |s2cid=8932602 }}</ref> GOC is usually misdiagnosed with other lesions developed at the glandular and [[salivary gland]] due to the shared clinical signs.<ref name=pmid27829208>{{cite journal |last1=AbdullGaffar |first1=Badr |last2=Koilelat |first2=Mohamed |title=Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: The Value of Intraepithelial Hemosiderin |journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology |date=May 2017 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=250–252 |doi=10.1177/1066896916672333 |pmid=27829208 |s2cid=46588216 }}</ref> The presence of osteodentin supports the concept of an odontogenic pathway.<ref name="pmid27134453" /> This odontogenic cyst is commonly described to be a slow and aggressive development.<ref name=pmid25848155>{{cite journal |last1=Akkaş |first1=İsmail |last2=Toptaş |first2=Orçun |last3=Özan |first3=Fatih |last4=Yılmaz |first4=Fahri |title=Bilateral Glandular Odontogenic Cyst of Mandible: A Rare Occurrence |journal=Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery |date=1 March 2015 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=443–447 |doi=10.1007/s12663-014-0668-y |pmid=25848155 |pmc=4379287 }}</ref> The inclination of GOC to be large and multilocular is associated with a greater chance of remission.<ref name="pmid27134453" /><ref name=pmid25971944>{{cite journal |last1=Momeni Roochi |first1=Mehrnoush |last2=Tavakoli |first2=Iman |last3=Ghazi |first3=Fatemeh Mojgan |last4=Tavakoli |first4=Ali |title=Case series and review of glandular odontogenic cyst with emphasis on treatment modalities |journal=Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery |date=1 July 2015 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=746–750 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2015.03.030 |pmid=25971944 }}</ref> GOC is an infrequent manifestation with a 0.2% diagnosis in jaw lesion cases.<ref name=Neville2016>{{cite book |last1=Neville |first1=Brad W. |chapter=Cyst, Glandular Odontogenic |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28085-1_677 |editor1-last=Slootweg |editor1-first=Pieter |year=2016 |title=Dental and Oral Pathology |series=Encyclopedia of Pathology |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-28084-4 }}</ref> Reported cases show that GOC mainly impacts the mandible and male individuals.<ref name=pmid25971944/> The presentation of GOC at the maxilla has a very low rate of incidence.<ref name=pmid21180452/> The GOC development is more common in adults in their fifth and sixth decades.<ref name="Borges et al 2012"/> |
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GOC has signs and symptoms of varying sensitivities, and dysfunction.<ref name="pmid25848155" /><ref name=Neville2016/> In some cases, the GOC will present no classic abnormalities and remains undiagnosed until secondary complications arise.<ref name=pmid25848155/> The proliferation of GOC requires insight into the foundations of its unique histochemistry and biology.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> The comparable characteristics of GOC with other jaw lesions require the close examination of its histology, morphology, and immunocytochemistry for a differential diagnosis.<ref name=pmid27134453/> Treatment modes of the GOC follow a case-by-case approach due to the variable nature of the cyst.<ref name=pmid21865053>{{cite journal |last1=Cano |first1=Jorge |last2=Benito |first2=Dulce María |last3=Montáns |first3=José |last4=Rodríguez-Vázquez |first4=José Francisco |last5=Campo |first5=Julián |last6=Colmenero |first6=César |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: Two high-risk cases treated with conservative approaches |journal=Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery |date=1 July 2012 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=e131–e136 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2011.07.005 |pmid=21865053 }}</ref> The selected treatment must be accompanied with an appropriate pre and post-operative plan.<ref name=pmid21865053/> |
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== Signs and Symptoms == |
== Signs and Symptoms == |
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The appearance of a protrusive growth will be present at their mandible or maxilla.<ref name=pmid26587384/> The expansive nature of this cyst may destruct the quality of symmetry at the facial region and would be a clear physical sign of abnormality.<ref name=pmid26587384/><ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> The area of impact may likely be at the anterior region of mandible as described in a significant number of reported cases.<ref name=pmid21180452/> At this region, GOC would eventually mediate expansion at the [[Molar (tooth)|molars]].<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /> A painful and swollen sensation at the jaw region caused by GOC may be reported.<ref name=Neville2016/> Detailing of a painless feeling or facial [[Paresthesia|paraesthesia]] can be experienced.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /><ref name=Neville2016/> Alongside GOC, "[[root resorption]], cortical bone thinning and perforation, and tooth displacement may occur".<ref name=pmid25971944/> Experience of swelling at the [[Buccal space|buccal]] and [[Lingual artery|lingual]] zones can occur.<ref name=pmid15789313/> Usually, the smaller sized GOCs present no classical signs or symptoms to the case (i.e. "asymptomatic").<ref name=pmid24959044>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Govind |last2=Shah |first2=Monali |last3=Kale |first3=Hemant |last4=Ranginwala |first4=Amena |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: A rare entity |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology |date=2014 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=89–92 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.131922 |pmid=24959044 |pmc=4065455 |doi-access=free }}</ref> GOC is filled with cystic a fluid that differs in viscosity and may appear as transparent, brownish-red, or creamy in colour.<ref name=pmid25971944/> |
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== Causes == |
== Causes == |
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[[File:PDB 1ysw EBI.jpg |
[[File:PDB 1ysw EBI.jpg|thumb|The molecular arrangement of BCL-2 protein, a potential cause to the development of the GOC. The protein can inhibit the process of apoptosis when at a high abundance.]] |
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The GOC can arise through a number of causes:<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /> |
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⚫ | The origin of |
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⚫ | The origin of the GOC can be understood through its biological and histochemistry foundations.<ref name="pmid24959044" /> It has been suggested that GOC can be a result of a traumatic event.<ref name="pmid27829208" /> The occurrence of GOC may be from a mutated cell from "the oral mucosa and the dental follicle" origin.<ref name="pmid27391558" /> Another probable cause is from pre-existing cysts or cancerous constituents.<ref name="pmid27829208" /> A potential biological origin of GOC is a cyst developed at a salivary gland or simple epithelium, which undergoes maturation at the glandular.<ref name="pmid24959044" /> Another origin is a primordial cyst that infiltrates the glandular epithelial tissue through a highly organised [[cellular differentiation]].<ref name="pmid24959044" /> Pathologists discovered a [[Bcl-2|BCL-2 protein]], commonly present in neoplasms, to exist in the tissue layers of the GOC.<ref name="pmid24959044" /><ref name="pmid27391558" /> The protein is capable of disrupting normal cell death function at the odontogenic region.<ref name="pmid24959044" /><ref name="pmid27391558" /> The analysis of [[PTCH1|PTCH]], a gene that specialises in neoplasm inhibition, was carried out to determine if any existing mutations played a role in the initiation of the GOC.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /> It is confirmed that the gene had no assistance in triggering cystic advancement.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /> |
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== Diagnosis == |
== Diagnosis == |
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=== Radiology === |
=== Radiology === |
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The performance of [[CT scan|computed tomography]] at the area |
The performance of [[Radiography|radiographic]] imaging i.e. [[CT scan|computed tomography]], at the affected area is considered essential.<ref name=pmid25848155/> Radiographic imaging of the GOC can display a defined [[Locule|unilocular]] or multilocular appearance that may be "rounded or oval" shaped upon clinical observation.<ref name="pmid21865053" /><ref name=pmid24959044/> Scans may present a distribution of the GOC at the upper jaw as it presents a 71.8% prevalence in cases.<ref name=pmid26587384/> The margin surrounding the GOC is usually occupied with a scalloped definition.<ref name=pmid26587384/> A bilateral presentation of the GOC is possible but is not common at either the maxilla or mandible sites.<ref name=pmid25848155/> The GOC has an average size of 4.9 cm that can develop over the midline when positioned at the mandible or maxilla region.<ref name="pmid25971944" /><ref name="Neville2016" /> Analysis of scans allow for the differentiation of GOC from other parallel lesions, i.e. "[[ameloblastoma]], [[odontogenic myxoma]], or [[dentigerous cyst]]" in order to minimise the chance of a misdiagnosis.<ref name="pmid21865053" /> These scans can display the severity of cortical plate, root, and tooth complications, which is observed to determine the necessary action for reconstruction.<ref name="pmid21865053" /> |
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=== Histology === |
=== Histology === |
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Histological features related to the |
Histological features related to the GOC differ in each scenario; however, there is a general criterion to identify the cyst.<ref name=Neville2016/> The GOC usually features a "[[stratified squamous epithelium]]" attached to [[connective tissue]] that is filled with active [[White blood cell|immune cells]].<ref name=pmid26587384/><ref name="Shear & Speight 2007" /> The lining of the epithelium features a very small diameter that is usually non-keratinised.<ref name=pmid21180452/><ref name=pmid25848155/> In contrast, the lining of the GOC has rather an inconsistent diameter.<ref name=pmid26587384/> The [[Stratum basale|basal cells]] of the GOC usually has no association to a cancerous origin.<ref name=pmid27829208/> Tissue cells can be faced with an abnormal increase in the concentration of calcium, which can cause the region to [[Calcification|calcify]].<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> The transformation of the epithelium is associated with a focal luminal development.<ref name=pmid26587384/> [[Eosinophilic]] organelles such as columnar and cuboidal cells can be observed during [[microscopy]].<ref name=pmid29131467/> Intra-epithelial crypts may be identified in the internal framework of the epithelium or at the external space where it presents itself as papillae protrusions.<ref name=pmid21180452/><ref name=pmid25848155/> [[Mucin]] is observable after the application of "[[Alcian blue stain|alcian blue dye]]" on the tissue specimen.<ref name=pmid21180452/> The histological observation of [[goblet cell]]s is a common feature with the "odontogenic [[dentigerous cyst]]".<ref name=pmid29131467/> In some circumstances, the epithelium can have variable plaque structures that appear as swirls in the tissue layers.<ref name=pmid21180452/> Interestingly, histologists were able to identify hyaline bodies within the tissue framework of the GOC.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> It is encouraged that the histological identification of at least seven of these biological characteristics is required to accurately distinguish the presence of the GOC.<ref name=pmid29131467/> |
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==== Intraepithelial Hemosiderin ==== |
==== Intraepithelial Hemosiderin ==== |
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Pathologists have identified [[hemosiderin]] pigments that are unique to the |
Pathologists have identified [[hemosiderin]] pigments that are considered unique to the GOC.<ref name=pmid27829208/> The discovery of this pigment can be pivotal to the differentiation of the GOC from other lesions.<ref name=pmid27829208/> The staining at the epithelium is due to the haemorrhaging of the lining.<ref name=pmid27829208/> The cause of the haemorrhaging can be triggered by the type of treatment, cellular degradation, or structural deformation inflicted during GOC expansion.<ref name=pmid27829208/> Examination of the GOC tissue section indicated that red blood cells from the intraluminal space had combined with the [[Extracellular fluid|extracellular]] constituents.<ref name=pmid27829208/> This process is carried out through transepithelial elimination.<ref name=pmid27829208/> This clinical procedure is beneficial to confirm the [[Benign tumor|benign]] or [[Malignant Tumour|malignant]] nature of the GOC.<ref name=pmid27829208/> |
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=== Immunocytochemistry === |
=== Immunocytochemistry === |
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The examination of [[Cytokeratin|cytokeratin profiles]] is deemed useful when observing the differences between the |
The examination of [[Cytokeratin|cytokeratin profiles]] is deemed useful when observing the differences between the GOC and the central MEC.<ref name=Neville2016/> These two lesions show individualised expression for [[Keratin 18|cytokeratin 18]] and [[Keratin 19|19]].<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> Past studies observed [[Ki-67 (protein)|Ki-67]], [[p53]], and [[Proliferating cell nuclear antigen|PCNA]] expression in common jaw cysts that shared similar characteristics.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> There was a lack of p53 expression found in [[Periapical cyst|radicular cysts]].<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> Similarly, Ki-67 was seen less in the central MEC compared to the other lesions, though this discovery is not essential to the process of differential diagnosis.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/><ref name=Neville2016/> Proliferating cell nuclear antigen readings were established to have no role in the differentiation process.<ref name=Neville2016/> The [[TGF beta signaling pathway|TGF-beta marker]] is present in the GOC and can explain the limited concentration of normal functioning cells.<ref name=pmid27391558>{{cite journal |last1=Alaeddini |first1=Mojgan |last2=Eshghyar |first2=Nosratollah |last3=Etemad‐Moghadam |first3=Shahroo |title=Expression of podoplanin and TGF-beta in glandular odontogenic cyst and its comparison with developmental and inflammatory odontogenic cystic lesions |journal=Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine |date=2017 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.1111/jop.12475 |pmid=27391558 |s2cid=40879254 }}</ref> |
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==== MAML2 rearrangement ==== |
==== MAML2 rearrangement ==== |
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The observation of [[MAML2]] rearrangement is described as a |
The observation of a [[MAML2]] rearrangement is described as a procedure useful in the differential diagnosis of the GOC and its closely related lesion, the central MEC.<ref name=pmid29131467/> A second cystic development displayed the presence of CRTC3-MAML2 fusion after an in-vitro application.<ref name=pmid29131467/> The MAML2 rearrangement represents the developmental growth of the central MEC from the GOC.<ref name=pmid29131467/> The use of fusion-gene transcript may be helpful towards the differentiation of the GOC from the central MEC of the jaw and salivary glands.<ref name=pmid29131467/> |
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== Treatment == |
== Treatment == |
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=== Pre-treatment protocols === |
=== Pre-treatment protocols === |
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[[File:Panoramic Xray.jpg |
[[File:Panoramic Xray.jpg|thumb|Panoramic radiography used to provide visualisations of the maxilla and mandible. X-rays will display the degree of impact on case, caused by the GOC.]] |
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A computed tomography and [[Panoramic radiograph|panoramic x-ray]] must be undertaken in order to observe the severity of internal complications.<ref name=pmid21865053/> These scans allow for the observation of the GOC size, radiolucency, cortical bone, [[dentition]], root, and [[Vestibular lamina|vestibular]] zone.<ref name=pmid21865053/> In some cases, the dentition may be embedded into the cavity walls of the lesion, depending on the position of expansion at the odontogenic tissue.<ref name=pmid25848155/> The diagnosis of a smaller sized GOC is related to the attachment of only two teeth.<ref name=pmid15789313/> While, a greater sized GOC develops over two teeth.<ref name=pmid15789313/> Presentation of a greater sized lesion usually requires a [[biopsy]] for a differential diagnosis and a precise treatment plan.<ref name=pmid15789313/> |
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=== Treatment process === |
=== Treatment process === |
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The unilocular and multilocular nature is imperative to the determination of treatment style.<ref name= |
The unilocular and multilocular nature is imperative to the determination of treatment style.<ref name=pmid15789313/> [[Local anesthesia]] is regularly provided as the GOC is embedded within the tissue structure of the jaw and requires an invasive procedure for a safe and accurate extraction.<ref name=pmid26587384/> For unilocular GOCs with minimal tissue deterioration, "[[Enucleation (surgery)|enucleation]], [[curettage]], and [[marsupialization]]" is a suitable treatment plan.<ref name=pmid15789313/> Notably, the performance of enucleation or curettage as the primary action is linked to an incomplete extraction of the GOC and is only recommended to the less invasive lesions.<ref name=pmid15789313/> Multilocular GOCs require a more invasive procedure such as "peripheral [[ostectomy]], marginal resection, or partial jaw resection".<ref name=pmid15789313/> GOCs associated with a more severe structural damage are encouraged to undergo marsupialization as either an initial or supplementary surgery.<ref name=pmid15789313/> The frequency of reappearance is likely due to the lingering cystic tissue structures that remain after the performance of curettage.<ref name=pmid25848155/> The incorporation of a "dredging method i.e. repetition of enucleation and curettage" is also suggested until the remnants of the GOC diminishes for certain.<ref name=pmid24374982/> The treatment ensures scar tissue is removed to promote the successful reconstruction of osseous material for jaw preservation.<ref name=pmid24374982/> Alongside the main treatments, bone allograft application, [[cryosurgery]], and [[apicoectomy]] are available but have not been consistently recommended.<ref name="pmid24374982" /><ref name=pmid25848155/><ref name=pmid21865053/> Though [[Carnoy's solution]], the [[chloroform]]-free version, is recommended with the treatment as it degenerates the majority of the damaged [[dental lamina]].<ref name=pmid25848155/> The most effective type of treatment remains unknown due to the lack of detailed data from reported cases.<ref name=pmid25971944/> |
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=== Post-treatment protocols === |
=== Post-treatment protocols === |
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Follow-up appointments are necessary after the removal of the GOC as there is a high chance of remission, which may be exacerbated in cases dealing with "cortical plate perforation".<ref name="pmid25848155" /><ref name=pmid21865053/> The GOC has a significant remission rate of 21 to 55% that can potentially develop during the period of 0.5 to 7 years post-surgery.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/><ref name=pmid15789313/> Cases occupied with a lower risk lesion are expected to continue appointments with physicians for up to 3 years post-surgery.<ref name=pmid15789313/> A higher risk lesion is encouraged to consistently consult with physicians during a 7-year period after treatment.<ref name=pmid25848155/> Remission events require immediate attention and appropriate procedures such as enucleation or curettage.<ref name=pmid15789313/> In more damaging cases of remission, tissue resection, and marsupialization may have to be performed.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> |
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== Epidemiology == |
== Epidemiology == |
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The clinical presentation of |
The clinical presentation of the GOC is very low in the population as noted by the 0.12 to 0.13% occurrence rate, extrapolated from a sample size of the 181 individuals.<ref name=pmid26587384/> The GOC mainly affects older individuals in the population, especially those that are in their 40 to 60s.<ref name=pmid21180452/> However, the GOC can affect younger individuals i.e. 11, and more older individuals i.e. 82 in the population.<ref name=pmid26587384/> The age distribution starts at a much lower number for people living in Asia and Africa.<ref name=pmid26587384/> Those in their first 10 years of life have not been diagnosed with the GOC.<ref name=Neville2016/> The GOC does present a tendency to proliferate in more males than females.<ref name=pmid25971944/> There is no definitive conclusion towards the relevance of gender and its influence on the rate of incidence.<ref name="Shear & Speight 2007"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite journal |last1=AbdullGaffar |first1=Badr |last2=Koilelat |first2=Mohamed |title=Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: The Value of Intraepithelial Hemosiderin |journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology |date=May 2017 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=250–252 |doi=10.1177/1066896916672333 |pmid=27829208 |s2cid=46588216 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Akkaş |first1=İsmail |last2=Toptaş |first2=Orçun |last3=Özan |first3=Fatih |last4=Yılmaz |first4=Fahri |title=Bilateral Glandular Odontogenic Cyst of Mandible: A Rare Occurrence |journal=Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery |date=1 March 2015 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=443–447 |doi=10.1007/s12663-014-0668-y |pmid=25848155 |pmc=4379287 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Alaeddini |first1=Mojgan |last2=Eshghyar |first2=Nosratollah |last3=Etemad‐Moghadam |first3=Shahroo |title=Expression of podoplanin and TGF-beta in glandular odontogenic cyst and its comparison with developmental and inflammatory odontogenic cystic lesions |journal=Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine |date=2017 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.1111/jop.12475 |pmid=27391558 |s2cid=40879254 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Leandro Bezerra |last2=Fechine |first2=Francisco Vagnaldo |last3=Mota |first3=Mário Rogério Lima |last4=Sousa |first4=Fabrício Bitu |last5=Alves |first5=Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes |title=Odontogenic lesions of the jaw: a clinical-pathological study of 461 cases |journal=Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia |date=March 2012 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=71–78 |url=http://www.revistargo.com.br/viewarticle.php?id=2229 |s2cid=46982083 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Cano |first1=Jorge |last2=Benito |first2=Dulce María |last3=Montáns |first3=José |last4=Rodríguez-Vázquez |first4=José Francisco |last5=Campo |first5=Julián |last6=Colmenero |first6=César |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: Two high-risk cases treated with conservative approaches |journal=Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery |date=1 July 2012 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=e131–e136 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2011.07.005 |pmid=21865053 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Faisal |first1=Mohammad |last2=Ahmad |first2=Syed Ansar |last3=Ansari |first3=Uzma |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst – Literature review and report of a paediatric case |journal=Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |date=September 2015 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=219–225 |doi=10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.011 |pmid=26587384 |pmc=4623883 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Ilana |last2=Gal |first2=Gavriel |last3=Anavi |first3=Yakir |last4=Manor |first4=Ronen |last5=Calderon |first5=Shlomo |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: Treatment and recurrence |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |date=April 2005 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2004.08.007 |pmid=15789313 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Motooka |first1=Naomi |last2=Ohba |first2=Seigo |last3=Uehara |first3=Masataka |last4=Fujita |first4=Syuichi |last5=Asahina |first5=Izumi |title=A case of glandular odontogenic cyst in the mandible treated with the dredging method |journal=Odontology |date=1 January 2015 |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=112–115 |doi=10.1007/s10266-013-0143-0 |pmid=24374982 |s2cid=21059170 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Nagasaki |first1=Atsuhiro |last2=Ogawa |first2=Ikuko |last3=Sato |first3=Yukiko |last4=Takeuchi |first4=Kengo |last5=Kitagawa |first5=Masae |last6=Ando |first6=Toshinori |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Shinnichi |last8=Shrestha |first8=Madhu |last9=Uchisako |first9=Kaori |last10=Koizumi |first10=Koichi |last11=Toratani |first11=Shigeaki |last12=Konishi |first12=Masaru |last13=Takata |first13=Takashi |title=Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from glandular odontogenic cyst confirmed by analysis of MAML2 rearrangement: A case report: Central MEC arising from GOC |journal=Pathology International |date=January 2018 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=31–35 |doi=10.1111/pin.12609 |pmid=29131467 |s2cid=8932602 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Neville |first1=Brad W. |chapter=Cyst, Glandular Odontogenic |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28085-1_677 |editor1-last=Slootweg |editor1-first=Pieter |year=2016 |title=Dental and Oral Pathology |series=Encyclopedia of Pathology |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-28084-4 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=Sudeendra |last2=Rekha |first2=K |last3=Kumar |first3=GS |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst mimicking central mucoepidermoid carcinoma |journal=[[Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology]] |date=2010 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=12–5 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.64303 |pmid=21180452 |pmc=2996005 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Momeni Roochi |first1=Mehrnoush |last2=Tavakoli |first2=Iman |last3=Ghazi |first3=Fatemeh Mojgan |last4=Tavakoli |first4=Ali |title=Case series and review of glandular odontogenic cyst with emphasis on treatment modalities |journal=Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery |date=1 July 2015 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=746–750 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2015.03.030 |pmid=25971944 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Govind |last2=Shah |first2=Monali |last3=Kale |first3=Hemant |last4=Ranginwala |first4=Amena |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: A rare entity |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology |date=2014 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=89–92 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.131922 |pmid=24959044 |pmc=4065455 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=AmishaA |last2=Sangle |first2=Amit |last3=Bussari |first3=Smita |last4=Koshy |first4=AjitV |title=Glandular odontogenic cyst: A diagnostic dilemma |journal=Indian Journal of Dentistry |date=2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=38–43 |doi=10.4103/0975-962X.179371 |pmid=27134453 |pmc=4836096 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470759769.ch7 |chapter=Glandular Odontogenic Cyst (Sialo-Odontogenic Cyst) |pages=94–99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgt7046OlUAC&pg=PA94 |editor1-last=Shear |editor1-first=Mervyn |editor2-last=Speight |editor2-first=Paul |title=Cysts of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-75976-9 }} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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[[Category:Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region]] |
[[Category:Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Lesion]] |
Revision as of 01:52, 3 December 2023
Glandular odontogenic cyst | |
---|---|
Other names | Sialo-Odontogenic cyst |
Relative incidence of odontogenic cysts.[1] Glandular odontogenic cyst is labeled at bottom. | |
Symptoms | Jaw expansion, swelling, impairment to the tooth, root and cortical plate [2][3] |
Causes | Cellular mutation, cyst maturation at glandular, BCL-2 protein [2][4] |
Diagnostic method | Biopsy, CT scans, Panoramic x-rays [5][6] |
Differential diagnosis | Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma, odontogenic keratocyst [7][6] |
Prevention | Post-surgery follow-ups are commonly proposed to prevent the chances of recurrence [6] |
Treatment | Enucleation, curettage, marginal or partial resection, marsupialization[6] |
Frequency | 0.12 to 0.13% of people [2] |
A glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare and usually benign odontogenic cyst developed at the odontogenic epithelium of the mandible or maxilla.[2][8][9][10] Originally, the cyst was labeled as "sialo-odontogenic cyst" in 1987.[7] However, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to adopt the medical expression "glandular odontogenic cyst".[9] Following the initial classification, only 60 medically documented cases were present in the population by 2003.[6] GOC was established as its own biological growth after differentiation from other jaw cysts such as the "central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC)", a popular type of neoplasm at the salivary glands.[7][11] GOC is usually misdiagnosed with other lesions developed at the glandular and salivary gland due to the shared clinical signs.[12] The presence of osteodentin supports the concept of an odontogenic pathway.[10] This odontogenic cyst is commonly described to be a slow and aggressive development.[13] The inclination of GOC to be large and multilocular is associated with a greater chance of remission.[10][3] GOC is an infrequent manifestation with a 0.2% diagnosis in jaw lesion cases.[14] Reported cases show that GOC mainly impacts the mandible and male individuals.[3] The presentation of GOC at the maxilla has a very low rate of incidence.[8] The GOC development is more common in adults in their fifth and sixth decades.[1]
GOC has signs and symptoms of varying sensitivities, and dysfunction.[13][14] In some cases, the GOC will present no classic abnormalities and remains undiagnosed until secondary complications arise.[13] The proliferation of GOC requires insight into the foundations of its unique histochemistry and biology.[7] The comparable characteristics of GOC with other jaw lesions require the close examination of its histology, morphology, and immunocytochemistry for a differential diagnosis.[10] Treatment modes of the GOC follow a case-by-case approach due to the variable nature of the cyst.[5] The selected treatment must be accompanied with an appropriate pre and post-operative plan.[5]
Signs and Symptoms
The appearance of a protrusive growth will be present at their mandible or maxilla.[2] The expansive nature of this cyst may destruct the quality of symmetry at the facial region and would be a clear physical sign of abnormality.[2][7] The area of impact may likely be at the anterior region of mandible as described in a significant number of reported cases.[8] At this region, GOC would eventually mediate expansion at the molars.[7] A painful and swollen sensation at the jaw region caused by GOC may be reported.[14] Detailing of a painless feeling or facial paraesthesia can be experienced.[7][14] Alongside GOC, "root resorption, cortical bone thinning and perforation, and tooth displacement may occur".[3] Experience of swelling at the buccal and lingual zones can occur.[6] Usually, the smaller sized GOCs present no classical signs or symptoms to the case (i.e. "asymptomatic").[4] GOC is filled with cystic a fluid that differs in viscosity and may appear as transparent, brownish-red, or creamy in colour.[3]
Causes
The GOC can arise through a number of causes:[7]
The origin of the GOC can be understood through its biological and histochemistry foundations.[4] It has been suggested that GOC can be a result of a traumatic event.[12] The occurrence of GOC may be from a mutated cell from "the oral mucosa and the dental follicle" origin.[15] Another probable cause is from pre-existing cysts or cancerous constituents.[12] A potential biological origin of GOC is a cyst developed at a salivary gland or simple epithelium, which undergoes maturation at the glandular.[4] Another origin is a primordial cyst that infiltrates the glandular epithelial tissue through a highly organised cellular differentiation.[4] Pathologists discovered a BCL-2 protein, commonly present in neoplasms, to exist in the tissue layers of the GOC.[4][15] The protein is capable of disrupting normal cell death function at the odontogenic region.[4][15] The analysis of PTCH, a gene that specialises in neoplasm inhibition, was carried out to determine if any existing mutations played a role in the initiation of the GOC.[7] It is confirmed that the gene had no assistance in triggering cystic advancement.[7]
Diagnosis
Radiology
The performance of radiographic imaging i.e. computed tomography, at the affected area is considered essential.[13] Radiographic imaging of the GOC can display a defined unilocular or multilocular appearance that may be "rounded or oval" shaped upon clinical observation.[5][4] Scans may present a distribution of the GOC at the upper jaw as it presents a 71.8% prevalence in cases.[2] The margin surrounding the GOC is usually occupied with a scalloped definition.[2] A bilateral presentation of the GOC is possible but is not common at either the maxilla or mandible sites.[13] The GOC has an average size of 4.9 cm that can develop over the midline when positioned at the mandible or maxilla region.[3][14] Analysis of scans allow for the differentiation of GOC from other parallel lesions, i.e. "ameloblastoma, odontogenic myxoma, or dentigerous cyst" in order to minimise the chance of a misdiagnosis.[5] These scans can display the severity of cortical plate, root, and tooth complications, which is observed to determine the necessary action for reconstruction.[5]
Histology
Histological features related to the GOC differ in each scenario; however, there is a general criterion to identify the cyst.[14] The GOC usually features a "stratified squamous epithelium" attached to connective tissue that is filled with active immune cells.[2][7] The lining of the epithelium features a very small diameter that is usually non-keratinised.[8][13] In contrast, the lining of the GOC has rather an inconsistent diameter.[2] The basal cells of the GOC usually has no association to a cancerous origin.[12] Tissue cells can be faced with an abnormal increase in the concentration of calcium, which can cause the region to calcify.[7] The transformation of the epithelium is associated with a focal luminal development.[2] Eosinophilic organelles such as columnar and cuboidal cells can be observed during microscopy.[11] Intra-epithelial crypts may be identified in the internal framework of the epithelium or at the external space where it presents itself as papillae protrusions.[8][13] Mucin is observable after the application of "alcian blue dye" on the tissue specimen.[8] The histological observation of goblet cells is a common feature with the "odontogenic dentigerous cyst".[11] In some circumstances, the epithelium can have variable plaque structures that appear as swirls in the tissue layers.[8] Interestingly, histologists were able to identify hyaline bodies within the tissue framework of the GOC.[7] It is encouraged that the histological identification of at least seven of these biological characteristics is required to accurately distinguish the presence of the GOC.[11]
Intraepithelial Hemosiderin
Pathologists have identified hemosiderin pigments that are considered unique to the GOC.[12] The discovery of this pigment can be pivotal to the differentiation of the GOC from other lesions.[12] The staining at the epithelium is due to the haemorrhaging of the lining.[12] The cause of the haemorrhaging can be triggered by the type of treatment, cellular degradation, or structural deformation inflicted during GOC expansion.[12] Examination of the GOC tissue section indicated that red blood cells from the intraluminal space had combined with the extracellular constituents.[12] This process is carried out through transepithelial elimination.[12] This clinical procedure is beneficial to confirm the benign or malignant nature of the GOC.[12]
Immunocytochemistry
The examination of cytokeratin profiles is deemed useful when observing the differences between the GOC and the central MEC.[14] These two lesions show individualised expression for cytokeratin 18 and 19.[7] Past studies observed Ki-67, p53, and PCNA expression in common jaw cysts that shared similar characteristics.[7] There was a lack of p53 expression found in radicular cysts.[7] Similarly, Ki-67 was seen less in the central MEC compared to the other lesions, though this discovery is not essential to the process of differential diagnosis.[7][14] Proliferating cell nuclear antigen readings were established to have no role in the differentiation process.[14] The TGF-beta marker is present in the GOC and can explain the limited concentration of normal functioning cells.[15]
MAML2 rearrangement
The observation of a MAML2 rearrangement is described as a procedure useful in the differential diagnosis of the GOC and its closely related lesion, the central MEC.[11] A second cystic development displayed the presence of CRTC3-MAML2 fusion after an in-vitro application.[11] The MAML2 rearrangement represents the developmental growth of the central MEC from the GOC.[11] The use of fusion-gene transcript may be helpful towards the differentiation of the GOC from the central MEC of the jaw and salivary glands.[11]
Treatment
Pre-treatment protocols
A computed tomography and panoramic x-ray must be undertaken in order to observe the severity of internal complications.[5] These scans allow for the observation of the GOC size, radiolucency, cortical bone, dentition, root, and vestibular zone.[5] In some cases, the dentition may be embedded into the cavity walls of the lesion, depending on the position of expansion at the odontogenic tissue.[13] The diagnosis of a smaller sized GOC is related to the attachment of only two teeth.[6] While, a greater sized GOC develops over two teeth.[6] Presentation of a greater sized lesion usually requires a biopsy for a differential diagnosis and a precise treatment plan.[6]
Treatment process
The unilocular and multilocular nature is imperative to the determination of treatment style.[6] Local anesthesia is regularly provided as the GOC is embedded within the tissue structure of the jaw and requires an invasive procedure for a safe and accurate extraction.[2] For unilocular GOCs with minimal tissue deterioration, "enucleation, curettage, and marsupialization" is a suitable treatment plan.[6] Notably, the performance of enucleation or curettage as the primary action is linked to an incomplete extraction of the GOC and is only recommended to the less invasive lesions.[6] Multilocular GOCs require a more invasive procedure such as "peripheral ostectomy, marginal resection, or partial jaw resection".[6] GOCs associated with a more severe structural damage are encouraged to undergo marsupialization as either an initial or supplementary surgery.[6] The frequency of reappearance is likely due to the lingering cystic tissue structures that remain after the performance of curettage.[13] The incorporation of a "dredging method i.e. repetition of enucleation and curettage" is also suggested until the remnants of the GOC diminishes for certain.[9] The treatment ensures scar tissue is removed to promote the successful reconstruction of osseous material for jaw preservation.[9] Alongside the main treatments, bone allograft application, cryosurgery, and apicoectomy are available but have not been consistently recommended.[9][13][5] Though Carnoy's solution, the chloroform-free version, is recommended with the treatment as it degenerates the majority of the damaged dental lamina.[13] The most effective type of treatment remains unknown due to the lack of detailed data from reported cases.[3]
Post-treatment protocols
Follow-up appointments are necessary after the removal of the GOC as there is a high chance of remission, which may be exacerbated in cases dealing with "cortical plate perforation".[13][5] The GOC has a significant remission rate of 21 to 55% that can potentially develop during the period of 0.5 to 7 years post-surgery.[7][6] Cases occupied with a lower risk lesion are expected to continue appointments with physicians for up to 3 years post-surgery.[6] A higher risk lesion is encouraged to consistently consult with physicians during a 7-year period after treatment.[13] Remission events require immediate attention and appropriate procedures such as enucleation or curettage.[6] In more damaging cases of remission, tissue resection, and marsupialization may have to be performed.[7]
Epidemiology
The clinical presentation of the GOC is very low in the population as noted by the 0.12 to 0.13% occurrence rate, extrapolated from a sample size of the 181 individuals.[2] The GOC mainly affects older individuals in the population, especially those that are in their 40 to 60s.[8] However, the GOC can affect younger individuals i.e. 11, and more older individuals i.e. 82 in the population.[2] The age distribution starts at a much lower number for people living in Asia and Africa.[2] Those in their first 10 years of life have not been diagnosed with the GOC.[14] The GOC does present a tendency to proliferate in more males than females.[3] There is no definitive conclusion towards the relevance of gender and its influence on the rate of incidence.[7]
References
- ^ a b Borges, Leandro Bezerra; Fechine, Francisco Vagnaldo; Mota, Mário Rogério Lima; Sousa, Fabrício Bitu; Alves, Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes (March 2012). "Odontogenic lesions of the jaw: a clinical-pathological study of 461 cases". Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia. 60 (1): 71–78. S2CID 46982083.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Faisal, Mohammad; Ahmad, Syed Ansar; Ansari, Uzma (September 2015). "Glandular odontogenic cyst – Literature review and report of a paediatric case". Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 5 (3): 219–225. doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.011. PMC 4623883. PMID 26587384.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Momeni Roochi, Mehrnoush; Tavakoli, Iman; Ghazi, Fatemeh Mojgan; Tavakoli, Ali (1 July 2015). "Case series and review of glandular odontogenic cyst with emphasis on treatment modalities". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 43 (6): 746–750. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2015.03.030. PMID 25971944.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Patel, Govind; Shah, Monali; Kale, Hemant; Ranginwala, Amena (2014). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: A rare entity". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 18 (1): 89–92. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.131922. PMC 4065455. PMID 24959044.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cano, Jorge; Benito, Dulce María; Montáns, José; Rodríguez-Vázquez, José Francisco; Campo, Julián; Colmenero, César (1 July 2012). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: Two high-risk cases treated with conservative approaches". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 40 (5): e131–e136. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.07.005. PMID 21865053.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kaplan, Ilana; Gal, Gavriel; Anavi, Yakir; Manor, Ronen; Calderon, Shlomo (April 2005). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: Treatment and recurrence". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 63 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2004.08.007. PMID 15789313.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Shear, Mervyn; Speight, Paul, eds. (2007). "Glandular Odontogenic Cyst (Sialo-Odontogenic Cyst)". Cysts of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions. pp. 94–99. doi:10.1002/9780470759769.ch7. ISBN 978-0-470-75976-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prabhu, Sudeendra; Rekha, K; Kumar, GS (2010). "Glandular odontogenic cyst mimicking central mucoepidermoid carcinoma". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 14 (1): 12–5. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.64303. PMC 2996005. PMID 21180452.
- ^ a b c d e Motooka, Naomi; Ohba, Seigo; Uehara, Masataka; Fujita, Syuichi; Asahina, Izumi (1 January 2015). "A case of glandular odontogenic cyst in the mandible treated with the dredging method". Odontology. 103 (1): 112–115. doi:10.1007/s10266-013-0143-0. PMID 24374982. S2CID 21059170.
- ^ a b c d Shah, AmishaA; Sangle, Amit; Bussari, Smita; Koshy, AjitV (2016). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: A diagnostic dilemma". Indian Journal of Dentistry. 7 (1): 38–43. doi:10.4103/0975-962X.179371. PMC 4836096. PMID 27134453.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nagasaki, Atsuhiro; Ogawa, Ikuko; Sato, Yukiko; Takeuchi, Kengo; Kitagawa, Masae; Ando, Toshinori; Sakamoto, Shinnichi; Shrestha, Madhu; Uchisako, Kaori; Koizumi, Koichi; Toratani, Shigeaki; Konishi, Masaru; Takata, Takashi (January 2018). "Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from glandular odontogenic cyst confirmed by analysis of MAML2 rearrangement: A case report: Central MEC arising from GOC". Pathology International. 68 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1111/pin.12609. PMID 29131467. S2CID 8932602.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k AbdullGaffar, Badr; Koilelat, Mohamed (May 2017). "Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: The Value of Intraepithelial Hemosiderin". International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 25 (3): 250–252. doi:10.1177/1066896916672333. PMID 27829208. S2CID 46588216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Akkaş, İsmail; Toptaş, Orçun; Özan, Fatih; Yılmaz, Fahri (1 March 2015). "Bilateral Glandular Odontogenic Cyst of Mandible: A Rare Occurrence". Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. 14 (1): 443–447. doi:10.1007/s12663-014-0668-y. PMC 4379287. PMID 25848155.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Neville, Brad W. (2016). "Cyst, Glandular Odontogenic". In Slootweg, Pieter (ed.). Dental and Oral Pathology. Encyclopedia of Pathology. Springer International Publishing. pp. 89–93. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28085-1_677. ISBN 978-3-319-28084-4.
- ^ a b c d Alaeddini, Mojgan; Eshghyar, Nosratollah; Etemad‐Moghadam, Shahroo (2017). "Expression of podoplanin and TGF-beta in glandular odontogenic cyst and its comparison with developmental and inflammatory odontogenic cystic lesions". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 46 (1): 76–80. doi:10.1111/jop.12475. PMID 27391558. S2CID 40879254.
Bibliography
- AbdullGaffar, Badr; Koilelat, Mohamed (May 2017). "Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: The Value of Intraepithelial Hemosiderin". International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 25 (3): 250–252. doi:10.1177/1066896916672333. PMID 27829208. S2CID 46588216.
- Akkaş, İsmail; Toptaş, Orçun; Özan, Fatih; Yılmaz, Fahri (1 March 2015). "Bilateral Glandular Odontogenic Cyst of Mandible: A Rare Occurrence". Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. 14 (1): 443–447. doi:10.1007/s12663-014-0668-y. PMC 4379287. PMID 25848155.
- Alaeddini, Mojgan; Eshghyar, Nosratollah; Etemad‐Moghadam, Shahroo (2017). "Expression of podoplanin and TGF-beta in glandular odontogenic cyst and its comparison with developmental and inflammatory odontogenic cystic lesions". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 46 (1): 76–80. doi:10.1111/jop.12475. PMID 27391558. S2CID 40879254.
- Borges, Leandro Bezerra; Fechine, Francisco Vagnaldo; Mota, Mário Rogério Lima; Sousa, Fabrício Bitu; Alves, Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes (March 2012). "Odontogenic lesions of the jaw: a clinical-pathological study of 461 cases". Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia. 60 (1): 71–78. S2CID 46982083.
- Cano, Jorge; Benito, Dulce María; Montáns, José; Rodríguez-Vázquez, José Francisco; Campo, Julián; Colmenero, César (1 July 2012). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: Two high-risk cases treated with conservative approaches". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 40 (5): e131–e136. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.07.005. PMID 21865053.
- Faisal, Mohammad; Ahmad, Syed Ansar; Ansari, Uzma (September 2015). "Glandular odontogenic cyst – Literature review and report of a paediatric case". Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 5 (3): 219–225. doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.011. PMC 4623883. PMID 26587384.
- Kaplan, Ilana; Gal, Gavriel; Anavi, Yakir; Manor, Ronen; Calderon, Shlomo (April 2005). "Glandular odontogenic cyst: Treatment and recurrence". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 63 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2004.08.007. PMID 15789313.
- Motooka, Naomi; Ohba, Seigo; Uehara, Masataka; Fujita, Syuichi; Asahina, Izumi (1 January 2015). "A case of glandular odontogenic cyst in the mandible treated with the dredging method". Odontology. 103 (1): 112–115. doi:10.1007/s10266-013-0143-0. PMID 24374982. S2CID 21059170.
- Nagasaki, Atsuhiro; Ogawa, Ikuko; Sato, Yukiko; Takeuchi, Kengo; Kitagawa, Masae; Ando, Toshinori; Sakamoto, Shinnichi; Shrestha, Madhu; Uchisako, Kaori; Koizumi, Koichi; Toratani, Shigeaki; Konishi, Masaru; Takata, Takashi (January 2018). "Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from glandular odontogenic cyst confirmed by analysis of MAML2 rearrangement: A case report: Central MEC arising from GOC". Pathology International. 68 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1111/pin.12609. PMID 29131467. S2CID 8932602.
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Further reading
- Kahn MA (2001). Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Vol. 1.