Chondromalacia patellae: Difference between revisions
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{{About|certain forms of inflammation under the patella||Runner's knee}} |
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
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| name = Chondromalacia patella |
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'''Chondromalacia patellae''' (also known as '''CMP''') is an [[inflammation]] of the underside of the [[patella]] and softening of the [[cartilage]]. |
'''Chondromalacia patellae''' (also known as '''CMP''') is an [[inflammation]] of the underside of the [[patella]] and softening of the [[cartilage]]. |
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The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage. The cartilage is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is very painful.<ref name="Chondromalicia patella">{{cite web|title=Chondromalicia patella|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chondromalacia-patella/DS00777|work=Mayo Clinic|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medial Education and Research (MFMER)| |
The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage. The cartilage is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is very painful.<ref name="Chondromalicia patella">{{cite web|title=Chondromalicia patella|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chondromalacia-patella/DS00777|work=Mayo Clinic|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medial Education and Research (MFMER)|access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> While it often affects young individuals engaged in active sports, it also afflicts older adults who overwork their knees.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.blo.0000171545.38095.3e |title=Patellar Nomenclature |year=2005 |last1=Grelsamer |first1=Ronald P |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |issue=436 |pages=60–5 |pmid=15995421}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.aaos.org/acadnews/99news/isolated.htm |title=Isolated patellofemoral arthritis often overlooked |date=February 6, 1999 |work=Academy News |publisher=The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons}}</ref> |
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''Chondromalacia patellae'' is sometimes used synonymously with [[patellofemoral pain syndrome]].<ref name=Heintjes2004>{{cite journal|last1=Heintjes|first1=E|last2=Berger|first2=MY|last3=Bierma-Zeinstra|first3=SM|last4=Bernsen|first4=RM|last5=Verhaar|first5=JA|last6=Koes|first6=BW|title=Pharmacotherapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=2004|issue=3|pages=CD003470|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003470.pub2|pmid=15266488}}</ref> However, there is general consensus that ''patellofemoral pain syndrome'' applies only to individuals without cartilage damage.<ref name=Heintjes2004 /><ref name=Dixit2007>{{cite journal|last1=Dixit|first1=S|last2=DiFiori|first2=JP|last3=Burton|first3=M|last4=Mines|first4=B|title=Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome.|journal=American Family Physician|date=Jan 15, 2007|volume=75|issue=2|pages=194–202|pmid=17263214|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p194.html}}</ref> |
''Chondromalacia patellae'' is sometimes used synonymously with [[patellofemoral pain syndrome]].<ref name=Heintjes2004>{{cite journal|last1=Heintjes|first1=E|last2=Berger|first2=MY|last3=Bierma-Zeinstra|first3=SM|last4=Bernsen|first4=RM|last5=Verhaar|first5=JA|last6=Koes|first6=BW|title=Pharmacotherapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=2004|volume=2008|issue=3|pages=CD003470|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003470.pub2|pmid=15266488|pmc=8276350}}</ref> However, there is general consensus that ''patellofemoral pain syndrome'' applies only to individuals without cartilage damage.<ref name=Heintjes2004 /><ref name=Dixit2007>{{cite journal|last1=Dixit|first1=S|last2=DiFiori|first2=JP|last3=Burton|first3=M|last4=Mines|first4=B|title=Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome.|journal=American Family Physician|date=Jan 15, 2007|volume=75|issue=2|pages=194–202|pmid=17263214|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p194.html}}</ref> This condition is also known as Chondrosis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint Chapter 11|url=https://www.patellofemoral.org/pfoe/c11/p.html|access-date=2021-07-14|website=www.patellofemoral.org|archive-date=2021-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714182335/https://www.patellofemoral.org/pfoe/c11/p.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Skalski|first=Matt|title=Chondromalacia grading {{!}} Radiology Case {{!}} Radiopaedia.org|url=https://radiopaedia.org/cases/chondromalacia-grading|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Radiopaedia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chondral Injuries - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention|url=https://orthosp.com/ankle-joint/chondral-injury/|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Orthosports Medical Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Chondral (Cartilage) Lesions {{!}} Knee Arthroscopy {{!}} Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment|url=http://www.drkharrazi.com/chondral-lesions.php|access-date=2021-07-14|website=www.drkharrazi.com}}</ref> The term literally translates to softening (malakia) of cartilage (chondros) behind patella in Greek. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chondromalacia Patellae|url=https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chondromalacia_Patellae|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Physiopedia|language=en}}</ref> |
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==Cause== |
==Cause== |
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The condition may result from acute injury to the patella or chronic friction between the patella and a groove in the femur through which it passes during knee flexion |
The condition may result from acute injury to the patella or chronic friction between the patella and a groove in the femur through which it passes during knee flexion.<ref>{{cite web |first1=William C. |last1=Shiel |first2=John P. |last2=Cunha |title=Chondromalacia Patella |date=June 27, 2012 |publisher=MedicineNet |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/patellofemoral_syndrome/article.htm |access-date=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Possible causes include a tight [[iliotibial band]], [[neuromas]], [[bursitis]], overuse, malalignment, core instability, and patellar maltracking.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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People who are involved in an active lifestyle with high impact on the knees are at greatest risk. Proper management of physical activity may help prevent worsening of the condition. Athletes are advised to talk to a physician for further medical diagnosis, as symptoms may be similar to more serious problems within the knee. Tests are not necessarily needed for diagnosis, but in some situations they may confirm diagnosis or rule out other causes for pain. Commonly used tests are blood tests, MRI scans, and arthroscopy.<ref name="Health Information">{{cite web|title = Chondromalacia patellae|url = http://patient.info/health/chondromalacia-patellae-leaflet#|work = Health Information Patient.info|publisher = Egton Medical Information Systems Ltd.| |
Pain at the front or inner side of the knee is common in adults of all ages especially when engaging in soccer, gymnastics, cycling, rowing, tennis, ballet, basketball, horseback riding, volleyball, running, combat sports, figure skating, snowboarding, skateboarding and even swimming. The pain is typically felt after prolonged sitting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthhype.com/knee-cap-pain-introduction.html |title=Knee Cap Pain |last1=Gauresh}}{{MEDRS|date=May 2013}}</ref> Skateboarders most commonly experience this injury in their non-dominant foot due to the constant kicking and twisting required of it.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Swimmers acquire it doing the breaststroke, which demands an unusual motion of the knee. People who are involved in an active lifestyle with high impact on the knees are at greatest risk. Proper management of physical activity may help prevent worsening of the condition. Athletes are advised to talk to a physician for further medical diagnosis, as symptoms may be similar to more serious problems within the knee. Tests are not necessarily needed for diagnosis, but in some situations they may confirm diagnosis or rule out other causes for pain. Commonly used tests are blood tests, MRI scans, and arthroscopy.<ref name="Health Information">{{cite web|title = Chondromalacia patellae|url = http://patient.info/health/chondromalacia-patellae-leaflet#|work = Health Information Patient.info|publisher = Egton Medical Information Systems Ltd.|access-date = 9 December 2013}}</ref> |
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While the term ''chondromalacia'' sometimes refers to abnormal-appearing cartilage anywhere in the body,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cuor.2004.03.005 |title=Synovial plicae of the knee |year=2004 |last1=Schindler |first1=Oliver S. |journal=Current Orthopaedics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=210–9}}</ref> it most commonly denotes irritation of the underside of the kneecap (or "patella"). The patella's posterior surface is covered with a layer of smooth cartilage, which the base of the [[femur]] normally glides smoothly against when the knee is bent. However, in some individuals the kneecap tends to rub against one side of the knee joint, irritating the cartilage and causing knee pain.<ref name=Cluett2011>{{cite web |url=http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/patelladisorders/a/chondromalacia.htm |first=Jonathan |last=Cluett |date=June 14, 2011 |title=Chondromalacia |publisher=About.com}}</ref> |
While the term ''chondromalacia'' sometimes refers to abnormal-appearing cartilage anywhere in the body,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cuor.2004.03.005 |title=Synovial plicae of the knee |year=2004 |last1=Schindler |first1=Oliver S. |journal=Current Orthopaedics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=210–9}}</ref> it most commonly denotes irritation of the underside of the kneecap (or "patella"). The patella's posterior surface is covered with a layer of smooth cartilage, which the base of the [[femur]] normally glides smoothly against when the knee is bent. However, in some individuals the kneecap tends to rub against one side of the knee joint, irritating the cartilage and causing knee pain.<ref name=Cluett2011>{{cite web |url=http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/patelladisorders/a/chondromalacia.htm |first=Jonathan |last=Cluett |date=June 14, 2011 |title=Chondromalacia |publisher=About.com |access-date=June 26, 2010 |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130801/http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/patelladisorders/a/chondromalacia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Pain at the front or inner side of the knee is common in adults of all ages especially when engaging in soccer, gymnastics, cycling, rowing, tennis, ballet, basketball, horseback riding, volleyball, running, combat sports, figure skating, snowboarding, skateboarding and even swimming. The pain is typically felt after prolonged sitting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthhype.com/knee-cap-pain-introduction.html |title=Knee Cap Pain |last1=Gauresh}}{{MEDRS|date=May 2013}}</ref> Skateboarders most commonly experience this injury in their non-dominant foot due to the constant kicking and twisting required of it.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Swimmers acquire it doing the breaststroke, which demands an unusual motion of the knee. |
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==Diagnosis== |
==Diagnosis== |
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When investigating a possible diagnosis of chondromalacia, a physician will carry out a complete examination of the affected knee. The physician will palpate the patella and surrounding tissue, feel the joint to observe when and how the distress manifests and obtains a list of symptoms and clinical history. The following tests or procedures may be used to refine the diagnosis: |
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The diagnosis of patellar femoral syndrome is made based on a person's clinical symptoms and a physical examination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Martimbianco|first=Ana Luiza C|last2=Torloni|first2=Maria Regina|last3=Andriolo|first3=Brenda NG|last4=Porfírio|first4=Gustavo JM|last5=Riera|first5=Rachel|date=2017-12-12|title=Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486051/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=12|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011289.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6486051|pmid=29231243}}</ref> There is no specific test to diagnose patellar femoral syndrome.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* A knee X-ray and/or blood test – this can assist to exclude certain types of arthritis or inflammation. |
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* Magnetic Resonance Imaging ([[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]) – to observe cartilage condition and assess deterioration |
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* [[Arthroscopy]] – a low invasive approach to image the inside of the knee joint by inserting an endoscope into the knee joint.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Knee Pain (Chondromalacia Patella): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15607-knee-pain-chondromalacia-patella|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> |
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==Treatment== |
==Treatment== |
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In the absence of cartilage damage, pain at the front of the knee due to overuse can be managed with a combination of [[RICE (medicine)|RICE]] ([[Human relaxation|rest]], [[ice]], [[Bandage|compression]], [[Elevation (kinesiology)|elevation]]), [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|anti-inflammatory medications]], and [[physiotherapy]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark A. | last=Jenkins | author2=Caryn Honig | title=Patello-Femoral Syndrome | date=2005-06-02 |
In the absence of cartilage damage, pain at the front of the knee due to overuse can be managed with a combination of [[RICE (medicine)|RICE]] ([[Human relaxation|rest]], [[ice]], [[Bandage|compression]], [[Elevation (kinesiology)|elevation]]), [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|anti-inflammatory medications]], and [[physiotherapy]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark A. | last=Jenkins | author2=Caryn Honig | title=Patello-Femoral Syndrome | date=2005-06-02 | url=http://www.rice.edu/~jenky/sports/pfs.html | access-date=2008-10-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009010226/http://www.rice.edu/~jenky/sports/pfs.html | archive-date=2008-10-09 | url-status=dead }}{{MEDRS|date=May 2013}}</ref> |
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Usually chondromalacia develops without swelling or bruising and most individuals benefit from rest and adherence to an appropriate physical therapy program. Allowing inflammation to subside while avoiding irritating activities for several weeks is followed by a gradual resumption. Cross-training activities such as swimming – using strokes other than the breaststroke – can help to maintain general fitness and body composition. This is beneficial until a physical therapy program emphasizing strengthening and flexibility of the hip and thigh muscles can be undertaken. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is also helpful to minimize the swelling amplifying patellar pain. Treatment with surgery is declining in popularity due to positive non-surgical outcomes and the relative ineffectiveness of surgical intervention.<ref name=Cluett2011/> |
Usually chondromalacia develops without swelling or bruising and most individuals benefit from rest and adherence to an appropriate physical therapy program. Allowing inflammation to subside while avoiding irritating activities for several weeks is followed by a gradual resumption. Cross-training activities such as swimming – using strokes other than the [[breaststroke]] – can help to maintain general fitness and body composition. This is beneficial until a physical therapy program emphasizing strengthening and flexibility of the hip and thigh muscles can be undertaken. Use of [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication]] is also helpful to minimize the swelling amplifying patellar pain. Treatment with surgery is declining in popularity due to positive non-surgical outcomes and the relative ineffectiveness of surgical intervention.<ref name=Cluett2011/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Acquired deformities}} |
{{Acquired deformities}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chondromalacia Patellae}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chondromalacia Patellae}} |
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Latest revision as of 20:33, 4 December 2023
| Chondromalacia patella | |
|---|---|
| Other names | CMP |
 | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics |
| Diagnostic method | MRI |
Chondromalacia patellae (also known as CMP) is an inflammation of the underside of the patella and softening of the cartilage.
The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage. The cartilage is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is very painful.[1] While it often affects young individuals engaged in active sports, it also afflicts older adults who overwork their knees.[2][3]
Chondromalacia patellae is sometimes used synonymously with patellofemoral pain syndrome.[4] However, there is general consensus that patellofemoral pain syndrome applies only to individuals without cartilage damage.[4][5] This condition is also known as Chondrosis.[6][7][8][9] The term literally translates to softening (malakia) of cartilage (chondros) behind patella in Greek. [10]
Cause
[edit]The condition may result from acute injury to the patella or chronic friction between the patella and a groove in the femur through which it passes during knee flexion.[11] Possible causes include a tight iliotibial band, neuromas, bursitis, overuse, malalignment, core instability, and patellar maltracking.[citation needed]
Pain at the front or inner side of the knee is common in adults of all ages especially when engaging in soccer, gymnastics, cycling, rowing, tennis, ballet, basketball, horseback riding, volleyball, running, combat sports, figure skating, snowboarding, skateboarding and even swimming. The pain is typically felt after prolonged sitting.[12] Skateboarders most commonly experience this injury in their non-dominant foot due to the constant kicking and twisting required of it.[citation needed] Swimmers acquire it doing the breaststroke, which demands an unusual motion of the knee. People who are involved in an active lifestyle with high impact on the knees are at greatest risk. Proper management of physical activity may help prevent worsening of the condition. Athletes are advised to talk to a physician for further medical diagnosis, as symptoms may be similar to more serious problems within the knee. Tests are not necessarily needed for diagnosis, but in some situations they may confirm diagnosis or rule out other causes for pain. Commonly used tests are blood tests, MRI scans, and arthroscopy.[13]
While the term chondromalacia sometimes refers to abnormal-appearing cartilage anywhere in the body,[14] it most commonly denotes irritation of the underside of the kneecap (or "patella"). The patella's posterior surface is covered with a layer of smooth cartilage, which the base of the femur normally glides smoothly against when the knee is bent. However, in some individuals the kneecap tends to rub against one side of the knee joint, irritating the cartilage and causing knee pain.[15]
Diagnosis
[edit]When investigating a possible diagnosis of chondromalacia, a physician will carry out a complete examination of the affected knee. The physician will palpate the patella and surrounding tissue, feel the joint to observe when and how the distress manifests and obtains a list of symptoms and clinical history. The following tests or procedures may be used to refine the diagnosis:
- A knee X-ray and/or blood test – this can assist to exclude certain types of arthritis or inflammation.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – to observe cartilage condition and assess deterioration
- Arthroscopy – a low invasive approach to image the inside of the knee joint by inserting an endoscope into the knee joint.[16]
Treatment
[edit]In the absence of cartilage damage, pain at the front of the knee due to overuse can be managed with a combination of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), anti-inflammatory medications, and physiotherapy.[17]
Usually chondromalacia develops without swelling or bruising and most individuals benefit from rest and adherence to an appropriate physical therapy program. Allowing inflammation to subside while avoiding irritating activities for several weeks is followed by a gradual resumption. Cross-training activities such as swimming – using strokes other than the breaststroke – can help to maintain general fitness and body composition. This is beneficial until a physical therapy program emphasizing strengthening and flexibility of the hip and thigh muscles can be undertaken. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is also helpful to minimize the swelling amplifying patellar pain. Treatment with surgery is declining in popularity due to positive non-surgical outcomes and the relative ineffectiveness of surgical intervention.[15]
See also
[edit]- Knee
- Knee pain
- Patellofemoral pain syndrome
- Knee osteoarthritis
- Plica syndrome
- Iliotibial band syndrome
References
[edit]- ^ "Chondromalicia patella". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medial Education and Research (MFMER). Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ Grelsamer, Ronald P (2005). "Patellar Nomenclature". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (436): 60–5. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000171545.38095.3e. PMID 15995421.
- ^ "Isolated patellofemoral arthritis often overlooked". Academy News. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. February 6, 1999.
- ^ a b Heintjes, E; Berger, MY; Bierma-Zeinstra, SM; Bernsen, RM; Verhaar, JA; Koes, BW (2004). "Pharmacotherapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 (3): CD003470. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003470.pub2. PMC 8276350. PMID 15266488.
- ^ Dixit, S; DiFiori, JP; Burton, M; Mines, B (Jan 15, 2007). "Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome". American Family Physician. 75 (2): 194–202. PMID 17263214.
- ^ "Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint Chapter 11". www.patellofemoral.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ Skalski, Matt. "Chondromalacia grading | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ "Chondral Injuries - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention". Orthosports Medical Center. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ "Treatment of Chondral (Cartilage) Lesions | Knee Arthroscopy | Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment". www.drkharrazi.com. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ "Chondromalacia Patellae". Physiopedia. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ Shiel, William C.; Cunha, John P. (June 27, 2012). "Chondromalacia Patella". MedicineNet. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ Gauresh. "Knee Cap Pain".[unreliable medical source?]
- ^ "Chondromalacia patellae". Health Information Patient.info. Egton Medical Information Systems Ltd. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ Schindler, Oliver S. (2004). "Synovial plicae of the knee". Current Orthopaedics. 18 (3): 210–9. doi:10.1016/j.cuor.2004.03.005.
- ^ a b Cluett, Jonathan (June 14, 2011). "Chondromalacia". About.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "Knee Pain (Chondromalacia Patella): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ Jenkins, Mark A.; Caryn Honig (2005-06-02). "Patello-Femoral Syndrome". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-06.[unreliable medical source?]
