Nitrostarch: Difference between revisions
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = |
| Formula = (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)<sub>n</sub> |
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| MolarMass = |
| MolarMass = |
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| Appearance = Light yellow powder |
| Appearance = Light yellow powder |
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'''Nitrostarch''' is |
'''Nitrostarch''' is a secondary [[explosive]]<ref name="Turkington2009">{{cite book|author=Robert Turkington|title=Chemicals Used for Illegal Purposes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwMQM3PuyoC&pg=PA295|date=26 October 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18780-7|pages=295–}}</ref> similar to [[nitrocellulose]]. Much like [[starch]], it is made up of two components, nitrated [[amylose]] and nitrated [[amylopectin]]. Nitrated amylopectin generally has a greater solubility than amylose; however, it is less stable than nitrated amylose.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Liu|first=Jiping|title=Nitrostarch|date=2019|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11|work=Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology|pages=581–598|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11|isbn=978-981-13-6645-1|s2cid=239210636 |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref> |
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The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration.<ref name=":0" /> |
The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Synthesis == |
== Synthesis == |
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Nitrostarch is made by dissolving starch in [[red fuming nitric acid]]. It is then precipitated by adding the solution to concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref name=":0" /> |
Nitrostarch is made by dissolving starch in [[red fuming nitric acid]]. It is then precipitated by adding the solution to concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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<chem>C6H12O6 + 4NHO3 <=> 4C6H6N4O13 + 4H2O</chem> |
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Nitrostarch can be stabilized by [[Reflux|refluxing]] it in ethanol to drive off the left over nitric acid.<ref name=":0" /> |
Nitrostarch can be stabilized by [[Reflux|refluxing]] it in ethanol to drive off the left over nitric acid.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Latest revision as of 21:53, 12 December 2023
| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Properties | |
| (C6H7N3O11)n | |
| Appearance | Light yellow powder |
| Insoluble | |
| Solubility | Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, nitric acid |
| Thermochemistry | |
| 10797.65 J/g | |
| 9279.69 J/g | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
|
Starch Nitrocellulose |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Nitrostarch is a secondary explosive[1] similar to nitrocellulose. Much like starch, it is made up of two components, nitrated amylose and nitrated amylopectin. Nitrated amylopectin generally has a greater solubility than amylose; however, it is less stable than nitrated amylose.[2]
The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration.[2]
Synthesis
[edit]Nitrostarch is made by dissolving starch in red fuming nitric acid. It is then precipitated by adding the solution to concentrated sulfuric acid.[2]
Nitrostarch can be stabilized by refluxing it in ethanol to drive off the left over nitric acid.[2]
History
[edit]Nitrostarch was first discovered by French chemist and pharmacist Henri Braconnot.[3]
In World War I, it was used as a filler in hand grenades.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Robert Turkington (26 October 2009). Chemicals Used for Illegal Purposes. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-470-18780-7.
- ^ a b c d Liu, Jiping (2019), "Nitrostarch", Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 581–598, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11, ISBN 978-981-13-6645-1, S2CID 239210636, retrieved 2022-02-25
- ^ John Pichtel (15 September 2016). Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. pp. 207–. ISBN 978-1-4987-3901-6.
- ^ Zakaria Abdel-rahman Shalash (1955). Studies on nitration of starch stabilization and explosive prop...
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