Nitrostarch: Difference between revisions
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'''Nitrostarch''' is a secondary [[explosive]] similar to [[nitrocellulose]] made by the [[nitration]] of [[starch]] by a mixture of [[sulfuric acid]] and [[nitric acid]]. |
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| Name = Nitrostarch |
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==History== |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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Nitrostarch was invented by H. Barconnot in 1833. |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)<sub>n</sub> |
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| Appearance = Light yellow powder |
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| Solubility = Insoluble |
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| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[ethanol]], [[diethyl ether]], [[acetone]], [[chloroform]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[nitric acid]] |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| HHV = 10797.65 J/g |
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| LHV = 9279.69 J/g |
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherCompounds =[[Starch]]<br />[[Nitrocellulose]] |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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'''Nitrostarch''' is a secondary [[explosive]]<ref name="Turkington2009">{{cite book|author=Robert Turkington|title=Chemicals Used for Illegal Purposes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwMQM3PuyoC&pg=PA295|date=26 October 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18780-7|pages=295–}}</ref> similar to [[nitrocellulose]]. Much like [[starch]], it is made up of two components, nitrated [[amylose]] and nitrated [[amylopectin]]. Nitrated amylopectin generally has a greater solubility than amylose; however, it is less stable than nitrated amylose.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Liu|first=Jiping|title=Nitrostarch|date=2019|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11|work=Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology|pages=581–598|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11|isbn=978-981-13-6645-1|s2cid=239210636 |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref> |
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In [[World War I]], it was used as a filler in [[hand grenades]]. |
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The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{Infobox Nitrostarch |
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| image = Nitrostarch.jpg |
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| position = [[Centre (Nitrostarch)|Centre]] |
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}} |
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==Synthesis== |
== Synthesis == |
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Nitrostarch is made by dissolving starch in [[red fuming nitric acid]]. It is then precipitated by adding the solution to concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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To synthesize nitrostarch, a mixture of 65mL Sulphuric Acid(98%) and 35mL Nitric Acid(68%) are mixed in a glass beaker and cooled to 10c. After cooling, 18cc of starch are slowly added to the acid mixture. After the starch has dissolved, the mixture is heated to 40c for one and a half hours and is stirred occasionally. The mixture will precipitate a white powder. The white powder is nitrostarch. |
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==References== |
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*Some pictures and content courtesy of Sam Barros’PowerLabs, http://www.powerlabs.org |
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Nitrostarch can be stabilized by [[Reflux|refluxing]] it in ethanol to drive off the left over nitric acid.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{explosive-stub}} |
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[[Category:Explosives]] |
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==History== |
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[[nl:Nitrozetmeel]] |
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Nitrostarch was first discovered by [[French people|French]] [[chemist]] and [[pharmacist]] [[Henri Braconnot]].<ref name="Pichtel2016">{{cite book|author=John Pichtel|title=Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD2LDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT207|date=15 September 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-4987-3901-6|pages=207–}}</ref> |
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[[pt:Nitroamido]] |
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[[ja:硝酸でんぷん]] |
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In [[World War I]], it was used as a filler in [[hand grenades]].<ref name="Shalash1955">{{cite book|author=Zakaria Abdel-rahman Shalash|title=Studies on nitration of starch stabilization and explosive prop...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MTAQAAIAAJ|year=1955}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{explosive-stub}} |
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[[Category:Explosive chemicals]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:53, 12 December 2023
| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Properties | |
| (C6H7N3O11)n | |
| Appearance | Light yellow powder |
| Insoluble | |
| Solubility | Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, nitric acid |
| Thermochemistry | |
| 10797.65 J/g | |
| 9279.69 J/g | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
|
Starch Nitrocellulose |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Nitrostarch is a secondary explosive[1] similar to nitrocellulose. Much like starch, it is made up of two components, nitrated amylose and nitrated amylopectin. Nitrated amylopectin generally has a greater solubility than amylose; however, it is less stable than nitrated amylose.[2]
The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration.[2]
Synthesis
[edit]Nitrostarch is made by dissolving starch in red fuming nitric acid. It is then precipitated by adding the solution to concentrated sulfuric acid.[2]
Nitrostarch can be stabilized by refluxing it in ethanol to drive off the left over nitric acid.[2]
History
[edit]Nitrostarch was first discovered by French chemist and pharmacist Henri Braconnot.[3]
In World War I, it was used as a filler in hand grenades.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Robert Turkington (26 October 2009). Chemicals Used for Illegal Purposes. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-470-18780-7.
- ^ a b c d Liu, Jiping (2019), "Nitrostarch", Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 581–598, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_11, ISBN 978-981-13-6645-1, S2CID 239210636, retrieved 2022-02-25
- ^ John Pichtel (15 September 2016). Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. pp. 207–. ISBN 978-1-4987-3901-6.
- ^ Zakaria Abdel-rahman Shalash (1955). Studies on nitration of starch stabilization and explosive prop...
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