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Coordinates: 13°40′N 39°12′E / 13.667°N 39.200°E / 13.667; 39.200
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'''Selam''' is a ''tabia'' or municipality in the [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] district of the [[Tigray Region]] of [[Ethiopia]]. The ''tabia'' centre is in Addi Werho village, located approximately 3 km to the northeast of the ''woreda'' town [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]].
'''Selam''' is a ''tabia'' or municipality in the [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] district of the [[Tigray Region]] of [[Ethiopia]]. The ''tabia'' centre is in Addi Werho village, located approximately 3 km to the northeast of the ''woreda'' town [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]].

[[File:Cave entrance Tinsehe.jpg|thumb|Cave entrance in Tinsehe [[Antalo Limestone]]]]


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
The ''tabia'' stretches down north of the ridge occupied by the main road towards the Tinsehe gorge. The highest peak is Imba Khoboro (2730 m a.s.l.) and the lowest place at the foot of the waterfall in Tinsehe (2000 m a.s.l.).
The ''tabia'' stretches down north of the ridge occupied by the main road towards the Tinsehe gorge. The highest peak is Imba Khoboro (2,730 m a.s.l.) and the lowest place at the foot of the waterfall in Tinsehe (2,000 m a.s.l.).


[[File:Ksad Addi Amyuq near Hagere Selam.jpg |thumb|Intravolcanic sedimentary rock at Ksad Addi Amyuq roadcut]]
[[File:Ksad Addi Amyuq near Hagere Selam.jpg |thumb|Intravolcanic sedimentary rock at Ksad Addi Amyuq roadcut]]

=== Geology ===
=== Geology ===
[[File:Rock sample Phonolite Addi Amyuq.jpg|thumb|Rock sample of [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|phonolite]], collected at Addi Amyuq]]
[[File:Rock sample 4 Aphanitic basalt Addi Amyuq pass.jpg|thumb|left|Rock sample collected from the [[Alaji Basalts|Upper basalt]] at Addi Amyuq pass]]
[[File:Rock sample 2 Interbedded lacustrine Meri'a Ziban.jpg|thumb|Rock sample of [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]], collected east of Khunale]]
[[File:Rock sample 1 Amba Aradam sst Miheno.jpg|thumb|Rock sample of [[Amba Aradam Formation|Amba Aradam sandstone]], collected in Miheno]]
[[File:Rock sample 7 Upper limestone formation Miheno.jpg|thumb|left|Rock sample from [[Antalo limestone]], collected in Miheno]]
From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref>
From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref>
* [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs
* [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs
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* [[Amba Aradam Formation]]
* [[Amba Aradam Formation]]
* [[Antalo Limestone]]
* [[Antalo Limestone]]
* [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] and freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018205004281}}</ref>
* [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] and freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref>


=== Geomorphology and soils ===
=== Geomorphology and soils ===
The main [[geomorphic]] units, with corresponding soil types are:<ref name="plosone">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |title=Understanding spatial patterns of soils for sustainable agriculture in northern Ethiopia’s tropical mountains. |journal=PLoS ONE |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e0224041 |url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224041}}</ref>
The main [[geomorphic]] units, with corresponding soil types are:<ref name="plosone">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Tielens|first2= Sander|last3= Gebreyohannes|first3= Tesfamichael|last4= Araya|first4= Tigist|last5= Teka|first5= Kassa|last6= Van De Wauw|first6= Johan|last7= Degeyndt|first7= Karen|last8= Descheemaeker|first8= Katrien|last9= Amare|first9= Kassa|last10= Haile|first10= Mitiku|last11= Zenebe|first11= Amanuel|last12= Munro|first12= Neil|last13= Walraevens|first13= Kristine|last14= Gebrehiwot|first14= Kindeya|last15= Poesen|first15= Jean|last16= Frankl|first16= Amaury|last17= Tsegay|first17= Alemtsehay|last18= Deckers|first18= Jozef|title=Understanding spatial patterns of soils for sustainable agriculture in northern Ethiopia's tropical mountains. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e0224041 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0224041|pmid= 31639144|pmc= 6804989|bibcode= 2019PLoSO..1424041N|doi-access= free}}</ref>

==== Hagere Selam Highlands, along the upper basalt and sandstone ridge====
==== Hagere Selam Highlands, along the upper basalt and sandstone ridge====
* Associated soil types
* Associated soil types
** shallow soils with high stone contents (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]])
** shallow soils with high stone content (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]])
** moderately deep dark stony [[clay]]s with good natural fertility (Vertic [[Cambisol]])
** moderately deep dark stony [[clay]]s with good natural fertility (Vertic [[Cambisol]])
[[File:Mazi-Pellic Vertisol (Eutric) Thapto Haplic Leptosol at Mere'a Ziban Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Mazi-Pellic Vertisol (Eutric) Thapto Haplic Leptosol at Mere'a Ziban]]
[[File:Mazi-Pellic Vertisol (Eutric) Thapto Haplic Leptosol at Mere'a Ziban Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Mazi-Pellic Vertisol (Eutric) Thapto Haplic Leptosol at Mere'a Ziban]]
** deep, dark cracking [[clay]]s, temporarily [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Pellic [[Vertisol]])
** deep, dark cracking [[clay]]s, temporarily [[waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogged]] during the wet season (Pellic [[Vertisol]])
* Inclusions
* Inclusions
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]])
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]])
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils on limestone (Calcaric [[Leptosol]])
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils on limestone (Calcaric [[Leptosol]])
** Deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]])
** Deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]])
** Shallow stony dark [[loam]]s on calcaric material (Calcaric [[Regosol]], Calcaric [[Cambisol]])
** Shallow stony dark [[loam]]s on calcaric material (Calcaric [[Regosol]], Calcaric [[Cambisol]])
** Brown [[loam]]y soils on basalt with good natural fertility ([[Luvisol]])
** Brown [[loam]]y soils on basalt with good natural fertility ([[Luvisol]])

==== Gently rolling [[Antalo Limestone]] plateau (in the lower parts), holding cliffs and valley bottoms on limestone ====
==== Gently rolling [[Antalo Limestone]] plateau (in the lower parts), holding cliffs and valley bottoms on limestone ====
* Associated soil types
* Associated soil types
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** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]])
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]])
** Shallow very stony [[loam]]y soil on limestone (Skeletic Calcaric [[Cambisol]])
** Shallow very stony [[loam]]y soil on limestone (Skeletic Calcaric [[Cambisol]])
** Deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]])
** Deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]])
** Brown to dark [[sand]]s and [[silt loam]]s on [[alluvium]] (Vertic [[Fluvisol]], Eutric [[Fluvisol]], Haplic [[Fluvisol]])
** Brown to dark [[sand]]s and [[silt loam]]s on [[alluvium]] (Vertic [[Fluvisol]], Eutric [[Fluvisol]], Haplic [[Fluvisol]])
{{See also|Soil in Dogu'a Tembien}}


=== Climate and hydrology ===
=== Climate and hydrology ===
==== Climate and meteorology ====
==== Climate and meteorology ====
The rainfall pattern shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. Mean temperature in Addi Werho is 18.8&nbsp;°C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 10.5&nbsp;°C and maximum of 26.7&nbsp;°C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.<ref name=''clim''>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Dogu’a Tembien’s Tropical Mountain Climate. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_3}}</ref>
The rainfall pattern shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. Mean temperature in Addi Werho is 18.8&nbsp;°C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 10.5&nbsp;°C and maximum of 26.7&nbsp;°C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.<ref name="clim">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=Dogu'a Tembien's Tropical Mountain Climate |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |pages=45–61 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_3 |s2cid=199105560 }}</ref>


==== Rivers ====
==== Rivers ====
The Tsaliet River (a tributary to [[Wari River|Weri’i River]]) is the most important rivers in the surroundings of the ''tabia''. They flow towards [[Tekezé River|Tekezze River]] and further on to the [[Nile]]. These rivers have incised deep gorges which characterise the landscape.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url= https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14}}</ref>
The Tsaliet River (a tributary to [[Wari River|Weri’i River]]) is the most important rivers in the surroundings of the ''tabia''. They flow towards [[Tekezé River|Tekezze River]] and further on to the [[Nile]]. These rivers have incised deep gorges which characterise the landscape.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet Rivers in the Headwaters of the Tekezze Basin |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |pages=215–230 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref>
The [[drainage system (geomorphology)|drainage network]] of the ''tabia'' is organised as follows:<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref>
The [[drainage system (geomorphology)|drainage network]] of the ''tabia'' is organised as follows:<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref>
* '''[[Wari River|Weri’i River]]''' basin
* '''[[Wari River|Weri’i River]]''' basin
** May Leiba, in ''tabia'' [[Ayninbirkekin]], which becomes Tinsehe R. in [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien) |Selam]] and [[Mahbere Sillasie]], and '''Tsaliet''' River, downstream from the [[Dabba Selama]] monastery
** May Leiba, in ''tabia'' [[Ayninbirkekin]], which becomes Tinsehe R. in Selam and [[Mahbere Sillasie]], and '''Tsaliet''' River, downstream from the [[Dabba Selama]] monastery
*** Khunale River, in ''tabia'' [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien) |Selam]]
*** [[May Meqa]] River, in ''tabia'' Selam
*** Harehuwa River, in ''tabia'' [[Mahbere Sillasie]]
*** Harehuwa River, in ''tabia'' [[Mahbere Sillasie]]
Whereas they are (nearly) dry during most of the year, during the main rainy season, these rivers carry high runoff discharges, sometimes in the form of [[flash flood]]s. Especially at the begin of the rainy season they are brown-coloured, evidencing high soil [[erosion]] rates.
Whereas they are (nearly) dry during most of the year, during the main rainy season, these rivers carry high runoff discharges, sometimes in the form of [[flash flood]]s. Especially at the begin of the rainy season they are brown-coloured, evidencing high soil [[erosion]] rates.


==== Springs ====
==== Springs ====
[[File:Khunale spring.jpg|thumb|May Gudgwad spring in Khunale]]
As there are no permanent rivers, the presence of springs is of utmost importance for the local people. The main springs in the ''tabia'' are:<ref name="farmersbook">{{cite book | title=What do we hear from the farmers in Dogu'a Tembien? [in Tigrinya] |date=2016 |location=Hagere Selam, Ethiopia |pages=100 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jan_Nyssen/publication/311151542_What_do_we_hear_from_the_farmers_-_1st_edition_-_English_translation/links/583ebeb008ae2d2175577f72.pdf}}</ref>
As there are no permanent rivers, the presence of springs is of utmost importance for the local people. The main springs in the ''tabia'' are:<ref name="farmersbook">{{cite book | title=What do we hear from the farmers in Dogu'a Tembien? [in Tigrinya] |date=2016 |location=Hagere Selam, Ethiopia |pages=100 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311151542}}</ref>
* May Gudgwad in Khunale
* May Gudgwad in Khunale
* May Miheno in Miheno
* May Miheno in Miheno


==== Water harvesting ====
==== Water harvesting ====
In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. Overall they suffer from siltation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first1=and colleagues |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |date=2006 |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.698}}</ref> Yet, they strongly contribute to greening the landscape, either through irrigation or seepage water. Main reservoirs are:
In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. Overall they suffer from siltation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first1=and colleagues |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |date=2006 |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Yet, they strongly contribute to greening the landscape, either through irrigation or seepage water. Main reservoirs are:
* Traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called ''rahaya''
* Traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called ''rahaya''
* ''Horoyo'', household ponds, recently constructed through campaigns<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2008.0366 Developers and farmers intertwining interventions: the case of rainwater harvesting and food-for-work in Degua Temben, Tigray, Ethiopia]</ref>
* ''Horoyo'', household ponds, recently constructed through campaigns<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2008.0366 Developers and farmers intertwining interventions: the case of rainwater harvesting and food-for-work in Degua Temben, Tigray, Ethiopia]</ref>
Line 179: Line 191:
* Miheno
* Miheno
* Tinsehe
* Tinsehe

[[File:Crop harvesting in Khunale.jpg|thumb|Crop harvesting in Khunale]]

===Vegetation and exclosures===
The ''tabia'' holds several [[exclosure]]s, areas that are set aside for regreening,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aerts |first1=R |last2=Nyssen |first2=J|last3=Mitiku Haile |title= On the difference between "exclosures" and "enclosures" in ecology and the environment |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |date=2009|volume=73 |issue=8 |pages= 762–763 |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.01.006 |bibcode=2009JArEn..73..762A |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/239842 }}</ref> such as [[Khunale exclosure]]. Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Besides effects on [[biodiversity]],<ref name="ALN2019">{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=R. |last2=Lerouge |first2=F. |last3=November |first3=E. |title=Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mastewal Yami |first1=and colleagues |title= Impact of Area Enclosures on Density and Diversity of Large Wild Mammals: The Case of May Ba'ati, Douga Tembien Woreda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia |journal=East African Journal of Sciences |date=2007|volume=1 |pages=1–14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aerts |first1=R |last2=Lerouge |first2=F |last3=November |first3=E |last4=Lens |first4=L |last5=Hermy |first5=M |last6=Muys |first6=B |title=Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |date=2008 |volume=17 |pages=53–69 |doi=10.1007/s10531-007-9230-2 |s2cid=37489450 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/145812 }}</ref> [[water infiltration]], protection from flooding, [[sediment]] deposition,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> [[carbon sequestration]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolde Mekuria |first1=and colleagues |title= Restoration of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks Following Exclosure Establishment in Communal Grazing Lands in Tigray, Ethiopia |journal= Soil Science Society of America Journal |date=2011 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=246–256|doi=10.2136/sssaj2010.0176 |bibcode=2011SSASJ..75..246M }}</ref> people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other [[non-timber forest product]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bedru Babulo |first1=and colleagues |title= Economic valuation methods of forest rehabilitation in exclosures |journal=Journal of the Drylands |date=2006 |volume=1 |pages=165–170 }}</ref> The local inhabitants also consider it as “land set aside for future generations”.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues | title= Exclosures as Primary Option for Reforestation in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref>


== Agriculture and livelihood ==
== Agriculture and livelihood ==
=== Agriculture ===
The population lives essentially from crop farming, supplemented with off-season work in nearby towns. The land is dominated by [[farmland]]s which are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the [[agricultural system]] is a permanent upland [[farming system]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |title=Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia) |journal=Land Degradation and Development |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue= |pages=257–274 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.840}}</ref> The farmers have adapted their [[cropping system]]s to the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frankl |first1=A. and colleagues |title=The effect of rainfall on spatio‐temporal variability in cropping systems and duration of crop cover in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands |journal=Soil Use and Management |date=2013 |volume=29 |pages=374–383 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sum.12041}}</ref>
The population lives essentially from crop farming, supplemented with off-season work in nearby towns. The land is dominated by [[farmland]]s which are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the [[agricultural system]] is a permanent upland [[farming system]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Naudts|first2= J.|last3= De Geyndt|first3= K.|last4= Haile|first4= Mitiku|last5= Poesen|first5= J.|last6= Moeyersons|first6= J.|last7= Deckers|first7= J.|title=Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia) |journal=Land Degradation and Development |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue= 3|pages=257–274 |doi= 10.1002/ldr.840|s2cid= 128492271}}</ref> The farmers have adapted their [[cropping system]]s to the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frankl |first1=A. and colleagues |title=The effect of rainfall on spatio‐temporal variability in cropping systems and duration of crop cover in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands |journal=Soil Use and Management |date=2013 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=374–383 |doi=10.1111/sum.12041 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3123393 |hdl=1854/LU-3123393 |s2cid=95207289 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Schools ===
Almost all children of the ''tabia'' are schooled,<ref name="sociodemographic">{{cite book |title=Socio-demographic profile, food insecurity and food-aid based response. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> though in some schools there is lack of classrooms, directly related to the large intake in primary schools over the last decades.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hartjen |first1=Clayton A. |title=Denial of Education |date=2012 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2179-5_8 |work=The Global Victimization of Children: Problems and Solutions |pages=271–321 |editor-last=Hartjen |editor-first=Clayton A. |access-date=2023-10-13 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-2179-5_8 |isbn=978-1-4614-2179-5 |last2=Priyadarsini |first2=S. |editor2-last=Priyadarsini |editor2-first=S.}}</ref> Schools in the ''tabia'' include Khunale school.


== History and culture ==
== History and culture ==
Line 188: Line 209:


[[File:Phonolite dimension stones Khunale.jpg |thumb|Phonolite is used as dimension stone for church building in Khunale]]
[[File:Phonolite dimension stones Khunale.jpg |thumb|Phonolite is used as dimension stone for church building in Khunale]]

=== Religion and churches ===
=== Religion and churches ===
Most inhabitants are [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox Christians]]. The following churches are located in the ''tabia'':
Most inhabitants are [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox Christians]]. The following churches are located in the ''tabia'':
* Arba’ite Insesa
* Arba’ite Insesa
* Abune Kiros
* Abune Kiros
* Kidane Mihret, at the foot of, and partly under Tinsehe's waterfall, in a forested cove<ref>[https://aasjournal.spbu.ru/article/view/7770/5710 Klyuev S. A., Semenova V. N. The Role of Landscape in Semi-rock-hewn and Cave Churches of Tämben and ᵓƎndärta (Tәgray region, Ethiopia). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2020, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 208–229. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.204 (In Russian)]</ref>
* Kidane Mihret, at the foot of, and partly under Tinsehe’s waterfall, in a forested cove


=== ''Inda Siwa'', the local beer houses ===
=== ''Inda Siwa'', the local beer houses ===
Line 203: Line 225:


[[File: Miheno_escarpment_in_Selam.jpg|thumb|Limestone escarpment in Miheno]]
[[File: Miheno_escarpment_in_Selam.jpg|thumb|Limestone escarpment in Miheno]]

== Tourism ==
== Tourism ==
Its mountainous nature and proximity to [[Mekelle]] make the ''tabia'' fit for tourism.<ref>{{cite book |title= Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> As compared to many other mountain areas in [[Ethiopia]] the villages are quite accessible, and during walks visitors may be invited for coffee, lunch or even for an overnight stay in a rural homestead.<ref>{{cite book |title=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537—556 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37}}</ref>
Its mountainous nature and proximity to [[Mekelle]] make the ''tabia'' fit for tourism.<ref>{{cite book |title= Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546|series=GeoGuide }}</ref> As compared to many other mountain areas in [[Ethiopia]] the villages are quite accessible, and during walks visitors may be invited for coffee, lunch or even for an overnight stay in a rural homestead.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref>


=== Touristic attractions ===
=== Touristic attractions ===
Line 210: Line 233:


=== Geotouristic sites ===
=== Geotouristic sites ===
The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miruts Hagos and colleagues |title=Geosites, Geoheritage, Human-Environment Interactions, and Sustainable Geotourism in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_1}}</ref> Geosites in the ''tabia'' include:
The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miruts Hagos and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=Geosites, Geoheritage, Human-Environment Interactions, and Sustainable Geotourism in Dogu'a Tembien |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |pages=3–27 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_1 |s2cid=199095921 }}</ref> Geosites in the ''tabia'' include:
* Ksad Addi Amyuq roadcut with exposed [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|interbedded lacustrine deposits]]
* Ksad Addi Amyuq roadcut with exposed [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|interbedded lacustrine deposits]]
* Views from Imba Zuw’ala
* Views from Imba Zuw’ala
* [[Khunale exclosure]]
* [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plug at Imba Khoboro
* [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plug at Imba Khoboro
* Church built with phonolite stone in Khunale Arba’ite Insesa
* Church built with phonolite stone in Khunale Arba’ite Insesa
Line 218: Line 242:


=== Birdwatching ===
=== Birdwatching ===
[[Birdwatching]] (for the species, see the main [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] page) can be done particularly in the tropical forest at the foot of the Tinsehe waterfall. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=R. |last2=Lerouge |first2=F. |last3=November |first3=E. |title=Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref><ref name="chapmap"/>
[[Birdwatching]] (for the species, see the main [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] page) can be done particularly in the tropical forest at the foot of the Tinsehe waterfall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=R. |last2=Lerouge |first2=F. |last3=November |first3=E. |title=Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref><ref name="chapmap"/>


=== Trekking routes ===
=== Trekking routes ===
[[File:Footpath maintenance in Khunale.jpg|thumb|Maintenance of trekking route '''2''' in Khunale]]
[[File:Footpath maintenance in Khunale.jpg|thumb|Maintenance of trekking route '''2''' in Khunale]]
Trekking routes have been established in this ''tabia''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien |date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=557-675 |url=https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38}}</ref> The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.<ref name="openstreetmap">{{cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|website=OpenStreetMap|accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref>
Trekking routes have been established in this ''tabia''.<ref>{{cite book |date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=557–675 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38 |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199271514 }}</ref> The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.<ref name="openstreetmap">{{cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|website=OpenStreetMap|accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* Trek '''2''', crosses the ''tabia'' from north (Khunale) to South (Tinsehe Waterfall)
* Trek '''2''', crosses the ''tabia'' from north (Khunale) to South (Tinsehe Waterfall)
* Trek '''14''', from west to east along the upper ridge at the southern side of the ''tabia''
* Trek '''14''', from west to east along the upper ridge at the southern side of the ''tabia''
Line 243: Line 267:
}}
}}
{{ Tabias (municipalities) of Dogu’a Tembien }}
{{ Tabias (municipalities) of Dogu’a Tembien }}

[[Category:Populated places in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Dogu'a Tembien]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Tigray Region]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Tigray Region]]

Latest revision as of 05:08, 30 December 2023

Selam
Tinsehe waterfall
Tinsehe waterfall
Selam is located in Ethiopia
Selam
Selam
Location within Ethiopia
Coordinates: 13°40′N 39°12′E / 13.667°N 39.200°E / 13.667; 39.200
LandÄthiopien
RegionTigray
ZoneDebub Misraqawi (Southeastern)
WoredaDogu'a Tembien
Area
 • Total17.77 km2 (6.86 sq mi)
Elevation
2,400 m (7,900 ft)
Population
 (2007)
 • Total3,855
 • Density217/km2 (560/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)

Selam is a tabia or municipality in the Dogu'a Tembien district of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The tabia centre is in Addi Werho village, located approximately 3 km to the northeast of the woreda town Hagere Selam.

Cave entrance in Tinsehe Antalo Limestone

Geography

[edit]

The tabia stretches down north of the ridge occupied by the main road towards the Tinsehe gorge. The highest peak is Imba Khoboro (2,730 m a.s.l.) and the lowest place at the foot of the waterfall in Tinsehe (2,000 m a.s.l.).

Intravolcanic sedimentary rock at Ksad Addi Amyuq roadcut

Geology

[edit]
Rock sample of phonolite, collected at Addi Amyuq
Rock sample collected from the Upper basalt at Addi Amyuq pass
Rock sample of Interbedded lacustrine deposits, collected east of Khunale
Rock sample of Amba Aradam sandstone, collected in Miheno
Rock sample from Antalo limestone, collected in Miheno

From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:[1]

Geomorphology and soils

[edit]

The main geomorphic units, with corresponding soil types are:[3]

Hagere Selam Highlands, along the upper basalt and sandstone ridge

[edit]
  • Associated soil types
Mazi-Pellic Vertisol (Eutric) Thapto Haplic Leptosol at Mere'a Ziban

Gently rolling Antalo Limestone plateau (in the lower parts), holding cliffs and valley bottoms on limestone

[edit]
See also: Soil in Dogu'a Tembien

Climate and hydrology

[edit]

Climate and meteorology

[edit]

The rainfall pattern shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. Mean temperature in Addi Werho is 18.8 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 10.5 °C and maximum of 26.7 °C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.[4]

Rivers

[edit]

The Tsaliet River (a tributary to Weri’i River) is the most important rivers in the surroundings of the tabia. They flow towards Tekezze River and further on to the Nile. These rivers have incised deep gorges which characterise the landscape.[5] The drainage network of the tabia is organised as follows:[6]

Whereas they are (nearly) dry during most of the year, during the main rainy season, these rivers carry high runoff discharges, sometimes in the form of flash floods. Especially at the begin of the rainy season they are brown-coloured, evidencing high soil erosion rates.

Springs

[edit]
May Gudgwad spring in Khunale

As there are no permanent rivers, the presence of springs is of utmost importance for the local people. The main springs in the tabia are:[7]

  • May Gudgwad in Khunale
  • May Miheno in Miheno

Water harvesting

[edit]

In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. Overall they suffer from siltation.[8] Yet, they strongly contribute to greening the landscape, either through irrigation or seepage water. Main reservoirs are:

  • Traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called rahaya
  • Horoyo, household ponds, recently constructed through campaigns[9]

Settlements

[edit]

The tabia centre Addi Worho holds a few administrative offices, a health post, a primary school, and some small shops.[7] There are a few more primary schools across the tabia. The main other populated places are:[6]

Crop harvesting in Khunale

Vegetation and exclosures

[edit]

The tabia holds several exclosures, areas that are set aside for regreening,[10] such as Khunale exclosure. Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Besides effects on biodiversity,[11][12][13] water infiltration, protection from flooding, sediment deposition,[14] carbon sequestration,[15] people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other non-timber forest products.[16] The local inhabitants also consider it as “land set aside for future generations”.[17]

Agriculture and livelihood

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]

The population lives essentially from crop farming, supplemented with off-season work in nearby towns. The land is dominated by farmlands which are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the agricultural system is a permanent upland farming system.[18] The farmers have adapted their cropping systems to the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall.[19]

Schools

[edit]

Almost all children of the tabia are schooled,[20] though in some schools there is lack of classrooms, directly related to the large intake in primary schools over the last decades.[21] Schools in the tabia include Khunale school.

History and culture

[edit]

History

[edit]

The history of the tabia is strongly confounded with the history of Tembien.

Phonolite is used as dimension stone for church building in Khunale

Religion and churches

[edit]

Most inhabitants are Orthodox Christians. The following churches are located in the tabia:

  • Arba’ite Insesa
  • Abune Kiros
  • Kidane Mihret, at the foot of, and partly under Tinsehe's waterfall, in a forested cove[22]

Inda Siwa, the local beer houses

[edit]

In the main villages, there are traditional beer houses (Inda Siwa), often in unique settings, where people socialise. Well known in the tabia are[7]

  • Kindhafti Abadi at Tinsehe
  • Genet Gebrehiwet at Tinsehe

Roads and communication

[edit]

The main road Mekelle – Hagere Selam – Abiy Addi runs at the southern edge of the tabia. There are regular bus services to these towns. Further, a rural access road links Tinsehe and Addi Werho to the main asphalt road.

Limestone escarpment in Miheno

Tourism

[edit]

Its mountainous nature and proximity to Mekelle make the tabia fit for tourism.[23] As compared to many other mountain areas in Ethiopia the villages are quite accessible, and during walks visitors may be invited for coffee, lunch or even for an overnight stay in a rural homestead.[24]

Touristic attractions

[edit]
  • Tinsehe waterfall

Geotouristic sites

[edit]

The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".[25] Geosites in the tabia include:

Birdwatching

[edit]

Birdwatching (for the species, see the main Dogu'a Tembien page) can be done particularly in the tropical forest at the foot of the Tinsehe waterfall.[26][6]

Trekking routes

[edit]
Maintenance of trekking route 2 in Khunale

Trekking routes have been established in this tabia.[27] The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.[28]

  • Trek 2, crosses the tabia from north (Khunale) to South (Tinsehe Waterfall)
  • Trek 14, from west to east along the upper ridge at the southern side of the tabia
  • Trek 23, from the main road in Miheno, downslope to Addi Idaga

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  2. ^ Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). "Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.
  3. ^ Nyssen, Jan; Tielens, Sander; Gebreyohannes, Tesfamichael; Araya, Tigist; Teka, Kassa; Van De Wauw, Johan; Degeyndt, Karen; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Amare, Kassa; Haile, Mitiku; Zenebe, Amanuel; Munro, Neil; Walraevens, Kristine; Gebrehiwot, Kindeya; Poesen, Jean; Frankl, Amaury; Tsegay, Alemtsehay; Deckers, Jozef (2019). "Understanding spatial patterns of soils for sustainable agriculture in northern Ethiopia's tropical mountains". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0224041. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424041N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224041. PMC 6804989. PMID 31639144.
  4. ^ Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). "Dogu'a Tembien's Tropical Mountain Climate". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. pp. 45–61. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199105560.
  5. ^ Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). "The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet Rivers in the Headwaters of the Tekezze Basin". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. pp. 215–230. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199099067.
  6. ^ a b c Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  7. ^ a b c What do we hear from the farmers in Dogu'a Tembien? [in Tigrinya]. Hagere Selam, Ethiopia. 2016. p. 100.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Nigussie Haregeweyn, and colleagues (2006). "Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems". Land Degradation and Development. 17: 211–230. doi:10.1002/ldr.698. S2CID 129834993.
  9. ^ Developers and farmers intertwining interventions: the case of rainwater harvesting and food-for-work in Degua Temben, Tigray, Ethiopia
  10. ^ Aerts, R; Nyssen, J; Mitiku Haile (2009). "On the difference between "exclosures" and "enclosures" in ecology and the environment". Journal of Arid Environments. 73 (8): 762–763. Bibcode:2009JArEn..73..762A. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.01.006.
  11. ^ Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  12. ^ Mastewal Yami, and colleagues (2007). "Impact of Area Enclosures on Density and Diversity of Large Wild Mammals: The Case of May Ba'ati, Douga Tembien Woreda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia". East African Journal of Sciences. 1: 1–14.
  13. ^ Aerts, R; Lerouge, F; November, E; Lens, L; Hermy, M; Muys, B (2008). "Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia". Biodiversity and Conservation. 17: 53–69. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9230-2. S2CID 37489450.
  14. ^ Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). "Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia". Geoderma. 132 (3–4): 291–314. Bibcode:2006Geode.132..291D. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027.
  15. ^ Wolde Mekuria, and colleagues (2011). "Restoration of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks Following Exclosure Establishment in Communal Grazing Lands in Tigray, Ethiopia". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 75 (1): 246–256. Bibcode:2011SSASJ..75..246M. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0176.
  16. ^ Bedru Babulo, and colleagues (2006). "Economic valuation methods of forest rehabilitation in exclosures". Journal of the Drylands. 1: 165–170.
  17. ^ Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Exclosures as Primary Option for Reforestation in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  18. ^ Nyssen, J.; Naudts, J.; De Geyndt, K.; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J. (2008). "Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia)". Land Degradation and Development. 19 (3): 257–274. doi:10.1002/ldr.840. S2CID 128492271.
  19. ^ Frankl, A. and colleagues (2013). "The effect of rainfall on spatio‐temporal variability in cropping systems and duration of crop cover in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands". Soil Use and Management. 29 (3): 374–383. doi:10.1111/sum.12041. hdl:1854/LU-3123393. S2CID 95207289.
  20. ^ Socio-demographic profile, food insecurity and food-aid based response. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  21. ^ Hartjen, Clayton A.; Priyadarsini, S. (2012), Hartjen, Clayton A.; Priyadarsini, S. (eds.), "Denial of Education", The Global Victimization of Children: Problems and Solutions, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 271–321, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2179-5_8, ISBN 978-1-4614-2179-5, retrieved 2023-10-13
  22. ^ Klyuev S. A., Semenova V. N. The Role of Landscape in Semi-rock-hewn and Cave Churches of Tämben and ᵓƎndärta (Tәgray region, Ethiopia). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2020, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 208–229. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.204 (In Russian)
  23. ^ Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  24. ^ Nyssen, Jan (2019). "Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199198251.
  25. ^ Miruts Hagos and colleagues (2019). "Geosites, Geoheritage, Human-Environment Interactions, and Sustainable Geotourism in Dogu'a Tembien". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. pp. 3–27. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_1. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199095921.
  26. ^ Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
  27. ^ Nyssen, Jan (2019). "Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 557–675. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199271514.
  28. ^ "Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
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