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{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Expand Spanish|Segunda República Española en el exilio|date=October 2012}}
{{Expand Spanish|Segunda República Española en el exilio|date=October 2012}}

⚫
The '''Government of the Spanish Republic in exile''' ({{lang-es|Gobierno de la República Española en el exilio}}) was a continuation, in [[Government in exile|exile, of the government]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] following the victory of [[Francisco Franco]]'s forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. It existed until the [[Spanish transition to democracy|restoration of parliamentary democracy in 1977]].
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{nowrap|''Gobierno de la República<br>Española en el exilio''}}
| native_name = {{nowrap|''Gobierno de la República<br>Española en el exilio''}}
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Government of the<br>Spanish Republic in exile}}
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Government of the<br>Spanish Republic in exile}}
| government_type = [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[republic]]
| government_type =
| era = [[Interwar period]] / [[Cold War]]
| era = [[Interwar period]]{{*}}[[Cold War]]
| status = [[Government in exile]]
| status = [[Government in exile]]
| year_start = 1939
| year_start = 1939
| date_start = 4 April
| date_start = 4 April
| year_end = 1977
| year_end = 1977
| date_end = 1 July
| date_end = 1 July
| p1 = Second Spanish Republic
| p1 = Second Spanish Republic
| flag_p1 = Flag of Spain 1931 1939.svg
| flag_p1 = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg
| s1 = Spanish transition to democracy
| s1 = Spanish transition to democracy
| flag_s1 = Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Spain(Second Republic 1931-1939)(3-5).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg
| flag = Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
| flag = Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
| image_coat = Escudo de España(Segunda República Española 1931-1939).svg
| image_coat = Escudo de la Segunda República Española.svg
| symbol = Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic
| symbol = Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic
| image_map =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Madrid]]
| capital = [[Madrid]]
| capital_exile = {{nowrap|[[Paris]] (1939–1940; 1946–1977)<br>[[Mexico City]] (1940–1946)}}
| capital_exile = {{nowrap|[[Paris]] (1939–1940; 1946–1977)<br>[[Mexico City]] (1940–1946)}}
| national_motto = ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]''<br/><small>"Further Beyond"</small>
| national_motto = ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]''<br/><small>"Further Beyond"</small>
| national_anthem = [[Himno de Riego]]<br />''Anthem of Riego''{{center|[[File:National-Anthem-of-Spain- 1931-1939 -Himno-de-Riego.ogg]]}}
| national_anthem = [[Himno de Riego]]<br />''Anthem of Riego''{{center|[[File:National-Anthem-of-Spain- 1931-1939 -Himno-de-Riego.ogg]]}}
| common_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| common_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| title_leader = [[President of Spain|President]]
| title_leader = [[President of Spain|President]]
| leader1 = [[Diego Martínez Barrio]]
| leader1 = [[Diego Martínez Barrio]]
| year_leader1 = 1939&ndash;1940 <small>(first)</small>
| year_leader1 = 1939&ndash;1940 <small>(first)</small>
| leader2 = [[José Maldonado González]]
| leader2 = [[José Maldonado González]]
| year_leader2 = 1970&ndash;1977 <small>(last)</small>
| year_leader2 = 1970&ndash;1977 <small>(last)</small>
| title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|Prime Minister]]
| title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1 = [[Juan Negrín]]
| deputy1 = [[Juan Negrín]]
| year_deputy1 = 1939&ndash;1945 <small>(first)</small>
| year_deputy1 = 1939&ndash;1945 <small>(first)</small>
| deputy2 = {{nowrap|{{ill|Fernando Valera Aparicio|es|Fernando Valera Aparicio}}}}
| deputy2 = {{nowrap|{{ill|Fernando Valera Aparicio|es|Fernando Valera Aparicio}}}}
| year_deputy2 = 1971&ndash;1977 <small>(last)</small>
| year_deputy2 = 1971&ndash;1977 <small>(last)</small>
| currency =
| currency =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_year =
| today =
| today =
}}
}}

⚫
The '''Government of the Spanish Republic in exile''' ({{lang-es|Gobierno de la República Española en el exilio}}) was a continuation, in [[Government in exile|exile, of the government]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] following the victory of [[Francisco Franco]]'s forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. It existed until the [[Spanish transition to democracy|restoration of parliamentary democracy in 1977]].


== History ==
== History ==
{{See also|First Francoism}}
⚫
Following the fall of the Republic in April 1939, the [[President of Spain]], [[Manuel Azaña]] and the [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]], [[Juan Negrín]], went into exile in [[French Third Republic|France]]. Azaña resigned his post and died in November 1940. He was succeeded as President by [[Diego Martínez Barrio]], who had been Prime Minister in 1936. Following the [[occupation of France]], the government was reconstituted in [[Mexico]], which under the left-wing President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] continued to recognise the Republic, although Negrín spent the war years in [[London]]. Negrín resigned as Prime Minister in 1945 and was succeeded by [[José Giral]].


⚫
Until 1945, the exiled Republicans had high hopes that at the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, Franco's regime would be removed from power by the victorious Allies and that they would be able to return to Spain. When these hopes were disappointed, the government-in-exile faded away to a purely symbolic role. The government moved back to Paris in 1946. There was also a Basque government in exile and a Catalan government in exile.
⚫
Following the fall of the Republic in April 1939, the [[President of Spain]], [[Manuel Azaña]]) and the [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]], [[Juan Negrín]], went into exile in [[French Third Republic|France]]. Azaña resigned his post and died in November 1940. He was succeeded as President by [[Diego Martínez Barrio]], who had been Prime Minister in 1936. Following the [[Occupation of France]], the government was reconstituted in [[Mexico]], which under the left-wing President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] continued to recognise the Republic, although Negrín spent the war years in [[London]]. Negrín resigned as Prime Minister in 1945 and was succeeded by [[José Giral]].

⚫
Until 1945, the exiled Republicans had high hopes that at the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, Franco's regime would be removed from power by the victorious Allies and that they would be able to return to Spain. When these hopes were disappointed, the government-in-exile faded away to a purely symbolic role. The government moved back to Paris in 1946. There was also a [[Basque government in exile]] and a [[Catalan government in exile]].


In the immediate postwar period, it had diplomatic relations with [[Mexico]], [[Panama]], [[Guatemala]], [[Venezuela]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], and [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|Albania]],<ref>Shain, Yossi (ed). ''Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics''. New York: Routledge. 1991, p. 152.</ref> but the [[United States of America|United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[French Fourth Republic|France]] and the [[Soviet Union]] did not recognise it.<ref>Ebon, Martin. ''World Communism Today''. New York: Whittlesey House. 1948, p. 252.</ref>
In the immediate postwar period, it had diplomatic relations with [[Mexico]], [[Panama]], [[Guatemala]], [[Venezuela]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], and [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|Albania]],<ref>Shain, Yossi (ed). ''Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics''. New York: Routledge. 1991, p. 152.</ref> but the [[United States of America|United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[French Fourth Republic|France]] and the [[Soviet Union]] did not recognise it.<ref>Ebon, Martin. ''World Communism Today''. New York: Whittlesey House. 1948, p. 252.</ref>


Following Franco's death in 1975, King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] initiated a [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]]. In 1977, the exiled Republicans accepted the re-establishment of the monarchy and recognised Juan Carlos's government as the legitimate government of Spain. The key moment came when Socialist leaders [[Felipe González]] and [[Javier Solana]] met Juan Carlos at [[Zarzuela Palace]] in Madrid — a tacit endorsement of the monarchy by the previously staunchly republican Socialists.
Following Franco's death in 1975, King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] initiated a [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]]. In 1977, the exiled Republicans accepted the re-establishment of the monarchy and recognised Juan Carlos's government as the legitimate government of Spain. The key moment came when socialist leaders [[Felipe González]] and [[Javier Solana]] met Juan Carlos at [[Zarzuela Palace]] in Madrid — a tacit endorsement of the monarchy by the previously staunchly republican Socialists.


On 1 July 1977, the Government of the Spanish Republic was formally dissolved. In a gesture of reconciliation, Juan Carlos received the exiled leaders at a ceremony in Madrid.
On 1 July 1977, the Government of the Spanish Republic was formally dissolved. In a gesture of reconciliation, Juan Carlos received the exiled leaders at a ceremony in Madrid.
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|- style="background:#eee;"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};"|
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg|60px]]
| [[File:Escudo de la Segunda República Española.svg|61x61px]]
| '''{{ill|Félix Gordón Ordás|es|Félix Gordón Ordás}}'''<br/>{{small|(1885–1973)}}
| '''{{ill|Félix Gordón Ordás|es|Félix Gordón Ordás}}'''<br/>{{small|(1885–1973)}}
| 13 August 1951
| 13 August 1951
Line 168: Line 168:
|- style="background:#eee;"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politics)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politics)}};"|
| [[File:Emilio_Herrera_(MUNCYT,_Eulogia_Merle).jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Emilio Herrera Linares MSH.jpg|71x71px]]
| '''[[Emilio Herrera]] '''<br/>{{small|(1879–1967)}}
| '''[[Emilio Herrera]] '''<br/>{{small|(1879–1967)}}
| 17 April 1960
| 17 April 1960
Line 185: Line 185:
|- style="background:#eee;"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};"|
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg|60px]]
| [[File:Escudo de la Segunda República Española.svg|61x61px]]
| |'''{{ill|Fernando Valera Aparicio|es|Fernando Valera Aparicio}}'''<br/>{{small|(1899–1982)}}
| |'''{{ill|Fernando Valera Aparicio|es|Fernando Valera Aparicio}}'''<br/>{{small|(1899–1982)}}
| 28 February 1971
| 28 February 1971
Line 191: Line 191:
| {{age in days|1971|2|28|1977|6|21}}
| {{age in days|1971|2|28|1977|6|21}}
| {{Party shading/UR}}|[[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]]
| {{Party shading/UR}}|[[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]]
| [[José Maldonado González]]<br/>[[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg|60px]]<br/>{{small|(1970–1977)}}
| [[José Maldonado González]]<br/><!-- [[File: Escudo de España(Segunda República Española 1931-1939)v2.svg |60px]] --><br/>{{small|(1970–1977)}}
|}
|}


Revision as of 15:11, 6 January 2024

Government of the
Spanish Republic in exile
Gobierno de la República
Española en el exilio
1939–1977
Motto: Plus Ultra
"Further Beyond"
Anthem: Himno de Riego
Anthem of Riego
StatusGovernment in exile
CapitalMadrid
Capital-in-exileParis (1939–1940; 1946–1977)
Mexico City (1940–1946)
Common languagesSpanish
President 
• 1939–1940 (first)
Diego Martínez Barrio
• 1970–1977 (last)
José Maldonado González
Prime Minister 
• 1939–1945 (first)
Juan Negrín
• 1971–1977 (last)
Fernando Valera Aparicio [es]
Historical eraInterwar period • Cold War
• Established
4 April 1939
• Disestablished
1 July 1977
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish transition to democracy

The Government of the Spanish Republic in exile (Spanish: Gobierno de la República Española en el exilio) was a continuation, in exile, of the government of the Second Spanish Republic following the victory of Francisco Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War. It existed until the restoration of parliamentary democracy in 1977.

History

See also: First Francoism

Following the fall of the Republic in April 1939, the President of Spain, Manuel Azaña and the Prime Minister, Juan Negrín, went into exile in France. Azaña resigned his post and died in November 1940. He was succeeded as President by Diego Martínez Barrio, who had been Prime Minister in 1936. Following the occupation of France, the government was reconstituted in Mexico, which under the left-wing President Lázaro Cárdenas continued to recognise the Republic, although Negrín spent the war years in London. Negrín resigned as Prime Minister in 1945 and was succeeded by José Giral.

Until 1945, the exiled Republicans had high hopes that at the end of World War II in Europe, Franco's regime would be removed from power by the victorious Allies and that they would be able to return to Spain. When these hopes were disappointed, the government-in-exile faded away to a purely symbolic role. The government moved back to Paris in 1946. There was also a Basque government in exile and a Catalan government in exile.

In the immediate postwar period, it had diplomatic relations with Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Venezuela, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Albania,[1] but the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union did not recognise it.[2]

Following Franco's death in 1975, King Juan Carlos initiated a transition to democracy. In 1977, the exiled Republicans accepted the re-establishment of the monarchy and recognised Juan Carlos's government as the legitimate government of Spain. The key moment came when socialist leaders Felipe González and Javier Solana met Juan Carlos at Zarzuela Palace in Madrid — a tacit endorsement of the monarchy by the previously staunchly republican Socialists.

On 1 July 1977, the Government of the Spanish Republic was formally dissolved. In a gesture of reconciliation, Juan Carlos received the exiled leaders at a ceremony in Madrid.

Presidents in exile

See also: President of Spain
# Portrait Name President From President Until Political Party
Diego Martínez Barrio
Interim 		March 3, 1939 May 11, 1940 Republican Union
Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana
Interim 		May 11, 1940 August 17, 1945 Independent
1 Diego Martínez Barrio August 17, 1945 January 1, 1962 Republican Union
2 Luis Jiménez de Asúa January 1, 1962 November 16, 1970 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
3 José Maldonado González November 16, 1970 July 1, 1977 Republican Left

Prime Ministers in exile

See also: List of Prime Ministers of Spain
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Political Party President
(Term)
Took office Left office Days
Juan Negrín
(1892–1956) 		31 March 1939 17 August 1945 2331 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Álvaro de Albornoz

(1939–1945)
José Giral
(1879–1962) 		17 August 1945 9 February 1947 541 Republican Left Diego Martínez Barrio

(1945–1962)
Rodolfo Llopis
(1895–1983) 		9 February 1947 8 August 1947 180 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Álvaro de Albornoz
(1879–1954) 		8 August 1947 13 August 1951 1558 Republican Union
Félix Gordón Ordás [es]
(1885–1973) 		13 August 1951 17 April 1960 3170 Republican Union
Emilio Herrera
(1879–1967) 		17 April 1960 28 February 1962 682 Independent
Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
(1893–1984) 		28 February 1962 28 February 1971 3287 Republican Union Luis Jiménez de Asúa

(1962–1970)
Fernando Valera Aparicio [es]
(1899–1982) 		28 February 1971 21 June 1977 2305 Republican Union José Maldonado González

(1970–1977)

See also

References

  1. ^ Shain, Yossi (ed). Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics. New York: Routledge. 1991, p. 152.
  2. ^ Ebon, Martin. World Communism Today. New York: Whittlesey House. 1948, p. 252.
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