Leptosphaeria coniothyrium: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fungus}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' |
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| image = |
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| image_alt = |
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| phylum = [[Ascomycota]] |
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| image_caption = |
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| classis = [[Dothideomycetes]] |
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| status = |
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| subclassis = [[Pleosporomycetidae]] |
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| status_system = |
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| status_ref = |
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| familia = [[Leptosphaeriaceae]] |
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| genus = |
| genus = Leptosphaeria |
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| species = |
| species = coniothyrium |
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| authority = ([[Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel|Fuckel]]) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] 1875<ref>Saccardo, Pier Andrea 1875. Fungi veneti novi vel critici. Series II. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. 7:299-329</ref> |
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| binomial = ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' |
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| binomial_authority = (Fuckel) Sacc., (1875) |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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'' |
*''[[Sphaeria]] coniothyrium'' <small>Fuckel 1870</small> |
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'' |
*''[[Melanomma (fungus)|Melanomma]] coniothyrium'' <small>(Fuckel) {{ill|Lennart Holm|species||ru|Хольм, Леннарт|lt=L.Holm}} 1957</small> |
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'' |
*''[[Diapleella]] coniothyrium'' <small>(Fuckel) [[Margaret Elizabeth Barr-Bigelow|M.E. Barr]] 1986</small> |
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'' |
*''[[Kalmusia]] coniothyrium'' <small>(Fuckel) {{ill|Sabine M. Huhndorf|species|lt=Huhndorf}} 1992</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' |url=http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=149821 |website=MycoBank |access-date=3 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |
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''Microsphaeropsis fuckelii'' <small></small><br> |
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}} |
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''Sphaeria coniothyrium'' <small></small><br> |
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{{Infobox plant disease |
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| name = Cane blight |
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| image = |
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| caption = |
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| common_names = |
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| causal_agents = When the fungus, ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'', enters the vascular tissue of the canes through wounds |
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| hosts = Brambles |
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| vectors = |
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| EPPO_code = |
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| second_EPPO_code = |
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| distribution = |
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| symptoms = Dark lesions and vascular streaking |
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| treatment = Pruning, chemicals |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium''' is a plant pathogen. |
'''''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium''''' is a [[plant pathogen]]. It can be found around the world. |
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== |
== Host symptoms and signs == |
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All [[brambles]], especially [[black raspberries]], are susceptible to cane blight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://extension.psu.edu/bramble-disease-cane-blight|title=Bramble Disease - Cane Blight|website=Penn State Extension|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> The causal agent for Cane Blight is the fungus ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C894&title=Cane%20Blight%20of%20Blackberry#Causal|title=Cane Blight of Blackberry {{!}} UGA Cooperative Extension|website=extension.uga.edu|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> |
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The infection spreads internally first, therefore outwardly noticeable symptoms typically do not appear quickly. Symptoms could be exposed by peeling back the [[xylem]] and looking at the internal plant tissue. Healthy tissue would appear green, whereas diseased tissue develop dark lesions and vascular streaking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://horticulture.ahdb.org.uk/publication/2013-fungal-diseases-canes-foliage-and-fruit-cane-fruit-crops|title=20/13 Fungal diseases on canes, foliage and fruit of cane fruit crops {{!}} AHDB Horticulture|website=horticulture.ahdb.org.uk|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> |
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[http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Index Fungorum]<br> |
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[http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database]<br> |
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By late summer or fall, well after the initial infection, dark red or purple lesions can appear near wounded sites. Sometimes, large [[canker]]s develop causing [[necrosis]] and death of the cane in the following year.<ref name=":1" /> In the spring buds may fail to break, lateral branches may appear wilted, or canes may die as the fruit begins to ripen. Canes can also break or appear brittle near infection sites.<ref name=":0" /> |
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<references /> |
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Signs of cane blight include small black raised specks, which are the [[Sporocarp (fungi)|sporocarps]], or fruiting bodies called [[pycnidia]] and/or [[pseudothecia]].<ref name=":1" /> In wet conditions, gray [[spore]] masses may appear and ooze from cankers on the cane or in dry conditions appear fuzzy and powdery.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/cane-blight/|title=Cane Blight|website=Wisconsin Horticulture|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> |
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== Disease cycle == |
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{{Dothideomycetes-stub}}{{plant-disease-stub}} |
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The disease cycle for cane blight begins when the fungus, ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'', enters the vascular tissue of the canes through wounds.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Wounds are commonly caused by [[pruning]], but insect damage, freeze injury, or other various forms of mechanical injury can also be points of entry.<ref name=":1" /> |
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''L. coniothyrium'' has both an [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] and [[Sexual reproduction|sexual life cycle]]. The fruiting body, or [[ascocarp]], of the sexual cycle is called a pseudothecia which releases [[ascospore]]s. The pycnidia is the asexual fruiting body that produces [[conidia]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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''L. coniothyrium'' can overwinter on dead tissue of old canes and is a source of [[Propagule|inoculum]] if not properly removed.<ref name=":1" /> First year canes are infected by the fungus through wounds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/fruit/fact-sheets/raspberry-ipm-cane-blight|title=Raspberry IPM - Cane Blight|last=madeiras|date=2017-06-08|website=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> The following spring, pseudothecium and/or pycnidium appear near lesions on the wounded cane.<ref name=":1" /> Spring rain causes the ascospores to be ejected from the pseudothecia which become airborne. Additionally, the conidia are released from the pycnidia and are dispersed by rain splashes and wind.<ref name=":2" /> The conidia and/or ascospores germinate and infect new wounded canes.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Management == |
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=== Several methods of cultural control can be used to manage cane blight === |
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* Only prune if necessary and avoid pruning in wet conditions when possible.<ref name=":1" /> Do not prune infected canes during the growing season.<ref name=":2" /> Prune during dormant season because spores are not actively being produced.<ref name=":2" /> |
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* Disinfect pruning tools after each cut.<ref name=":2" /> |
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* Remove old or infected canes by burying or destroying with fire because they are a source of inoculum.<ref name=":1" /> |
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* Keep growing environment as dry as possible. Avoid overhead irrigation.<ref name=":1" /> Choose a site that is well drained and sunny.<ref name=":2" /> Keep rows weeded for good air circulation.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* Maintain optimum soil fertility so that the plant is healthy to fight infection.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Chemical control === |
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* Early spring application of [[lime sulfur]] or [[Copper]] before the buds are a half inch in length.<ref name=":3" /> |
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* [[Fungicide]]s can be used after pruning to prevent cane blight. Be sure to properly follow instructions and laws pertaining to fungicide use.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Importance == |
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Cane blight is a major and widespread disease of brambles, including [[blackberry]] and [[raspberry]]. Necrotic lesions can cause premature decimation of the cane and blight of fruit bearing spurs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Mikulic‐Petkovsek|first=M.|last2=Schmitzer|first2=V.|last3=Stampar|first3=F.|last4=Veberic|first4=R.|last5=Koron|first5=D.|date=2014|title=Changes in phenolic content induced by infection with Didymella applanata and Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, the causal agents of raspberry spur and cane blight|journal=Plant Pathology|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=185–192|doi=10.1111/ppa.12081|issn=1365-3059|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cane Blight can lead to significant yield and economic losses, especially in wet years.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== Environment == |
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Wet humid environments are conducive to [[sporulation]], which allows ''L. coniothyrium'' to multiply and cane blight to spread.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q6528392}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Leptosphaeria Coniothyrium}} |
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[[Category:Fungi described in 1875]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:03, 10 January 2024
| Leptosphaeria coniothyrium | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Leptosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | Leptosphaeria |
| Species: | L. coniothyrium
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| Binomial name | |
| Leptosphaeria coniothyrium | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| Cane blight | |
|---|---|
| Causal agents | When the fungus, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, enters the vascular tissue of the canes through wounds |
| Hosts | Brambles |
| Symptoms | Dark lesions and vascular streaking |
| Treatment | Pruning, chemicals |
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium is a plant pathogen. It can be found around the world.
Host symptoms and signs
[edit]All brambles, especially black raspberries, are susceptible to cane blight.[3] The causal agent for Cane Blight is the fungus Leptosphaeria coniothyrium.[4]
The infection spreads internally first, therefore outwardly noticeable symptoms typically do not appear quickly. Symptoms could be exposed by peeling back the xylem and looking at the internal plant tissue. Healthy tissue would appear green, whereas diseased tissue develop dark lesions and vascular streaking.[5]
By late summer or fall, well after the initial infection, dark red or purple lesions can appear near wounded sites. Sometimes, large cankers develop causing necrosis and death of the cane in the following year.[4] In the spring buds may fail to break, lateral branches may appear wilted, or canes may die as the fruit begins to ripen. Canes can also break or appear brittle near infection sites.[3]
Signs of cane blight include small black raised specks, which are the sporocarps, or fruiting bodies called pycnidia and/or pseudothecia.[4] In wet conditions, gray spore masses may appear and ooze from cankers on the cane or in dry conditions appear fuzzy and powdery.[6]
Disease cycle
[edit]The disease cycle for cane blight begins when the fungus, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, enters the vascular tissue of the canes through wounds.[4][3] Wounds are commonly caused by pruning, but insect damage, freeze injury, or other various forms of mechanical injury can also be points of entry.[4]
L. coniothyrium has both an asexual and sexual life cycle. The fruiting body, or ascocarp, of the sexual cycle is called a pseudothecia which releases ascospores. The pycnidia is the asexual fruiting body that produces conidia.[4]
L. coniothyrium can overwinter on dead tissue of old canes and is a source of inoculum if not properly removed.[4] First year canes are infected by the fungus through wounds.[7] The following spring, pseudothecium and/or pycnidium appear near lesions on the wounded cane.[4] Spring rain causes the ascospores to be ejected from the pseudothecia which become airborne. Additionally, the conidia are released from the pycnidia and are dispersed by rain splashes and wind.[6] The conidia and/or ascospores germinate and infect new wounded canes.[4]
Management
[edit]Several methods of cultural control can be used to manage cane blight
[edit]- Only prune if necessary and avoid pruning in wet conditions when possible.[4] Do not prune infected canes during the growing season.[6] Prune during dormant season because spores are not actively being produced.[6]
- Disinfect pruning tools after each cut.[6]
- Remove old or infected canes by burying or destroying with fire because they are a source of inoculum.[4]
- Keep growing environment as dry as possible. Avoid overhead irrigation.[4] Choose a site that is well drained and sunny.[6] Keep rows weeded for good air circulation.[3]
- Maintain optimum soil fertility so that the plant is healthy to fight infection.[6]
Chemical control
[edit]- Early spring application of lime sulfur or Copper before the buds are a half inch in length.[7]
- Fungicides can be used after pruning to prevent cane blight. Be sure to properly follow instructions and laws pertaining to fungicide use.[4]
Importance
[edit]Cane blight is a major and widespread disease of brambles, including blackberry and raspberry. Necrotic lesions can cause premature decimation of the cane and blight of fruit bearing spurs.[8] Cane Blight can lead to significant yield and economic losses, especially in wet years.[8]
Environment
[edit]Wet humid environments are conducive to sporulation, which allows L. coniothyrium to multiply and cane blight to spread.[4][6][8]
References
[edit]- ^ Saccardo, Pier Andrea 1875. Fungi veneti novi vel critici. Series II. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. 7:299-329
- ^ "Leptosphaeria coniothyrium". MycoBank. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Bramble Disease - Cane Blight". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Cane Blight of Blackberry | UGA Cooperative Extension". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ "20/13 Fungal diseases on canes, foliage and fruit of cane fruit crops | AHDB Horticulture". horticulture.ahdb.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Cane Blight". Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ a b madeiras (2017-06-08). "Raspberry IPM - Cane Blight". Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ a b c Mikulic‐Petkovsek, M.; Schmitzer, V.; Stampar, F.; Veberic, R.; Koron, D. (2014). "Changes in phenolic content induced by infection with Didymella applanata and Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, the causal agents of raspberry spur and cane blight". Plant Pathology. 63 (1): 185–192. doi:10.1111/ppa.12081. ISSN 1365-3059.