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{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the heather family Ericaceae}}
{{Short description|Plant in the heather family Ericaceae}}
{{for|other shrubs sometimes called "crowberry"|Bearberry}}
{{For|other shrubs sometimes called "crowberry"|Bearberry}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Black crowberry
|name = Black crowberry
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*''Empetrum nigrum'' var. ''purpureum'' <small>(Raf.) A.DC.</small>
*''Empetrum nigrum'' var. ''purpureum'' <small>(Raf.) A.DC.</small>
*''Empetrum purpureum'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Empetrum purpureum'' <small>Raf.</small>
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30371508-2#synonyms |title=''Empetrum nigrum'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=11 July 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30371508-2 |title=''Empetrum nigrum'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=11 July 2020 }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Empetrum nigrum''''', '''crowberry''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crowberry |volume=7 |page=513}}</ref> '''black crowberry''', or, in western Alaska, '''blackberry''', is a [[flowering plant]] species in the heather family [[Ericaceae]] with a near [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] distribution in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=DVF>{{cite web|title=Den Virtuella Floran, ''Empetrum nigrum'' L.|first=Arne|last=Anderberg|publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet|place=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html}}</ref> It is also native in the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EMNI|work=PLANTS|title=Empetrum nigrum L.}}</ref> It is usually [[Dioecy|dioecious]], but there is a [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|bisexual]] [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]] subspecies, '''''Empetrum nigrum'' subsp. ''hermaphroditum''''', that occurs in more northerly locations and at higher altitude.<ref>[[Clive A. Stace|Stace, C. A.]] (2010) ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-70772-5}}. pp. 525.</ref><ref>[http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html Kråkbär] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
'''''Empetrum nigrum''''', '''crowberry''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crowberry |volume=7 |page=513}}</ref> '''black crowberry''', or, in western Alaska, '''blackberry''', is a [[flowering plant]] species in the heather family [[Ericaceae]] with a near [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] distribution in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It is usually [[dioecious]], but there is a [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|bisexual]]<ref>{{Jepson eFlora|24229|Empetrum nigrum}}</ref> [[tetraploid]] subspecies, '''''Empetrum nigrum'' subsp. ''hermaphroditum''''', which occurs in more northerly locations and at higher altitude.<ref>[[Clive A. Stace|Stace, C. A.]] (2010) ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-70772-5}}. pp. 525.</ref><ref>[http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html Kråkbär] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>

⚫
Evolutionary biologists have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance migratory birds dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.<ref name=poppmirrebrochmann>{{cite journal|title=A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries|author=Magnus Popp|author2=Virginia Mirré|author3=Christian Brochmann|journal=[[PNAS]]|volume=108|issue=16|editor=Peter H. Raven|place=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]], [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]|pages=6520–6525|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012249108|pmc=3081031|pmid=21402939|year=2011|doi-access=free}}</ref>

⚫
The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of ''Empetrum'' can be altered in winter-warming experiments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bokhorst | first1 = S | last2 = Bjerke | first2 = JW | last3 = Davey | first3 = MP | last4 = Taulavuori | first4 = K | last5 = Taulavuori | first5 = E | last6 = Laine | first6 = K | last7 = Callaghan | first7 = TV | last8 = Phoenix | first8 = GK | year = 2010 | title = Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community | journal = [[Physiologia Plantarum]] | volume = 140 | issue = 2| pages = 128–140 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01386.x| pmid = 20497369 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Empetrum nigrum'' is a low growing, evergreen shrub with a creeping habit.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Coffin|author2=Lee Pfannmuller|title=Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWNq91AjeoC|year=1988|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1689-3|page=96}}</ref> The [[Leaf|leaves]] are {{convert|3-6|mm|abbr=on}} long, [[Phyllotaxis|arranged]] alternately along the stem. The stems are red when young and then fade to brown. It blooms between May and June,<ref name=Readers/> the flowers are small and not very noticeable,<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> with greenish-pink sepals that turn reddish purple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Empetrum nigrum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012671|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.efloras.org}}</ref> The round [[fruit]]s are [[drupe]]s, {{convert|4-6|mm|abbr=on}} wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red.<ref name=jepson>{{cite web|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=24229|title=Jepson eFlora: ''Empetrum nigrum''|work=[[University and Jepson Herbaria]]|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>
''Empetrum nigrum'' is a low growing, [[evergreen]] shrub with a creeping habit.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Coffin|author2=Lee Pfannmuller|title=Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWNq91AjeoC|year=1988|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1689-3|page=96}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are {{convert|3-6|mm|abbr=off|frac=8}} long, [[Phyllotaxis|arranged]] alternately along the stem. The stems are red when young and then fade to brown. It blooms between May and June.<ref name=Readers/> The flowers are small and not very noticeable,<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> with greenish-pink sepals that turn reddish purple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Empetrum nigrum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012671|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.efloras.org}}</ref> The round [[fruit]]s are [[drupe]]s, {{convert|4-6|mm|abbr=on|frac=8}} wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red.<ref name=jepson>{{cite web|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=24229|title=Jepson eFlora: ''Empetrum nigrum''|work=[[University and Jepson Herbaria]]|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

⚫
The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of ''Empetrum'' can be altered in winter-warming experiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bokhorst |first1=S |last2=Bjerke |first2=JW |last3=Davey |first3=MP |last4=Taulavuori |first4=K |last5=Taulavuori |first5=E |last6=Laine |first6=K |last7=Callaghan |first7=TV |last8=Phoenix |first8=GK |year=2010 |title=Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community |journal=[[Physiologia Plantarum]] |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01386.x |pmid=20497369}}</ref>


[[Image:Empetrum.jpg|thumb|The yellow-leaved cultivar ''Empetrum nigrum'' 'Lucia']]
[[Image:Empetrum.jpg|thumb|The yellow-leaved cultivar ''Empetrum nigrum'' 'Lucia']]
[[File:Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum 20230823.jpg|thumb|Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum in Denali National Park]]
[[File:Alaskan Crowberry from alpine-tundra regions.jpg|thumb|Alaskan crowberry]]
[[File:Alaskan Crowberry from alpine-tundra regions.jpg|thumb|Alaskan crowberry]]


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* ''Empetrum nigrum'' subsp. ''subholarcticum'' (V.N.Vassil.) Kuvaev (synonym: ''Empetrum subholarcticum'' V.N.Vassil.)<ref name="worldfloraonline.org">{{cite web |title=Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil. |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000667274 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
* ''Empetrum nigrum'' subsp. ''subholarcticum'' (V.N.Vassil.) Kuvaev (synonym: ''Empetrum subholarcticum'' V.N.Vassil.)<ref name="worldfloraonline.org">{{cite web |title=Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil. |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000667274 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>


==Cultivation and uses==
==Distribution and habitat==
The species has a near [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] distribution in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} It is also native in the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref>{{GRIN|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Empetrum nigrum L. |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EMNI |work=PLANTS}}</ref>
⚫
''Empetrum nigrum'' can be grown in acidic soils in shady, moist areas. It can be grown for the edible fruit, (but has an acid -like taste, and can cause headaches <ref name=Readers>{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=220 |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5}}</ref>) as a [[ground cover]],<ref name="pfaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Empetrum+nigrum|title=Empetrum nigrum - L.|work=Plants for a Future|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> or as an [[ornamental plant]] in [[rock garden]]s, notably the yellow-foliaged [[cultivar]] 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in [[anthocyanin]] pigment, and can be used to make a natural food dye.<ref name=pfaf/> While abundant in Scandinavia, it's never picked for eating. Instead it's treasured for its ability to make good wine, juices or jelly.


⚫
[[Evolutionary biologists]] have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance [[migratory birds]] dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.<ref name="poppmirrebrochmann">{{cite journal |author=Magnus Popp |author2=Virginia Mirré |author3=Christian Brochmann |year=2011 |title=A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=108 |issue=16 |pages=6520–6525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012249108 |pmc=3081031 |pmid=21402939 |doi-access=free |editor=Peter H. Raven |place=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]], [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]}}</ref>
In subarctic areas, ''E. nigrum'' has been a vital addition to the diet of the [[Inuit]] and the [[Sami people|Sami]]. The [[Dena'ina]] (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, and like it mixed with lard or oil. The fruits are usually collected in fall, but if not picked they may persist on the plant and can be picked in the spring.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}


''Empetrum nigrum'' grows in [[Soil pH|acidic soils]] in shady, moist areas.
⚫
The plant is also a food source of several moths, including the [[Glacies coracina|Black Mountain]], [[Zygaena exulans|Mountain Burnet]] and [[Hadula melanopa|Broad-bordered White Underwing]].<ref name=Readers/>


==Ecology==
⚫
The Scottish Highlands [[Clan Maclean]]'s badge is attributed to be ''E nigrum (''Crowberry), and cuttings of it would be raised on standards to denote clan identity and allegiance.
⚫
The moth species ''[[Glacies coracina]]'', ''[[Zygaena exulans]]'', and ''[[Hadula melanopa]]'' feed on the plant.<ref name="Readers" />

==Uses==
The fruit is edible and can be dried.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |author=United States Department of the Army |author-link=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=47 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> However, it has an acidic taste and can cause headaches.<ref name="Readers">{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=220 |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5}}</ref> It is abundant in [[Scandinavia]] and treasured for its ability to make liqueur, wine, juice, or jelly. In [[subarctic]] areas, the plant has been a vital addition to the diet of the [[Inuit]] and the [[Sami people|Sami]]. The [[Dena'ina]] (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, sometimes mixed with lard or oil.

⚫
The species can also be grown as a [[ground cover]],<ref name="pfaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Empetrum+nigrum|title=Empetrum nigrum - L.|work=Plants for a Future|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> or as an [[ornamental plant]] in [[rock garden]]s, notably the yellow-foliaged [[cultivar]] 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in [[anthocyanin]] pigment and can be used to make a natural dye.<ref name="pfaf" />

== Culture ==
⚫
The Scottish Highlands [[Clan Maclean]]'s badge is believed to be ''E.&nbsp;nigrum''; cuttings of it would be raised on standards to denote clan identity and allegiance.


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/empnig/all.html Forest Service Fire Ecology]
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/empnig/all.html Forest Service Fire Ecology]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q202305}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q202305}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Empetrum|nigrum]]
[[Category:Empetrum|nigrum]]
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[[Category:Flora of Subarctic America]]
[[Category:Flora of Subarctic America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of Greenland]]

Latest revision as of 19:44, 13 January 2024

For other shrubs sometimes called "crowberry", see Bearberry.

Black crowberry
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Empetrum
Species:
E. nigrum
Binomial name
Empetrum nigrum
Synonyms[2]
  • Chamaetaxus nigra (L.) Bubani
  • Empetrum arcticum V.N.Vassil.
  • Empetrum crassifolium Raf.
  • Empetrum eamesii subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) D.Löve
  • Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup
  • Empetrum hermaphroditum var. americanum V.N.Vassil.
  • Empetrum medium Carmich.
  • Empetrum nigrum f. cylindricum Lepage
  • Empetrum nigrum var. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) T.Sørensen
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher
  • Empetrum nigrum f. purpureum (Raf.) Fernald
  • Empetrum nigrum var. purpureum (Raf.) A.DC.
  • Empetrum purpureum Raf.

Empetrum nigrum, crowberry,[3] black crowberry, or, in western Alaska, blackberry, is a flowering plant species in the heather family Ericaceae with a near circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. It is usually dioecious, but there is a bisexual[4] tetraploid subspecies, Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum, which occurs in more northerly locations and at higher altitude.[5][6]

Description[edit]

Empetrum nigrum is a low growing, evergreen shrub with a creeping habit.[7] The leaves are 3–6 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 inch) long, arranged alternately along the stem. The stems are red when young and then fade to brown. It blooms between May and June.[8] The flowers are small and not very noticeable,[7] with greenish-pink sepals that turn reddish purple.[9] The round fruits are drupes, 4–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red.[10]

The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of Empetrum can be altered in winter-warming experiments.[11]

The yellow-leaved cultivar Empetrum nigrum 'Lucia'
Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum in Denali National Park
Alaskan crowberry

Subspecies[edit]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The species has a near circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.[citation needed] It is also native in the Falkland Islands.[14][15]

Evolutionary biologists have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance migratory birds dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.[16]

Empetrum nigrum grows in acidic soils in shady, moist areas.

Ecology[edit]

The moth species Glacies coracina, Zygaena exulans, and Hadula melanopa feed on the plant.[8]

Uses[edit]

The fruit is edible and can be dried.[17] However, it has an acidic taste and can cause headaches.[8] It is abundant in Scandinavia and treasured for its ability to make liqueur, wine, juice, or jelly. In subarctic areas, the plant has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. The Dena'ina (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, sometimes mixed with lard or oil.

The species can also be grown as a ground cover,[18] or as an ornamental plant in rock gardens, notably the yellow-foliaged cultivar 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in anthocyanin pigment and can be used to make a natural dye.[18]

Culture[edit]

The Scottish Highlands Clan Maclean's badge is believed to be E. nigrum; cuttings of it would be raised on standards to denote clan identity and allegiance.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empetrum nigrum.
  1. ^ Sp. Pl. 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] "Plant Name Details for Empetrum nigrum". IPNI. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  2. ^ "Empetrum nigrum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  3. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crowberry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.
  4. ^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Empetrum nigrum". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
  5. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5. pp. 525.
  6. ^ Kråkbär (in Swedish)
  7. ^ a b Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3.
  8. ^ a b c Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
  9. ^ "Empetrum nigrum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  10. ^ "Jepson eFlora: Empetrum nigrum". University and Jepson Herbaria. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  11. ^ Bokhorst, S; Bjerke, JW; Davey, MP; Taulavuori, K; Taulavuori, E; Laine, K; Callaghan, TV; Phoenix, GK (2010). "Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community". Physiologia Plantarum. 140 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01386.x. PMID 20497369.
  12. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 456. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  13. ^ "Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Empetrum nigrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  15. ^ "Empetrum nigrum L." PLANTS.
  16. ^ Magnus Popp; Virginia Mirré; Christian Brochmann (2011). Peter H. Raven (ed.). "A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries". PNAS. 108 (16). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: 6520–6525. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012249108. PMC 3081031. PMID 21402939.
  17. ^ United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
  18. ^ a b "Empetrum nigrum - L." Plants for a Future. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
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