Panyjima language: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}} |
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{{language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Banyjima |
|name=Banyjima |
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|states=[[Australia]] |
|states=[[Australia]] |
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|region=[[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]] |
|region=[[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]] |
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|ethnicity=[[Panyjima people]] |
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|speakers=50 ([[as of 1991]]) |
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|speakers={{sigfig|136|2}} |
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|date=2021 census |
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|fam3=[[Southwest Pama-Nyungan languages|Southwest]] |
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|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref> |
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|fam4=[[Ngayarda languages|Ngayarda]] |
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|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] |
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|dia1=Pantikura |
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|dia2=Mitjaranjpa |
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|glotto=pany1241 |
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|glottorefname=Panytyima |
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|aiatsis=A53 |
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|aiatsisname=Banyjima (cover term) |
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|notice=IPA |
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'''Panyjima''' is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] spoken in the [[Hamersley |
'''Panyjima''' is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] spoken in the [[Hamersley Range]], in the [[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]]. It is the traditional language of the [[Panyjima people]]. The name has also been spelled '''Bandjima''', '''Banjima''', '''Banyjima''', '''Paanjima''', '''Pandjima''', '''Panjima''', '''Panjtjima''', and '''Panytyima'''. |
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Like most indigenous languages, Panyjima is [[endangered language|endangered]]. Younger generations have [[English language|English]] as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. |
Like most indigenous Australian languages, Panyjima is [[endangered language|endangered]]. Younger generations have [[English language|English]] as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. There is a formal [[language register]] known as {{Lang|pnw|padupadu}}. |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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Panyjima is classified as a member of the [[Ngayarta languages|Ngayarta]] |
Panyjima is classified as a member of the [[Ngayarta languages|Ngayarta]] branch of the [[Pama–Nyungan languages]]. Under [[Carl Georg von Brandenstein]]'s 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid. |
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{{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |
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| label1=[[South-West Pama-Nyungan languages|South-West Pama-Nyungan]] |
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| 1={{clade |
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| label1=[[Ngayarta languages|Ngayarta]] |
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| 1={{clade |
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| 1=[[Palyku language|Palyku]] |
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| 2='''Panyjima''' |
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| 3=[[Ngarla language|Ngarla]] |
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| 4=[[Nyamal language|Nyamal]] |
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| 5=[[Jurruru language|Jurruru]] |
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| 6=[[Yinhawangka language|Yinhawangka]] |
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| 7=[[Ngarluma language|Ngarluma]] |
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| 8=[[Kariyarra language|Kariyarra]] |
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| 9=[[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]] |
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| 10=[[Nhuwala language|Nhuwala]] |
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| 11=[[Yindjibarndi language|Yindjibarndi]] |
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| 12=[[Kurrama language|Kurrama]] }} |
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| 2=[[Kanyara languages]] |
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| 3=[[Mantharta languages]] |
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| 4=[[Kartu languages]] |
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| 5=[[Nyunga languages]] |
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| 6=[[Mirniny languages]] |
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| 7=[[Wati languages]] |
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| 8=[[Marrngu languages]] |
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| 9=[[Ngumpin languages]] |
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| 10=[[Nannga languages]] |
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| 11=[[Yura languages]] }} |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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[[Orthography]] in brackets when it differs from IPA. |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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!rowspan=2| |
!rowspan=2| |
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!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]] |
!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]] |
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! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[stop consonant|Stop]] |
! [[stop consonant|Stop]] |
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| {{IPA|p}} |
| {{IPA link|p}} |
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| {{IPA|k}} |
| {{IPA link|k}} |
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| {{IPA|c}} |
| {{IPA link|c}} {{angbr|ť}} |
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| {{IPA|t̪}} |
| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|th}} |
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| {{IPA|t}} |
| {{IPA link|t}} |
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| {{IPA|ʈ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|rt}} |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[ |
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPA|m}} |
| {{IPA link|m}} |
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| {{IPA|ŋ}} |
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|g}} |
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| {{IPA|ɲ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ň}} |
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| {{IPA|n̪}} |
| {{IPA link|n̪}} {{angbr|nh}} |
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| {{IPA|n}} |
| {{IPA link|n}} |
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| {{IPA|ɳ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{angbr|rn}} |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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| |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ʎ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʎ}} {{angbr|ľ}} |
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| {{IPA|l̪}} |
| {{IPA link|l̪}} {{angbr|lh}} |
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| {{IPA|l}} |
| {{IPA link|l}} |
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| {{IPA|ɭ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{angbr|rl}} |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
! [[rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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| {{IPA|r}} |
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|ŕ}} |
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| {{IPA|ɻ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}} |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[Semivowel]] |
! [[Semivowel]] |
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|colspan=2| {{IPA|w}} |
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|w}} |
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| {{IPA|j}} |
| {{IPA link|j}} |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! |
! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[High vowel|High]] |
! [[High vowel|High]] |
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| {{IPA|i iː}} |
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} |
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| {{IPA|u uː}} |
| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
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|- |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|colspan=2| {{IPA|a aː}} |
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} |
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|} |
|} |
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The long vowels are rare. |
The long vowels are rare. |
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===Accusative alignment=== |
===Accusative alignment=== |
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[[Image: |
[[Image:Accusative alignment.svg|thumb|right|Accusative alignment. A = [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of a transitive verb; S = [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of an intransitive verb; O = [[object (grammar)|object]] of a transitive verb.]] |
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Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit [[ergativity]], Panyjima and the other [[Ngayarta languages]] have an [[ |
Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit [[ergativity]], Panyjima and the other [[Ngayarta languages]] have an [[nominative–accusative language|accusative]] alignment. That is, the [[subject (grammar)|subjects]] of [[transitive verb]]s are treated the same as the subjects of [[intransitive verb]]s, while the [[object (grammar)|objects]] are treated differently. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor-first1=R.M.W. |editor-last1=Dixon |editor-first2=Barry J. |editor-last2=Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages |volume=4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Ngayarda}} |
{{Ngayarda}} |
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{{Pama–Nyungan languages|West}} |
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[[Category:Ngayarda languages]] |
[[Category:Ngayarda languages]] |
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[[Category:Endangered languages]] |
Latest revision as of 22:20, 20 January 2024
Banyjima | |
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Native to | Australien |
Region | Pilbara region of Western Australia |
Ethnicity | Panyjima people |
Native speakers | 140 (2021 census)[1] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pnw |
Glottolog | pany1241 |
AIATSIS[2] | A53 Banyjima (cover term) |
ELP | Panyjima |
Panyjima is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is the traditional language of the Panyjima people. The name has also been spelled Bandjima, Banjima, Banyjima, Paanjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, and Panytyima.
Like most indigenous Australian languages, Panyjima is endangered. Younger generations have English as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. There is a formal language register known as padupadu.
Classification
[edit]Panyjima is classified as a member of the Ngayarta branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. Under Carl Georg von Brandenstein's 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.
Phonology
[edit]Orthography in brackets when it differs from IPA.
Consonants
[edit]Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
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Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Stop | p | k | c ⟨ť⟩ | t̪ ⟨th⟩ | t | ʈ ⟨rt⟩ |
Nasal | m | ŋ ⟨g⟩ | ɲ ⟨ň⟩ | n̪ ⟨nh⟩ | n | ɳ ⟨rn⟩ |
Lateral | ʎ ⟨ľ⟩ | l̪ ⟨lh⟩ | l | ɭ ⟨rl⟩ | ||
Rhotic | r ⟨ŕ⟩ | ɻ ⟨r⟩ | ||||
Semivowel | w | j |
Vowels
[edit]Front | Zurück | |
---|---|---|
Hoch | i iː | u uː |
Niedrig | a aː |
The long vowels are rare.
Grammar
[edit]Accusative alignment
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Accusative_alignment.svg/220px-Accusative_alignment.svg.png)
Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit ergativity, Panyjima and the other Ngayarta languages have an accusative alignment. That is, the subjects of transitive verbs are treated the same as the subjects of intransitive verbs, while the objects are treated differently.
References
[edit]- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural diversity: Census". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ A53 Banyjima (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Further reading
[edit]- Dench, Alan (1991). "Panyjima". In Dixon, R.M.W.; Blake, Barry J. (eds.). The Handbook of Australian Languages. Vol. 4. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia. pp. 125–244. ISBN 0-19-553097-7.