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{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Banyjima
|name=Banyjima
|states=[[Australia]]
|states=[[Australia]]
|region=[[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]].
|region=[[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]]
|ethnicity=[[Panyjima people]]
|speakers=100
|speakers={{sigfig|136|2}}
|date=2006 census
|date=2021 census
|ref=e17
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref>
|familycolor=Australian
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
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|dia1=Pantikura
|dia1=Pantikura
|dia2=Mitjaranjpa
|dia2=Mitjaranjpa
|dia3=? Yinhawangka
|iso3=pnw
|iso3=pnw
|glotto=pany1241
|glotto=pany1241
|glottorefname=Panytyima
|glottorefname=Panytyima
|aiatsis=A53
|aiatsis=A53
|aiatsisname=Banyjima (cover term)
|aiatsis=A48
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Panyjima''' is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] spoken in the [[Hamersley Range]], in the [[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]]. It is the traditional language of the [[Panyjima people]]. The name has also been spelled '''Bandjima''', '''Banjima''', '''Banyjima''', '''Paanjima''', '''Pandjima''', '''Panjima''', '''Panjtjima''', and '''Panytyima'''. Yinhawangka may be a separate language.
'''Panyjima''' is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] spoken in the [[Hamersley Range]], in the [[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]]. It is the traditional language of the [[Panyjima people]]. The name has also been spelled '''Bandjima''', '''Banjima''', '''Banyjima''', '''Paanjima''', '''Pandjima''', '''Panjima''', '''Panjtjima''', and '''Panytyima'''.


Like most indigenous languages, Panyjima is [[endangered language|endangered]]. Younger generations have [[English language|English]] as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages.
Like most indigenous Australian languages, Panyjima is [[endangered language|endangered]]. Younger generations have [[English language|English]] as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. There is a formal [[language register]] known as {{Lang|pnw|padupadu}}.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Panyjima is classified as a member of the [[Ngayarta languages|Ngayarta]] branch of the [[Pama–Nyungan languages]]. Under [[Carl Georg von Brandenstein]]'s 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.
Panyjima is classified as a member of the [[Ngayarta languages|Ngayarta]] branch of the [[Pama–Nyungan languages]]. Under [[Carl Georg von Brandenstein]]'s 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.

{{Ngayarda}}


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
[[Orthography]] in brackets when it differs from IPA.

===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
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! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA link|c}} {{angbr|ť}}
| {{IPA|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|th}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|rt}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ň}}
| {{IPA|n̪}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}} {{angbr|nh}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{angbr|rn}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ}}
| {{IPA link|ʎ}} {{angbr|ľ}}
| {{IPA|l̪}}
| {{IPA link|l̪}} {{angbr|lh}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA|ɭ}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{angbr|rl}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! [[rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|ŕ}}
| {{IPA|ɻ}}
| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Semivowel]]
! [[Semivowel]]
|colspan=2| {{IPA|w}}
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[High vowel|High]]
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i iː}}
| {{IPA link|i}}   {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA|u uː}}
| {{IPA link|u}}   {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|colspan=2| {{IPA|a aː}}
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}}   {{IPA link|aː}}
|}
|}

The long vowels are rare.
The long vowels are rare.


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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor=R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor-first1=R.M.W. |editor-last1=Dixon |editor-first2=Barry J. |editor-last2=Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages |volume=4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 22:20, 20 January 2024

Banyjima
Native toAustralien
RegionPilbara region of Western Australia
EthnicityPanyjima people
Native speakers
140 (2021 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Pantikura
  • Mitjaranjpa
Language codes
ISO 639-3pnw
Glottologpany1241
AIATSIS[2]A53 Banyjima (cover term)
ELPPanyjima
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Panyjima is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is the traditional language of the Panyjima people. The name has also been spelled Bandjima, Banjima, Banyjima, Paanjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, and Panytyima.

Like most indigenous Australian languages, Panyjima is endangered. Younger generations have English as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages. There is a formal language register known as padupadu.

Classification

[edit]

Panyjima is classified as a member of the Ngayarta branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. Under Carl Georg von Brandenstein's 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.

Phonology

[edit]

Orthography in brackets when it differs from IPA.

Consonants

[edit]
Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Dental Alveolar Retroflex
Stop p k c ⟨ť⟩ t̪ ⟨th⟩ t ʈ ⟨rt⟩
Nasal m ŋ ⟨g⟩ ɲ ⟨ň⟩ n̪ ⟨nh⟩ n ɳ ⟨rn⟩
Lateral ʎ ⟨ľ⟩ l̪ ⟨lh⟩ l ɭ ⟨rl⟩
Rhotic r ⟨ŕ⟩ ɻ ⟨r⟩
Semivowel w j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Zurück
Hoch i   iː u   uː
Niedrig a   aː

The long vowels are rare.

Grammar

[edit]

Accusative alignment

[edit]
Accusative alignment. A = subject of a transitive verb; S = subject of an intransitive verb; O = object of a transitive verb.

Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit ergativity, Panyjima and the other Ngayarta languages have an accusative alignment. That is, the subjects of transitive verbs are treated the same as the subjects of intransitive verbs, while the objects are treated differently.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural diversity: Census". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  2. ^ A53 Banyjima (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dench, Alan (1991). "Panyjima". In Dixon, R.M.W.; Blake, Barry J. (eds.). The Handbook of Australian Languages. Vol. 4. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia. pp. 125–244. ISBN 0-19-553097-7.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panyjima_language&oldid=1197528202"