General Electric GE38: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Gas turbine}} |
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|national origin = [[United States]] |
|national origin = [[United States]] |
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|manufacturer= [[GE Aviation]] |
|manufacturer= [[GE Aviation]] |
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|first run= |
|first run= December 26, 1989 |
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|major applications= [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] (T408) |
|major applications= [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] (T408) |
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|number built = |
|number built = |
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==Design and development== |
==Design and development== |
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The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the [[United States Army]] [[Aviation Applied Technology Directorate]].<ref name="Leyes"/> Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool [[compressor]]s at the time, the GE27<ref name="Zoccoli1992"/> was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey]] [[tiltrotor]] aircraft.<ref name="Leyes"/> |
The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the [[United States Army]] [[Aviation Applied Technology Directorate]].<ref name="Leyes"/> Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool [[compressor]]s at the time, the GE27<ref name="Zoccoli1992"/> was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey]] [[tiltrotor]] aircraft. The GE27 also had a compressor air flow of {{convert|27|–|28|lb/s|kg/s}} and a turbine temperature of {{convert|2,400|–|2,500|F|C R K}}.<ref name="Leyes"/> The GE27 first ran in late 1984, but it unexpectedly lost the V-22 engine competition to the [[Allison T56 variants|Allison 501-M80C]], which was not a participant in the MTDE program.<ref name="Osprey">{{cite magazine |magazine=Flight International |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1986/1986%20-%200210.PDF |title=Navy surprise on V-22 power |location=Detroit, Michigan, USA |publication-date=January 25, 1986 |page=16 |department=Propulsion |volume=129 |number=3995 |issn=0015-3710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014958/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1986/1986%20-%200210.PDF |archive-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> |
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In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of [[turboshafts]], [[turboprops]], [[turbofans]], and [[propfan]]s under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] (then a division of [[AlliedSignal]]) to develop the turbofan variant<ref name="ATW198609Battles">{{cite magazine |title=Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles | |
In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of [[turboshafts]], [[turboprops]], [[turbofans]], and [[propfan]]s under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] (then a division of [[AlliedSignal]]) to develop the turbofan variant<ref name="ATW198609Battles">{{cite magazine |title=Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles |magazine=Air Transport World |publication-date=September 1986 |issn=0002-2543 |volume=23 |pages=20+ |id={{Gale|A4426985}}}}</ref> called the [[CFE Company|CFE]] (Commercial Fan Engines) [[CFE738]], which used the GE27's gas generator core.<ref name="Leyes"/> One of a range of advertised GE38 [[unducted fan]] (UDF) sizes,<ref name="ATW198609Battles"/> the {{cvt|9,620|lbf|kgf kN|adj=mid}} takeoff thrust GE38-B5 was for a time the baseline engine for the West German-Chinese [[MPC-75]] regional airliner.<ref name="MPC75Report1987"/> The GE38 became the ''T407'' military turboprop in partnership with [[Lycoming Engines]] for the [[Lockheed P-7]]A, with a maximum takeoff power of 6,000 shp (4,475 kW). First run on December 26, 1989,<ref name="ZoccoliKlassen1990"/> the T407 engine was scheduled to undergo [[flight testing]] on a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] [[testbed aircraft]] in the summer of 1990,<ref name="AFM199007">{{cite magazine |issn=0730-6784 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |title=Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435027300748?urlappend=%3Bseq=738 |given1=Kenneth |surname1=Munson |given2=Paul |surname2=Jackson |given3=Bill |surname3=Gunston |publication-date=July 1990 |page=90 |hdl=2027/osu.32435027300748 |volume=73 |number=7}}</ref> but the US Navy canceled Lockheed's P-7 contract on July 20, 1990.<ref name="LATimes1990">{{cite news |issn=0458-3035 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html |publication-date=July 21, 1990 |given=Ralph |surname=Vartabedian |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029061122/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-144-story.html}}</ref> The commercial version of the T407 was the ''GLC38'' (General Electric/Lycoming Commercial 38), which was unsuccessfully offered for several turboprop airliners in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="Leyes"/> |
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The new ''T408'' (''GE38-1B'') is slated to power the new [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] three-engined helicopter for the US Marine Corps. It has a power rating of 7,500 shp.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151224112343/http://www.geaviation.com/press/military/military_20070124.html "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter"]. GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.</ref> The GE38 completed its first round of ground testing in May 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211085533/http://geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20100506.html "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program"]. GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.</ref> Two test engines have completed over 1,000 hours of ground testing by November 2011. Five test engines will be used in the 5,000-hour test program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110808161113/http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20110118.html "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea"]. GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.</ref> In September 2019, GE delivered the first production T408 engine to the U.S. [[Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR) for the CH-53K.<ref name="DailyItem20191025"/> GE also offered the engine to power the U.S. Navy's [[Ship-to-Shore Connector]] [[air-cushioned landing craft]]. |
The new ''T408'' (''GE38-1B'') is slated to power the new [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] three-engined helicopter for the US Marine Corps. It has a power rating of 7,500 shp.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151224112343/http://www.geaviation.com/press/military/military_20070124.html "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter"]. GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.</ref> The GE38 completed its first round of ground testing in May 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211085533/http://geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20100506.html "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program"]. GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.</ref> Two test engines have completed over 1,000 hours of ground testing by November 2011. Five test engines will be used in the 5,000-hour test program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110808161113/http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/military/military_20110118.html "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea"]. GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.</ref> In September 2019, GE delivered the first production T408 engine to the U.S. [[Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR) for the CH-53K.<ref name="DailyItem20191025"/> GE also offered the engine to power the U.S. Navy's [[Ship-to-Shore Connector]] [[air-cushioned landing craft]]. |
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The T408 was also tested by the U.S. Army and [[Boeing]] as an alternative powerplant on an N[[CH-47]]D Chinook testbed helicopter. The helicopter configuration was ground tested beginning in late 2019, followed by an initial flight on September 22, 2020.<ref name="Drive20200923">{{cite news |work=The Drive |title=CH-47 Chinook with far more powerful T408 engines has flown for the first time |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36665/ch-47-chinook-with-far-more-powerful-t408-engines-has-flown-for-the-first-time |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |date=September 23, 2020}}</ref> Conclusion of the test trials was announced on May 12, 2021.<ref name="Janes20210513">{{cite news |work=Jane's |title=US Army concludes trial of Chinook fitted with King Stallion engines |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-army-concludes-trial-of-chinook-fitted-with-king-stallion-engines |date=May 13, 2021 |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url-access=limited}}</ref> |
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;T407-GE-400 |
;T407-GE-400 |
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* [[Lockheed P-7]] |
* [[Lockheed P-7]] |
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;T408-GE-400 (GE38-1B) |
;T408-GE-400 (GE38-1B) |
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* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed)<ref name="Garrett">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/farnborough-2020/ch-47-chinook-flight-tests-with-more-powerful-ge-t408-engine-could-begin-within-weeks/139293.article|title=CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks| |
* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed)<ref name="Garrett">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/farnborough-2020/ch-47-chinook-flight-tests-with-more-powerful-ge-t408-engine-could-begin-within-weeks/139293.article|title=CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks|first=Garrett|last=Reim|date=14 July 2020|work=[[FlightGlobal]]|url-access=limited|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[Sikorsky CH-53K]] |
* [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] |
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;[[CFE CFE738]]: Turbofan variant of the T407-GE-400, used on the [[Dassault Falcon]] |
;[[CFE CFE738]]: Turbofan variant of the T407-GE-400, used on the [[Dassault Falcon]] |
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;CPX38: Proposed turboprop engine variant of the GE38-1B<ref name="AIN20101005">{{cite news |work=[[AINonline]] |title=Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2010-10-05/turboprop-version-ge38-turboshaft-due-mid-decade |given=Bill |surname=O'Connor |date=October 5, 2010}}</ref> |
;CPX38: Proposed turboprop engine variant of the GE38-1B<ref name="AIN20101005">{{cite news |work=[[AINonline]] |title=Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2010-10-05/turboprop-version-ge38-turboshaft-due-mid-decade |given=Bill |surname=O'Connor |date=October 5, 2010}}</ref> |
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;GE38-3: An {{cvt|8,000|shp|adj=mid}} class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006<ref name="">{{cite report |author=[[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] (NRC) |title=A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs |section=Derivative engine programs |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11780/chapter/5#95 |page=95 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-309-10247-6 |doi=10.17226/11780 |oclc=1050643189}}</ref> |
;GE38-3: An {{cvt|8,000|shp|adj=mid}} class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006<ref name="nrc2006">{{cite report |author=[[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] (NRC) |title=A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs |section=Derivative engine programs |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11780/chapter/5#95 |page=95 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-309-10247-6 |doi=10.17226/11780 |oclc=1050643189}}</ref> |
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;GE38-B5: A [[contra-rotating]], ungeared, [[unducted fan]] (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of {{cvt|2,395|lb}}, a UDF diameter of {{ |
;GE38-B5: A [[contra-rotating]], ungeared, [[unducted fan]] (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of {{cvt|2,395|lb}}, a UDF diameter of {{convert|2.1|m|in|order=flip|round=5|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and a blade count of 11 on one propeller and 9 on the other; provides a [[takeoff]] thrust of {{cvt|9,644|lbf|kgf kN}} with a [[thrust-specific fuel consumption]] (TSFC) of {{cvt|0.240|tsfc}}, and a cruise thrust of {{cvt|2,190|lbf|kgf kN}} with a TSFC of {{cvt|0.519|tsfc}}; proposed for the [[MPC 75]] German-Chinese regional airliner in the late 1980s<ref name="MPC75Report1987">{{cite report |author=MBB CATIC Association |title=MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition |url=https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf |date=July 1987 |pages=[https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=5 B1–2], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=15 B1–13], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=25 B1–23], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=27 B1–25], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=32 B1–30] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=34 B1–32], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=39 B1–37], [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=47 B1–45] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=48 B1–46], Appendix B1-4.1 pages [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=74 20] to [https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/MPC75/MPC75_Feasibility_Study.pdf#page=85 31]}}</ref> |
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;GLC38: Proposed turboprop variant of the T407-GE-400 |
;GLC38: Proposed turboprop variant of the T407-GE-400 |
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==Applications== |
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* [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing NCH-47D Chinook]] (flying testbed) |
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* [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]] |
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==Specifications (T408)== |
==Specifications (T408)== |
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|turbinetemp= |
|turbinetemp= |
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|fuelcon= |
|fuelcon= |
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|specfuelcon=About {{cvt|0.4|lb/hph}} (estimated)<ref name="GE_ARPA-E">{{cite conference |work=General Electric Global Research |title=GE turbines and small engines overview |publisher=[[ARPA-E]] |access-date=September 23, 2021 |url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/14_deBock_GE%20Turbines%20and%20small%20engines%20overview%20-%20ARPA-e%20INTEGRATE%20V2.pdf#page=5 |conference-url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/2019-integrate-annual-meeting |first=Peter |last=deBock |conference=2019 INTEGRATE Annual Meeting |date=September 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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|specfuelcon= |
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|power/weight=6.8 shp/lb (11.2 kW/kg) |
|power/weight=6.8 shp/lb (11.2 kW/kg) |
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|thrust/weight= |
|thrust/weight= |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Aviation}} |
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{{Aircontent |
{{Aircontent |
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|see also= |
|see also= |
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|related= |
|related= |
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* [[CFE CFE738]] |
* [[CFE CFE738]] |
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* [[General Electric GE36]] |
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|similar engines= |
|similar engines= |
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* [[Allison T406]] |
* [[Allison T406]] |
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* [[Honeywell T55]] |
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* [[Pratt & Whitney PW150]] |
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|lists= |
|lists= |
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* [[List of aircraft engines]] |
* [[List of aircraft engines]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="DailyItem20191025">{{cite |
<ref name="DailyItem20191025">{{cite news |issn=1532-5709 |work=[[The Daily Item (Lynn)|Lynn Daily Item]] |title=GE sends first T408 to Navy |url=https://www.itemlive.com/2019/10/25/ge-sends-first-t408-to-navy/ |date=October 25, 2019 |given=Thomas |surname=Grillo}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zoccoli1992">{{cite conference |conference=International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 1–4, 1992 |location=Cologne, Germany |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=Kenneth P. |surname2=Rusterholz |title=An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1992/78941/V002T02A006/2401731/v002t02a006-92-gt-147.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518815331 |doi=10.1115/92-GT-147}}</ref> |
<ref name="Zoccoli1992">{{cite conference |conference=International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 1–4, 1992 |location=Cologne, Germany |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=Kenneth P. |surname2=Rusterholz |title=Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery |chapter=An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1992/78941/V002T02A006/2401731/v002t02a006-92-gt-147.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518815331 |doi=10.1115/92-GT-147|isbn=978-0-7918-7894-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name="ZoccoliKlassen1990">{{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Michael J. |surname1=Zoccoli |given2=David D. |surname2=Klassen |title=T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' |chapter=T407/GLC38: A Modern Technology Powerplant |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A017/2399305/v002t02a017-90-gt-242.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=7344745132 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-242 |isbn=978-0-7918-7905-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Leyes">{{cite book |surname1=Leyes II |given1=Richard A. |given2=William A. |surname2=Fleming |title= The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |location= Washington, DC |year= 1999 |isbn= 1-56347-332-1 |url={{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=frontcover}} |pages=[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=365}} 365]–[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=372}} 372]}}</ref> |
<ref name="Leyes">{{cite book |surname1=Leyes II |given1=Richard A. |given2=William A. |surname2=Fleming |title= The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |location= Washington, DC |year= 1999 |isbn= 1-56347-332-1 |url={{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=frontcover}} |pages=[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=365}} 365]–[{{GBurl|V0SnFt8JGokC|p=372}} 372]}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite magazine |issn=0005-2175 |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |title=GE tests new FATE engine to offer Army upgraded T408 |url=https://aviationweek.com/shows-events/ausa-2020/ge-tests-new-fate-engine-offer-army-upgraded-t408 |date=October 14, 2020 |given=Steve |surname=Trimble}} |
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⚫ | * {{cite magazine |issn=0015-3710 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |title=The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K |url=https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf |given=Stephen |surname=Trimble |pages=38–39 |publication-date=October 29 – November 4, 2013 |department=Military engines |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029032031/https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf}} |
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* {{cite report |work=Teal Group Corporation |title=General Electric T408 |url=http://tealgroup.com/images/TGCTOC/sample-wpsba2.pdf |publication-date=July 2020 |department=World Power Systems Briefing (Aero) |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614022404/http://tealgroup.com/images/TGCTOC/sample-wpsba2.pdf}} |
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⚫ | * {{cite magazine |issn=0015-3710 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |title=The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K |url=https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf |given=Stephen |surname=Trimble |pages=38–39 |publication-date=October 29 – November 4, 2013 |department=Military engines |number=5413 |oclc=5168234935 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029032031/https://www.mdscoating.com/app/uploads/2019/04/Flight_Article_on_GE38_Coating_Highlighted_29_Oct_2013.pdf}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Gunston |first= Bill |title= World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition |year= 2006 |publisher= Sutton Publishing Limited |location= Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK |isbn= 0-7509-4479-X |page= 79 }} |
* {{cite book |last= Gunston |first= Bill |title= World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition |year= 2006 |publisher= Sutton Publishing Limited |location= Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK |isbn= 0-7509-4479-X |page= 79 }} |
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* {{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Edward T. |surname1=Johnson |given2=Howard |surname2=Lindsay |title=Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A023/2399321/v002t02a023-90-gt-267.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518938641 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-267}} |
* {{cite conference |conference=Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition |date=June 11–14, 1990 |location=Brussels, Belgium |given1=Edward T. |surname1=Johnson |given2=Howard |surname2=Lindsay |title=Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery |chapter=Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1990/79054/V002T02A023/2399321/v002t02a023-90-gt-267.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) |oclc=8518938641 |doi=10.1115/90-GT-267|isbn=978-0-7918-7905-4 |doi-access=free }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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Latest revision as of 04:24, 22 January 2024
GE38 / T408 | |
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![]() | |
The T408 on a CH-53K King Stallion | |
Typ | Turboshaft |
National origin | Vereinigte Staaten |
Manufacturer | GE Aviation |
First run | December 26, 1989 |
Major applications | Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion (T408) |
Developed into | CFE CFE738 |
The General Electric GE38 is a gas turbine developed by GE Aviation for turboprop and turboshaft applications. It powers the Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion as the T408.[1]
Design and development
[edit]The GE27 was developed in the early 1980s under the "Modern Technology Demonstrator Engines" (MTDE) program sponsored by the United States Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate.[2] Sporting a 22:1 pressure ratio, which was a record for single-spool compressors at the time, the GE27[3] was GE's unsuccessful submission to power the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft. The GE27 also had a compressor air flow of 27–28 pounds per second (12–13 kg/s) and a turbine temperature of 2,400–2,500 °F (1,320–1,370 °C; 2,860–2,960 °R; 1,590–1,640 K).[2] The GE27 first ran in late 1984, but it unexpectedly lost the V-22 engine competition to the Allison 501-M80C, which was not a participant in the MTDE program.[4]
In the late 1980s, GE used the GE27 as the basis for the commercial development of turboshafts, turboprops, turbofans, and propfans under the GE38 name. GE formed a 50/50 venture with Garrett (then a division of AlliedSignal) to develop the turbofan variant[5] called the CFE (Commercial Fan Engines) CFE738, which used the GE27's gas generator core.[2] One of a range of advertised GE38 unducted fan (UDF) sizes,[5] the 9,620 lbf (4,360 kgf; 42.8 kN) takeoff thrust GE38-B5 was for a time the baseline engine for the West German-Chinese MPC-75 regional airliner.[6] The GE38 became the T407 military turboprop in partnership with Lycoming Engines for the Lockheed P-7A, with a maximum takeoff power of 6,000 shp (4,475 kW). First run on December 26, 1989,[7] the T407 engine was scheduled to undergo flight testing on a Lockheed P-3 Orion testbed aircraft in the summer of 1990,[8] but the US Navy canceled Lockheed's P-7 contract on July 20, 1990.[9] The commercial version of the T407 was the GLC38 (General Electric/Lycoming Commercial 38), which was unsuccessfully offered for several turboprop airliners in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[2]
The new T408 (GE38-1B) is slated to power the new Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion three-engined helicopter for the US Marine Corps. It has a power rating of 7,500 shp.[10] The GE38 completed its first round of ground testing in May 2010.[11] Two test engines have completed over 1,000 hours of ground testing by November 2011. Five test engines will be used in the 5,000-hour test program.[12] In September 2019, GE delivered the first production T408 engine to the U.S. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) for the CH-53K.[13] GE also offered the engine to power the U.S. Navy's Ship-to-Shore Connector air-cushioned landing craft.
The T408 was also tested by the U.S. Army and Boeing as an alternative powerplant on an NCH-47D Chinook testbed helicopter. The helicopter configuration was ground tested beginning in late 2019, followed by an initial flight on September 22, 2020.[14] Conclusion of the test trials was announced on May 12, 2021.[15]
Variants
[edit]- T407-GE-400
- T408-GE-400 (GE38-1B)
- Boeing NCH-47D Chinook (flying testbed)[16]
- Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion
- CFE CFE738
- Turbofan variant of the T407-GE-400, used on the Dassault Falcon
- CPX38
- Proposed turboprop engine variant of the GE38-1B[17]
- GE38-3
- An 8,000 shp (6,000 kW) class derivative engine under consideration by the U.S. military in 2006[18]
- GE38-B5
- A contra-rotating, ungeared, unducted fan (UDF) derivative with a bare engine weight (including the UDF) of 2,395 lb (1,086 kg), a UDF diameter of 85 inches (2.1 meters), and a blade count of 11 on one propeller and 9 on the other; provides a takeoff thrust of 9,644 lbf (4,374 kgf; 42.90 kN) with a thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of 0.240 lb/(lbf⋅h) (6.8 g/(kN⋅s)), and a cruise thrust of 2,190 lbf (990 kgf; 9.7 kN) with a TSFC of 0.519 lb/(lbf⋅h) (14.7 g/(kN⋅s)); proposed for the MPC 75 German-Chinese regional airliner in the late 1980s[6]
- GLC38
- Proposed turboprop variant of the T407-GE-400
Applications
[edit]- Boeing NCH-47D Chinook (flying testbed)
- Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion
Specifications (T408)
[edit]Data from GE Aviation.[19]
General characteristics
- Type: Turboprop/turboshaft
- Length: 57.5 inches (1.46 m)
- Diameter: 27 inches (0.69 m)
- Dry weight: 1,104.7 pounds (501.1 kg)
Components
- Compressor: 5+1 Axi-Centrifugal compressor (5 axial stages and 1 centrifugal stage)
- Turbine: a 3-Stage Power Turbine, a 2-stage-single crystal cooled HP turbine
- Oil system: synthetic
Performance
- Maximum power output: 7,500 shaft horsepower (5,600 kW)
- Overall pressure ratio: 18.6:1 OPR
- Specific fuel consumption: About 0.4 lb/(hp⋅h) (0.24 kg/kWh) (estimated)[20]
- Power-to-weight ratio: 6.8 shp/lb (11.2 kW/kg)
See also
[edit]Related development
Comparable engines
Related lists
References
[edit]- ^ Sikorsky Unveils CH-53K Helicopter; U.S. Marine Corps Reveals Aircraft Name
- ^ a b c d Leyes II, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 365–372. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.
- ^ Zoccoli, Michael J.; Rusterholz, Kenneth P. (June 1–4, 1992). "An update on the development of the T407/GLC38 modern technology gas turbine engine" (PDF). Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Cologne, Germany: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/92-GT-147. ISBN 978-0-7918-7894-1. OCLC 8518815331.
- ^ "Navy surprise on V-22 power" (PDF). Propulsion. Flight International. Vol. 129, no. 3995. Detroit, Michigan, USA. January 25, 1986. p. 16. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2014.
- ^ a b "Manufacturers positioning for coming competitive battles". Air Transport World. Vol. 23. September 1986. pp. 20+. ISSN 0002-2543. Gale A4426985.
- ^ a b MBB CATIC Association (July 1987). MPC 75 feasibility study - Summary report: B1 - Project definition (PDF) (Report). pp. B1–2, B1–13, B1–23, B1–25, B1–30 to B1–32, B1–37, B1–45 to B1–46, Appendix B1-4.1 pages 20 to 31.
- ^ Zoccoli, Michael J.; Klassen, David D. (June 11–14, 1990). "T407/GLC38: A Modern Technology Powerplant". T407/GLC38: 'A modern technology powerplant' (PDF). Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Brussels, Belgium: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/90-GT-242. ISBN 978-0-7918-7905-4. OCLC 7344745132.
- ^ Munson, Kenneth; Jackson, Paul; Gunston, Bill (July 1990). "Gallery of US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 7. p. 90. hdl:2027/osu.32435027300748. ISSN 0730-6784.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (July 21, 1990). "Navy cancels $600-million Lockheed plane contract". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020.
- ^ "GE Launches New Engine Program for U.S. Marine Corps Heavy-lift Helicopter". GE Aviation, January 24, 2007.
- ^ "GE38 Completes First Engine to Test Program". GE Aviation, May 6, 2010.
- ^ "GE38 Looking to Take to the Sea". GE Aviation, January 18, 2011.
- ^ Grillo, Thomas (October 25, 2019). "GE sends first T408 to Navy". Lynn Daily Item. ISSN 1532-5709.
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph (September 23, 2020). "CH-47 Chinook with far more powerful T408 engines has flown for the first time". The Drive.
- ^ Jennings, Gareth (May 13, 2021). "US Army concludes trial of Chinook fitted with King Stallion engines". Jane's.
- ^ Reim, Garrett (14 July 2020). "CH-47 Chinook flight tests with more powerful GE T408 engine could begin within weeks". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ O'Connor, Bill (October 5, 2010). "Turboprop version of GE38 turboshaft due mid-decade". AINonline.
- ^ National Research Council (NRC) (2006). "Derivative engine programs". A review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense aerospace propulsion needs (Report). p. 95. doi:10.17226/11780. ISBN 978-0-309-10247-6. OCLC 1050643189.
- ^ Model GE38 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. GE Aviation. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.
- ^ deBock, Peter (September 18, 2019). GE turbines and small engines overview (PDF). 2019 INTEGRATE Annual Meeting. General Electric Global Research. ARPA-E. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
Bibliography
[edit]- Trimble, Steve (October 14, 2020). "GE tests new FATE engine to offer Army upgraded T408". Aviation Week & Space Technology. ISSN 0005-2175.
- General Electric T408 (PDF). World Power Systems Briefing (Aero). Teal Group Corporation (Report). July 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Trimble, Stephen (October 29 – November 4, 2013). "The power to go further: GE Aviation's GE38 may have its roots in the 1980s, but the manufacturer sees a wealth of opportunities for the new powerplant above and beyond Sikorsky's CH-53K" (PDF). Military engines. Flight International. No. 5413. pp. 38–39. ISSN 0015-3710. OCLC 5168234935. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2020.
- "GE developing marine version of engine". Defense News. Lynn, Massachusetts, USA. United Press International (UPI). January 18, 2011.
- Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 79. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.
- Johnson, Edward T.; Lindsay, Howard (June 11–14, 1990). "Advanced technology programs for small turboshaft engines: Past, present, future" (PDF). Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. Brussels, Belgium: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/90-GT-267. ISBN 978-0-7918-7905-4. OCLC 8518938641.
External links
[edit]- General Electric GE38 page
- General Electric GE38 (United States), aero-engines - turboshaft. Jane's Aero-Engines. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012.
- GE38 page on deagel.com