Abae: Difference between revisions

Abae
Ἄβαι
	The archaeological site
	Abae Shown within Greece
Alternative name	Kalapodi
Standort	Ancient Phocis
Coordinates	38°38′13.46″N 22°53′44.81″E / 38.6370722°N 22.8957806°E

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Abae (Ancient Greek: Ἄβαι, Abai)^[1]^[i] was an ancient town in the northeastern corner of ancient Phocis, in Greece, near the frontiers of the Opuntian Locrians, said to have been built by the Argive Abas, son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, and grandson of Danaus. This bit of legend suggests an origin or at least an existence in the Bronze Age. Its protohistory supports a continued existence in Iron-Age antiquity. It was famous for its oracle of Apollo Abaeus,^[2] one of those consulted by Croesus, king of Lydia,^[3]^[4]^[5] and Mardonius, among others.^[6] The site of the oracle was rediscovered at Kalapodi and excavated in modern times. The results confirm an archaeological existence dating from the Bronze Age, as is suggested by the lore.

History

Before the Persian invasion, the temple was richly adorned with treasuries and votive offerings.^[7] It was twice destroyed by fire; the first time by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in their march through Phocis (480 BCE), and a second time by the Boeotians in the Sacred or Phocian War in 346 BCE. It was rebuilt by Hadrian.^[8] Hadrian caused a smaller temple to be built near the ruins of the former one. In the new temple there were three ancient statues in brass of Apollo, Leto, and Artemis, which had been dedicated by the Abaei, and had perhaps been saved from the former temple. The ancient agora and the ancient theatre still existed in the town in the time of Pausanias. According to the statement of Aristotle, as preserved by Strabo, Thracians from the Phocian town of Abae immigrated to Euboea, and gave to the inhabitants the name of Abantes.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Oracle

Despite destruction of the town, the oracle was still consulted, e.g. by the Thebans before the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE.^[5]^[13] The temple, along with the village of the same name, may have escaped destruction during the Third Sacred War (355–346 BCE), due to the respect given to the inhabitants;^[14] however, it was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE,^[15] though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.^[16]

The sanctity of the shrine ensured certain privileges to the people of Abae,^[17] and these were confirmed by the Romans. The Persians did not reflect this opinion and would destroy all the temples that they overcame, Abae included. The Greeks pledged not to rebuild them as a memorial of the ravages of the Persians.^[18]

Among the most exciting recent archaeological discoveries in Greece is the recognition that the sanctuary site near the modern village of Kalapodi is not only the site of the oracle of Apollon at Abae, but that it was in constant use for cult practices from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period. It is thus the first site where the archaeology confirms the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion, which has been inferred from the presence of the names of Classical Greek divinities on Linear B texts from Pylos and Knossos.^[ii]

The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel William Leake in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Hyampolis:

"The polygonal walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about 500 ft. [150 m] above the little plain of Exarcho; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below. The temple site was on a low spur of the hill, below the town. An early terrace wall supports a precinct in which are a stoa and some remains of temples; these were excavated by the British School at Athens in 1894, but very little was found."^[19]

The oracle was mentioned in Oedipus Rex.^[20]

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Abae". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

Notes

^ The ancient history of the site is derived from references in ancient works. There is no continuous history. These references are called fragments. The Topos Text Project has undertaken to collect these fragments, combined with archaeological information, on various topics of ancient history. It has found at least 19 on Abae: "Apollo of Abae (phthiotis) 19 Kalapodi". Topos Text. Retrieved 22 September 2020. For example, one from Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Abae. states that Abae is "a city of the Phokians, where there is a sanctuary of Apollo. This was the oracle before the one in Delphi." The s.v. stands for sub verso, "under the heading."
^ See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.

References

^ Avery 1962, p. 1
^ Schmitz 2013, p. 1
^ Herodotus 1920, p. 53
^ Hesychius & Schmidt 1867, p. 2
^ ^a ^b Pausanias 1898, p. 439
^ Bell 1989, p. 1
^ Herodotus 2003, p. 33
^ Smith 2011, p. 1
^ Pausanias (1918). "35.1". Description of Greece. Vol. 10. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library. et seq.
^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 1.46, 8.134, 33.
^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 16.530.
^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. pp. 423, 445. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
^ Henderson 2000, p. 351
^ Henderson 2000a, p. 381
^ Pausanias 1898, p. 440
^ Hoiberg 2010, p. 7
^ Bilco 1882, p. 172
^ Henderson 2000a, p. 581
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
^ Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus 897

Reference bibliography

Avery, Catherine A., ed. (1962). "Abae". The New Century Classical Handbook. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. LCCN 62-10069.
Bell, Robert E. (1989). Place-Names in Classical Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0874365078.
Bilco, J. (1882). "Lettre du roi Philippe aux habitants d'Abae". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. 6: 171–175. doi:10.3406/bch.1882.4191.
Henderson, Jeffrey, ed. (2000) [1926]. Pausanian Description of Greece. Vol. II: Books III-V. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99207-5.
Henderson, Jeffrey, ed. (2000a) [1935]. Pausanian Description of Greece. Vol. IV: Books VIII §22 — X. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
Herodotus (1920). Herodotus. Vol. I: Books I and II. Translated by Godley, A. D. London, UK: William Heinemann. ISBN 9780674991316.
Herodotus (2003) [1939]. Powell, J. Enoch (ed.). Herodotus, Book VIII (in Ancient Greek). London, UK: Duckworth Publishers. ISBN 978-0862920043.
Hesychius; Schmidt, Mauricius (1867). "Ἄβαι". Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon (in Ancient Greek) (2nd ed.). Sumptibus Hermanni Dufftii (Libraria Maukiana).
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-0-85229-961-6. LCCN 2002113989.
Pausanias (1898). Pausanias's Description of Greece. Vol. V. Translated by Frazer, J. G. London, UK: Macmillan and Company, Limited.
Schmitz, Leonhard (2013) [1867]. "Abaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Cambridge Library Collection - Classics. Vol. 1: Abaeus - Dysponteus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108060820. Archived from the original on 2008-07-14.
Smith, William (2011) [1850]. "Abæ". A new classical dictionary of biography, mythology, and geography, partly based on the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology". Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1172756001.

External links

German Archaeological Institute (German)
10-part documentary series (German)
Excavation archive of the British School at Athens and French School at Athens (English and French)

[2] The ancient history of the site is derived from references in ancient works. There is no continuous history. These references are called fragments. The Topos Text Project has undertaken to collect these fragments, combined with archaeological information, on various topics of ancient history. It has found at least 19 on Abae: "Apollo of Abae (phthiotis) 19 Kalapodi". Topos Text. Retrieved 22 September 2020. For example, one from Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Abae. states that Abae is "a city of the Phokians, where there is a sanctuary of Apollo. This was the oracle before the one in Delphi." The s.v. stands for sub verso, "under the heading."

[20] See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.

[1] Avery 1962, p. 1

[DGRBM-3] Schmitz 2013, p. 1

[Her-4] Herodotus 1920, p. 53

[5] Hesychius & Schmidt 1867, p. 2

[p2-6] Pausanias 1898, p. 439

[7] Bell 1989, p. 1

[8] Herodotus 2003, p. 33

[9] Smith 2011, p. 1

[10] Pausanias (1918). "35.1". Description of Greece. Vol. 10. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library. et seq.

[11] Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 1.46, 8.134, 33.

[12] Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 16.530.

[13] Strabo. Geographica. Vol. pp. 423, 445. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.

[14] Henderson 2000, p. 351

[15] Henderson 2000a, p. 381

[PausX-16] Pausanias 1898, p. 440

[EB-17] Hoiberg 2010, p. 7

[18] Bilco 1882, p. 172

[19] Henderson 2000a, p. 581

[21] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6.

[22] Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus 897

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ancient town in the northeastern corner of ancient Phocis, in Greece}}
-{{Other uses|ABAE (disambiguation)}}
-{{Short description|ancient town in the northeastern corner of ancient Phocis, in Greece}}
 {{Infobox ancient site
 | name           =
@@ Line 55: / Line 54: @@
 }}
-'''Abae''' ({{lang-grc|Ἄβαι}}, ''Abai'')<ref>{{harvnb|Avery|1962|p=1}}</ref>{{efn-lr | The ancient history of the site is derived from references in ancient works. There is no continuous history. These references are called fragments. The Topos Text Project has undertaken to collect these fragments, combined with archaeological information, on various topics of ancient history. It has found at least 19 on Abae: {{cite web | title=Apollo of Abae (phthiotis) 19 Kalapodi | publisher=Topos Text | url=https://topostext.org/place/386229SAba | access-date=22 September 2020}} For example, one from {{Cite Stephanus|''s.v. Abae''}} states that Abae is "a city of the Phokians, where there is a sanctuary of Apollo. This was the oracle before the one in Delphi." The s.v. stands for sub verso, "under the heading."}} was an ancient town in the northeastern corner of [[ancient Phocis]], in [[Greece]], near the frontiers of the [[Opuntian Locrians]], said to have been built by the [[ancient Argos|Argive]] [[Abas (son of Lynceus)|Abas]], son of [[Lynceus]] and [[Hypermnestra]], and grandson of [[Danaus]]. This bit of legend suggests an origin or at least an existence in the Bronze Age. Its protohistory supports a continued existence in Iron-Age antiquity. It was famous for its [[oracle]] of [[Apollo]] [[Abaeus]],<ref name="DGRBM">{{harvnb|Schmitz|2013|p=1}}</ref> one of those consulted by [[Croesus]], king of [[Lydia]],<ref name = Her>{{harvnb|Herodotus|1920|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hesychius|Schmidt|1867|p=2}}</ref><ref name = p2/> and [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]], among others.<ref>{{harvnb|Bell|1989|p=1}}</ref> The site of the oracle was rediscovered at [[Kalapodi]] and excavated in modern times. The results confirm an archaeological existence dating from the Bronze Age, as is suggested by the lore.
+'''Abae''' ({{lang-grc|Ἄβαι}}, ''{{Lang|grc-latn|Abai}}'')<ref>{{harvnb|Avery|1962|p=1}}</ref>{{efn-lr | The ancient history of the site is derived from references in ancient works. There is no continuous history. These references are called fragments. The Topos Text Project has undertaken to collect these fragments, combined with archaeological information, on various topics of ancient history. It has found at least 19 on Abae: {{cite web | title=Apollo of Abae (phthiotis) 19 Kalapodi | publisher=Topos Text | url=https://topostext.org/place/386229SAba | access-date=22 September 2020}} For example, one from {{Cite Stephanus|''s.v. Abae''}} states that Abae is "a city of the Phokians, where there is a sanctuary of Apollo. This was the oracle before the one in Delphi." The s.v. stands for sub verso, "under the heading."}} was an ancient town in the northeastern corner of [[ancient Phocis]], in [[Greece]], near the frontiers of the [[Opuntian Locrians]], said to have been built by the [[ancient Argos|Argive]] [[Abas (son of Lynceus)|Abas]], son of [[Lynceus]] and [[Hypermnestra]], and grandson of [[Danaus]]. This bit of legend suggests an origin or at least an existence in the [[Bronze Age]]. Its protohistory supports a continued existence in [[Iron-Age]] antiquity. It was famous for its [[oracle]] of [[Apollo]] [[Abaeus]],<ref name="DGRBM">{{harvnb|Schmitz|2013|p=1}}</ref> one of those consulted by [[Croesus]], king of [[Lydia]],<ref name = Her>{{harvnb|Herodotus|1920|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hesychius|Schmidt|1867|p=2}}</ref><ref name = p2/> and [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]], among others.<ref>{{harvnb|Bell|1989|p=1}}</ref> The site of the oracle was rediscovered at [[Kalapodi]] and excavated in modern times. The results confirm an archaeological existence dating from the Bronze Age, as is suggested by the lore.
 ==History==
-Before the Persian invasion the temple was richly adorned with treasuries and votive offerings.<ref>{{harvnb|Herodotus|2003|p=33}}</ref> It was twice destroyed by fire; the first time by the [[ancient Persia|Persians]] in the invasion of [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] in their march through Phocis (480&nbsp;BCE), and a second time by the [[ancient Boeotia|Boeotians]] in the [[Third Sacred War|Sacred or Phocian War]] in 346&nbsp;BCE. It was rebuilt by [[Hadrian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=1}}</ref> Hadrian caused a smaller temple to be built near the ruins of the former one. In the new temple there were three ancient statues in brass of Apollo, [[Leto]], and [[Artemis]], which had been dedicated by the Abaei, and had perhaps been saved from the former temple. The ancient [[agora]] and the ancient theatre still existed in the town in the time of [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]. According to the statement of [[Aristotle]], as preserved by [[Strabo]], [[Thracians]] from the Phocian town of Abae emigrated to [[Euboea]], and gave to the inhabitants the name of Abantes.<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|10|35|1}} ''et seq.''</ref><ref>{{Cite Herodotus|1.46, 8.134, 33.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|16.530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|pp. 423, 445}}</ref><!--<ref name=Stephanus/>-->
+Before the Persian invasion, the temple was richly adorned with treasuries and votive offerings.<ref>{{harvnb|Herodotus|2003|p=33}}</ref> It was twice destroyed by fire; the first time by the [[ancient Persia|Persians]] in the invasion of [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] in their march through Phocis (480&nbsp;BCE), and a second time by the [[ancient Boeotia|Boeotians]] in the [[Third Sacred War|Sacred or Phocian War]] in 346&nbsp;BCE. It was rebuilt by [[Hadrian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=1}}</ref> Hadrian caused a smaller temple to be built near the ruins of the former one. In the new temple there were three ancient statues in brass of Apollo, [[Leto]], and [[Artemis]], which had been dedicated by the Abaei, and had perhaps been saved from the former temple. The ancient [[agora]] and the ancient theatre still existed in the town in the time of [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]. According to the statement of [[Aristotle]], as preserved by [[Strabo]], [[Thracians]] from the Phocian town of Abae immigrated to [[Euboea]], and gave to the inhabitants the name of Abantes.<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|10|35|1}} ''et seq.''</ref><ref>{{Cite Herodotus|1.46, 8.134, 33.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|16.530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|pp. 423, 445}}</ref><!--<ref name=Stephanus/>-->
 ==Oracle==
-Despite destruction of the town, the oracle was still consulted, e.g. by the [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebans]] before the [[Battle of Leuctra]] in 371 BCE.<ref name=p2>{{harvnb|Pausanias|1898|p=439}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000|p=351}}</ref> The temple, along with the village of the same name, may have escaped destruction during the [[Third Sacred War]] (355–346 BCE), due to the respect given to the inhabitants;<ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000a|p=381}}</ref> however it was in a very dilapidated state when seen by [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] in the 2nd century CE,<ref name = PausX>{{harvnb|Pausanias|1898|p=440}}</ref> though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor [[Hadrian]].<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=7}}</ref>
+Despite destruction of the town, the oracle was still consulted, e.g. by the [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebans]] before the [[Battle of Leuctra]] in 371 BCE.<ref name=p2>{{harvnb|Pausanias|1898|p=439}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000|p=351}}</ref> The temple, along with the village of the same name, may have escaped destruction during the Third Sacred War (355–346 BCE), due to the respect given to the inhabitants;<ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000a|p=381}}</ref> however, it was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE,<ref name = PausX>{{harvnb|Pausanias|1898|p=440}}</ref> though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=7}}</ref>
-The sanctity of the shrine ensured certain privileges to the people of Abae,<ref>{{harvnb|Bilco|1882|p=172}}</ref> and these were confirmed by the Romans. The Persians did not reflect this opinion and would destroy all the temples that they overcame, Abae included. The Greek pledged to not rebuild them as a memorial of the ravages of the Persians.<ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000a|p=581}}</ref>
+The sanctity of the shrine ensured certain privileges to the people of Abae,<ref>{{harvnb|Bilco|1882|p=172}}</ref> and these were confirmed by the Romans. The Persians did not reflect this opinion and would destroy all the temples that they overcame, Abae included. The Greeks pledged not to rebuild them as a memorial of the ravages of the Persians.<ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2000a|p=581}}</ref>
-Among the most exciting recent archaeological discoveries in Greece is the recognition that the sanctuary site near the modern village of [[Kalapodi]] is not only the site of the oracle of Apollon at Abae but that it was in constant use for cult practices from early [[Helladic period|Mycenaean]] times to the Roman period. It is thus the first site where the archaeology confirms the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion, which has been inferred from the [[List of Mycenaean deities|presence of the names]] of Classical Greek divinities on [[Linear B]] texts from [[Pylos]] and [[Knossos]].{{efn-lr | See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.}}
+Among the most exciting recent archaeological discoveries in Greece is the recognition that the sanctuary site near the modern village of [[Kalapodi]] is not only the site of the oracle of Apollon at Abae, but that it was in constant use for cult practices from early [[Helladic period|Mycenaean]] times to the Roman period. It is thus the first site where the archaeology confirms the continuity of [[Mycenaean religion|Mycenaean]] and Classical Greek religion, which has been inferred from the [[List of Mycenaean deities|presence of the names]] of Classical Greek divinities on [[Linear B]] texts from [[Pylos]] and [[Knossos]].{{efn-lr | See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.}}
-The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel [[William Leake]] in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of Artemis at [[Hyampolis]].
+The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel [[William Leake]] in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of [[Artemis]] at [[Hyampolis]]:
-The [[polygon]]al walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the little plain of [[Exarcho]]; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below. The temple site was on a low spur of the hill, below the town. An early terrace wall supports a precinct in which are a [[stoa]] and some remains of temples; these were excavated by the [[British School at Athens]] in 1894, but little was found.
+"The [[polygon]]al walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about 500 ft. [150 m] above the little plain of [[Exarchos, Phthiotis|Exarcho]]; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below. The temple site was on a low spur of the hill, below the town. An early terrace wall supports a precinct in which are a [[stoa]] and some remains of temples; these were excavated by the [[British School at Athens]] in 1894, but very little was found."<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Abae|volume=1|page=6|inline=1}}</ref>
+The oracle was mentioned in Oedipus Rex.<ref>Sophocles, ''Oedipus Tyrannus'' 897</ref>
 ==Attribution==
-{{DGRG|title=Abae}}
+{{DGRG|wstitle=Abae}}
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 88: / Line 89: @@
 * {{cite book | editor-last = Henderson | editor-first = Jeffrey | title = Pausanian Description of Greece | year = 2000a | orig-year = 1935 | translator = W. H. S. Jones | translator2 = H. A. Ormerod | volume = IV: Books VIII §22 — X | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | isbn = 0-674-99328-4  }}
 * {{cite book | author = Herodotus | author-link = Herodotus | translator = Godley, A. D. | year = 1920 | title = Herodotus | publisher = William Heinemann | location = London, UK | volume = I: Books I and II | isbn = 9780674991316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8RsMAAAAIAAJ&q=herodotus+histories  }}
-* {{cite book | author1 = Herodotus | author-link = Herodotus | editor-last = Powell | editor-first = J. Enoch | title = Herodotus, Book VIII | series = Herodotus | publisher = Duckworth Publishers | year = 2003 | location = London, UK | orig-year = 1939 | isbn = 978-0862920043 | language = grc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu8VAAAAYAAJ&q=abae&pg=PA177  }}
+* {{cite book | author1 = Herodotus | author-link = Herodotus | editor-last = Powell | editor-first = J. Enoch | title = Herodotus, Book VIII | publisher = Duckworth Publishers | year = 2003 | location = London, UK | orig-year = 1939 | isbn = 978-0862920043 | language = grc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu8VAAAAYAAJ&q=abae&pg=PA177  }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Hesychius | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = Mauricius | year = 1867 | encyclopedia = Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon | language = grc | title = Ἄβαι | publisher = Sumptibus Hermanni Dufftii (Libraria Maukiana) | author-link = Hesychius of Alexandria | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PNI9AAAAcAAJ&q=%22Hesychii+Alexandrini+lexicon%22 | edition = 2nd  }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| title = Abae | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher =  Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 978-0-85229-961-6 | lccn = 2002113989  }}
@@ Line 101: / Line 102: @@
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120318060323/http://www.dainst.org/en/project/kalapodi?ft=28 German Archaeological Institute] (German)
 * [http://www.lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/projectvideo_diary.php?nav_id=931&video_id=1101 10-part documentary series] (German)
-* [http://chronique.efa.gr/index.php/fiches/voir/168/ Excavation archive] of the [[British School at Athens]] and [[École française d’Athènes]] (English and French)
+* [http://chronique.efa.gr/index.php/fiches/voir/168/ Excavation archive] of the [[British School at Athens]] and [[École française d’Athènes|French School at Athens]] (English and French)
 {{Ancient Greece topics}}

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