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{{For|a genus of snail|Fusinus}}
{{For|a genus of snail|Aeneator (gastropod)}}
{{Italic title}}
An '''aeneator'''<!--- "eneator" and "æneator" are never correct, because the "ae" is "aē" in Latin, which cannot collapse to a simple "e" or "æ" in English (compare "aero-") ---> ({{lang-lat|aēneātor'' or ''ahēneātor}}) refers to a [[ancient Rome|classical Roman]] professional performer of a horn who was attached to a Roman miltiary unit. The word comes from Latin ''aēneus'' or ''ahēneus'', "brazen", from ''aes'', "[[copper alloys|copper alloy]]".
⚫
An '''''aeneator'''''<!--- "eneator" and "æneator" are never correct, because the "ae" is "aē" in Latin, which cannot collapse to a simple "e" or "æ" in English (compare "aero-") ---> ({{lang-lat|aēneātor}} or {{lang|la|italic=yes|ahēneātor}}) was a specialized player of wind instruments who was attached to a Roman military unit. The word comes from Latin ''aēneus'' or ''ahēneus'', "brazen", from ''aes'', "[[copper alloys|copper alloy]]". While the size of individual Roman military units may have varied, they made extensive use of both acoustical and visual signaling in communications and each had an assigned banner bearer (''[[vexillarius]]'') and at least one ''aeneator''. A variety of instruments were used by ''aeneatores'', including the ''[[buccina]]'', ''[[cornu (horn)|cornu]]'', ''[[Roman tuba|tuba]]'', and ''[[lituus]]''. In addition to their roles in the Roman army, ''aeneatores'' were also used for processionals and games, particularly in marching home from war.<ref name=Antcliffe>{{Citation

==Aeneators' role in war==
⚫
While the size of individual Roman military units, or [[Ala (Roman allied military unit)|Alae]], may have varied, any Ala would made extensive use of both acoustical and visual signaling in communications and had an assigned banner bearer ([[Vexillarius]]) and at least one Aeneator. A variety of instruments were used by aeneators, including the [[buccina]], [[cornu (horn)|cornu]], tubae, and [[lituus]]. In addition to their roles within battle, aeneators would also be used for processionals and games, particularly in marching home from war<ref name=Antcliffe>{{Citation
| last = Antcliffe
| last = Antcliffe
| first = Herbert
| first = Herbert
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| journal = Music & Letters
| journal = Music & Letters
| volume = 30
| volume = 30
| issue = 30
| issue = 4
| pages = 338
| pages = 338
| year = 1949 }}</ref>
| year = 1949
| doi=10.1093/ml/XXX.4.337}}</ref>


==Categories of ''aeneatores''==
==Different categories of aeneators==
Aeneators who blew a cornu (a G-shaped horn made of brass) were known as [[cornicen|cornicines]]; those who blew a tuba (a straight bronze horn with a slight flare at the end)<ref name=Meucci>
''Aeneatores'' who blew a ''buccina'' (a ''C''-shaped horn made of bronze or silver or animal horn) were known as ''[[Buccina|buccinator]]s''; those who blew a ''cornu'' (a ''G''-shaped horn made of brass) were known as ''[[Cornicen|cornicines]]''; those who blew a ''tuba'' (a straight bronze horn with a slight flare at the end)<ref name=Meucci>
{{Citation
{{Citation
| last = Meucci
| last = Meucci
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| volume = 42
| volume = 42
| pages = 86
| pages = 86
| year = 1989
⚫
| year = 1989}}</ref> were known as [[Roman tuba|tubicens]]; those who blew a buccina (a C-shaped horn made of bronze or silver or animal horn) were known as [[buccina|bucinators]]. Cornicens and tubicens mostly performed uncomplicated tactical signaling on the battlefield, and therefore were not accorded special status in the military unit.<ref name=Donaldson>
| doi = 10.2307/842625 | jstor = 842625
⚫
}}</ref> were known as ''[[Roman tuba|tubicines]]'' or ''tubatores''; players of the ''lituus'' were called ''liticines''. ''Cornicines'' and ''tubicines'' mostly performed uncomplicated tactical signaling on the battlefield, and therefore were not accorded special status in the military unit.<ref name=Donaldson>
{{Citation
{{Citation
| last = Donaldson
| last = Donaldson
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| journal = Britannia
| journal = Britannia
| volume = 19
| volume = 19
| pages = 351-352
| pages = 351–352
| year = 1988
⚫
| year = 1988 }}</ref> They had call duties in the barracks, just as other commonly conscripted soldiers had. By contrast, the bucinator was seen as a specially-skilled member of the unit who was capable of performing a wider repertoire and was used to perform a variety of ceremonial duties. Many units accorded bucinators [[immune|immunis]] status,<ref name=Donaldson></ref> and there were [[Equites|equestrian]] bucinatores that served as calvary buglers.<ref name=Meucci></ref>
| doi=10.2307/526204| jstor = 526204
⚫
}}</ref> They had call duties in the barracks, just as other commonly conscripted soldiers had. By contrast, the ''bucinator'' was seen as a specially-skilled member of the unit who was capable of performing a wider repertoire and was used to perform a variety of ceremonial duties. Many units accorded ''bucinators [[immunes]]'' status,<ref name=Donaldson /> and there were [[Equites|equestrian]] ''bucinatores'' that served as cavalry buglers.<ref name=Meucci />


==See also==
==Other non-military uses for aerophones==
*[[List of Roman army unit types]]
Aeneators were not the only skilled or specialized players of wind instruments in Ancient Roman culture. For other Roman [[aerophones]] and their usage outside of military contexts, see also:
*[[Cornicen]]
*[[Buccina]]
*[[Aulete]]
*[[Roman_tuba|Tuba]]
*[[Hydraulis]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Ancient Roman music]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman music]]
[[Category:Military ranks of ancient Rome]]


{{Ancient-Rome-stub}}
{{AncientRome-mil-stub}}
{{music-stub}}

[[ca:Aeneatores]]
[[lt:Eneatorius]]
[[hu:Aeneator]]
[[hu:Aeneator]]

Latest revision as of 09:09, 6 February 2024

For a genus of snail, see Aeneator (gastropod).

An aeneator (Latin: aēneātor or ahēneātor) was a specialized player of wind instruments who was attached to a Roman military unit. The word comes from Latin aēneus or ahēneus, "brazen", from aes, "copper alloy". While the size of individual Roman military units may have varied, they made extensive use of both acoustical and visual signaling in communications and each had an assigned banner bearer (vexillarius) and at least one aeneator. A variety of instruments were used by aeneatores, including the buccina, cornu, tuba, and lituus. In addition to their roles in the Roman army, aeneatores were also used for processionals and games, particularly in marching home from war.[1]

Categories of aeneatores

[edit]

Aeneatores who blew a buccina (a C-shaped horn made of bronze or silver or animal horn) were known as buccinators; those who blew a cornu (a G-shaped horn made of brass) were known as cornicines; those who blew a tuba (a straight bronze horn with a slight flare at the end)[2] were known as tubicines or tubatores; players of the lituus were called liticines. Cornicines and tubicines mostly performed uncomplicated tactical signaling on the battlefield, and therefore were not accorded special status in the military unit.[3] They had call duties in the barracks, just as other commonly conscripted soldiers had. By contrast, the bucinator was seen as a specially-skilled member of the unit who was capable of performing a wider repertoire and was used to perform a variety of ceremonial duties. Many units accorded bucinators immunes status,[3] and there were equestrian bucinatores that served as cavalry buglers.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Antcliffe, Herbert (1949), "What Music Meant to the Romans", Music & Letters, 30 (4): 338, doi:10.1093/ml/XXX.4.337
  2. ^ a b Meucci, Renato (1989), "Roman Military Instruments and the Lituus", The Galpin Society Journal, 42: 86, doi:10.2307/842625, JSTOR 842625
  3. ^ a b Donaldson, G.H. (1988), "Signalling Communications and the Roman Imperial Army", Britannia, 19: 351–352, doi:10.2307/526204, JSTOR 526204
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