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m UmbrellaTheLeef moved page Radbod (Frisia) to Radbod of Frisia: Parenthetical disambiguation is to be avoided whenever possible
 
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{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Redbad
| name = Radbod
| title = King (or Duke) of Frisia
| title = King (or Duke) of Frisia
| image = Radboud doopvont.jpg
| image = Radboud doopvont.jpg
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| religion = [[Germanic paganism]]
| religion = [[Germanic paganism]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Radbod''' (died 719) was the [[Rulers of Frisia|king (or duke) of Frisia]] from c. 680 until his death. He is often considered the last independent ruler of [[Frisia]] before [[Franks|Frankish]] domination. He defeated [[Charles Martel]] at [[battle of Cologne|Cologne]]. Eventually, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Radbod died in 719, but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.

⚫
'''Redbad''' (or '''Radbod'''; died 719) was the [[Rulers of Frisia|king (or duke) of Frisia]] from c. 680 until his death. He is often considered the last independent ruler of [[Frisia]] before [[Franks|Frankish]] domination. He defeated [[Charles Martel]] at [[battle of Cologne|Cologne]]. Eventually, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Redbad died in 719, but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.


== King or duke ==
== King or duke ==
What the exact title of the Frisian rulers was depends on the source. Frankish sources tend to call them dukes; other sources often call them kings. Being Germanic pagans, it is likely that they would have been called kings by their followers, whereas the Christianized Franks, who had inherited the Latin literary tradition,{{relevance inline|reason=why does Latin literary tradition lead to preferring ''duke''?|date=August 2016}} would have referred to them as dukes.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
What the exact title of the Frisian rulers was depends on the source. Frankish sources tend to call them dukes; other sources{{which|date=July 2023}} often call them kings.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}


== Reign ==
== Reign ==
While his predecessor, [[Aldgisl]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=TeBrake|first=William H.|title=Ecology and Economy in Early Medieval Frisia|journal=Viator|year=1978|volume=9|pages=1–30|doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301538|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9swtfALoisC&pg=PA14&dq=aldgisl+successor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KKYgUvu7H-r3iwLVyICQBw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=aldgisl&f=false|access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref> had welcomed [[Christianity]] into his realm, Redbad attempted to extirpate the religion and free the Frisians from subjugation to the [[Merovingian]] kingdom of the Franks. In 689, however, Redbad was defeated by [[Pepin of Herstal]] in the battle of [[Dorestad]]<ref>{{cite book|location=Bussum|publisher=Fibula-Van Dishoeck|series=Fibulareeks|volume=22|last=Blok|first=Dirk P.|title=De Franken : hun optreden in het licht der historie|language=nl|year=1968|oclc=622919217|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjTrAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-09-17}}</ref> and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia, from the [[Scheldt]] to the [[Vlie]]) to the [[Franks]].
While his predecessor, [[Aldgisl]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=TeBrake|first=William H.|title=Ecology and Economy in Early Medieval Frisia|journal=Viator|year=1978|volume=9|pages=1–30|doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301538|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9swtfALoisC&dq=aldgisl&pg=PA14|access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref> had welcomed [[Christianity]] into his realm, Radbod attempted to extirpate the religion and gain independence from the kingdom of the Franks. In 689, however, Radbod was defeated by [[Pepin of Herstal]] in the battle of [[Dorestad]]<ref>{{cite book|location=Bussum|publisher=Fibula-Van Dishoeck|series=Fibulareeks|volume=22|last=Blok|first=Dirk P.|title=De Franken : hun optreden in het licht der historie|language=nl|year=1968|oclc=622919217|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjTrAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-09-17}}</ref> and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia, from the [[Scheldt]] to the [[Vlie]]) to the [[Franks]].


Between 690 and 692, [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] fell into the hands of Pepin. This gave the Franks control of important trade routes on the [[Rhine]] to the [[North Sea]]. Some sources say that, following this defeat, Redbad retreated, in 697, to the island of [[Heligoland]]. Others say he retreated to the part of the Netherlands that is still known as Friesland.
Between 690 and 692, [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] fell into the hands of Pepin. This gave the Franks control of important trade routes on the [[Rhine]] to the [[North Sea]]. Some sources say that, following this defeat, Radbod retreated, in 697, to the island of [[Heligoland]]. Others say he retreated to the part of the Netherlands that is still known as Friesland.


Around this time there was an Archbishopric or [[Diocese|bishopric]] of the Frisians founded for [[Willibrord]] <ref>it ''Liber Pontificalis'' (Corpus XXXVI 1, side 168) en ''Beda Venerabilis'' (Corpus XLVI9, page 218)</ref> and a marriage was held between [[Grimoald the Younger]], the oldest son of Pepin, and [[Thiadsvind]], the daughter of Redbad in 711.<ref name="Halbertsma1982">{{Cite thesis|last=Halbertsma|first=Herrius|title=Frieslands Oudheid|language=nl, en|chapter=Summary|chapter-url=http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1982/h.halbertsma/Halbertsma.PDF|year=1982|location=Groningen|publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen|oclc=746889526|pages=791–798}}</ref>{{rp|page=794}}
Around this time there was an Archbishopric or [[Diocese|bishopric]] of the Frisians founded for [[Willibrord]]<ref>it ''Liber Pontificalis'' (Corpus XXXVI 1, side 168) en ''Beda Venerabilis'' (Corpus XLVI9, page 218)</ref> and a marriage was held between [[Grimoald the Younger]], the oldest son of Pepin, and [[Thiadsvind]], the daughter of Radbod in 711.<ref name="Halbertsma1982">{{Cite thesis|last=Halbertsma|first=Herrius|title=Frieslands Oudheid|language=nl, en|chapter=Summary|chapter-url=http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1982/h.halbertsma/Halbertsma.PDF|year=1982|location=Groningen|publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen|oclc=746889526|pages=791–798}}</ref>{{rp|page=794}}


On Pepin's death in 714, Redbad took the initiative again. He forced [[Saint Willibrord]] and his monks to flee and advanced as far as [[battle of Cologne|Cologne]], where he defeated [[Charles Martel]],<ref name="Boudicca.de">{{cite web |title=Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen|language=nl|date=2003|website=boudicca.de|url=http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003800/http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm|archive-date=2009-06-08|url-status=dead}}{{Self-published source|date=November 2014}}</ref> Pepin's natural son, in 716. Eventually, however, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Redbad died in 719,<ref name="Halbertsma2000">{{cite book|last=Halbertsma|first=Herrius|date=2000|title=Frieslands oudheid: het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang|language=nl, en|location=Utrecht|publisher=Matrijs|isbn=9789053451670|edition=New}}</ref>{{rp|page=90}} but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.
On Pepin's death in 714, Radbod took the initiative again. He forced [[Saint Willibrord]] and his monks to flee and advanced as far as [[battle of Cologne|Cologne]], where he defeated [[Charles Martel]],<ref name="Boudicca.de">{{cite web |title=Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen|language=nl|date=2003|website=boudicca.de|url=http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003800/http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm|archive-date=2009-06-08|url-status=dead}}{{Self-published source|date=November 2014}}</ref> Pepin's natural son, in 716. Eventually, however, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Radbod died in 719,<ref name="Halbertsma2000">{{cite book|last=Halbertsma|first=Herrius|date=2000|title=Frieslands oudheid: het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang|language=nl, en|location=Utrecht|publisher=Matrijs|isbn=9789053451670|edition=New}}</ref>{{rp|page=90}} but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.


As an example of how powerful King Redbad still was at the end of his life, the news that he was engaged in assembling an army was reportedly enough to fill the Frankish kingdom with fear and trembling.<ref name="Halbertsma1982" />{{rp|page=794}}
As an example of how powerful King Radbod still was at the end of his life, the news that he was engaged in assembling an army was reportedly enough to fill the Frankish kingdom with fear and trembling.<ref name="Halbertsma1982" />{{rp|page=794}}


== Relation with the Roman Catholic Church ==
== Relation with the Catholic Church ==
During the second journey of [[Saint Boniface]] to Rome, [[Wulfram of Sens|Wulfram]] (or Vulfran), a monk and ex-[[archbishop of Sens]] tried to convert Redbad, but after an unsuccessful attempt he returned to Fontenelle. It is said that Redbad was nearly baptised but refused when he was told that he would not be able to find any of his ancestors in Heaven after his death. He said he preferred spending eternity in Hell with his pagan ancestors than in Heaven with a pack of beggars.<ref>Friese sagen & Terugkeer (2000), Conserve, Uitgeverij, Redbald en Wulfram. {{ISBN|978-90-5429-138-1}}</ref>This legend is also told with Wulfram being replaced with bishop [[Willibrord]]
During the second journey of [[Saint Boniface]] to Rome, [[Wulfram of Sens|Wulfram]], a monk and ex-[[archbishop of Sens]], tried to convert Radbod, but after an unsuccessful attempt he returned to Fontenelle. It is said that Radbod was nearly baptised but refused when he was told that he would not be able to find any of his ancestors in Heaven after his death. He said he preferred spending eternity in Hell with his pagan ancestors than in Heaven with a pack of beggars.<ref>Friese sagen & Terugkeer (2000), Conserve, Uitgeverij, Redbald en Wulfram. {{ISBN|978-90-5429-138-1}}</ref> This legend is also told with Wulfram being replaced with bishop [[Willibrord]].


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
[[File:Portret van Radbout na de restauratie - Medemblik - 20151675 - RCE.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Redbad ([[Radboud Castle]])]]
[[File:Portret van Radbout na de restauratie - Medemblik - 20151675 - RCE.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Radbod ([[Radboud Castle]])]]


[[Radboud of Utrecht|Saint Radboud]] was a descendant of Redbad. Saint Radboud was a [[Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)|bishop of Utrecht]] who adopted his ancestor's native name. The [[Radboud University|Nijmegen University]] and its corresponding [[Radboud University Medical Center|medical facility]] were named after him in 2004.
[[Radboud of Utrecht|Saint Radboud]] was a descendant of Radbod. Saint Radboud was a [[Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)|bishop of Utrecht]] who adopted his ancestor's native name. The [[Radboud University|Nijmegen University]] and its corresponding [[Radboud University Medical Center|medical facility]] were named after him in 2004.


In [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' a certain "Radbod, ruler of the Frisians" is mentioned as Ortrud's father. It is possible that Wagner was thinking of the historical Redbad, although he died more than 150 years before the birth of [[Henry the Fowler]], another character in the opera, who could not, therefore, be contemporary of Redbad's daughter.
In [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' a certain "Radbod, ruler of the Frisians" is mentioned as Ortrud's ancestor.


In [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s ''[[The Hammer and the Cross]]'' series of novels, Redbad becomes the founder of "the Way", an organized [[Norse paganism|pagan]] cult, created to combat the efforts of Christian missionaries.
In [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s ''[[The Hammer and the Cross]]'' series of novels, Radbod becomes the founder of "the Way", an organized [[Norse paganism|pagan]] cult, created to combat the efforts of Christian missionaries.


Black metal band Ophidian Forest recorded a concept album ''Redbad''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Ophidian_Forest/Redbad/193033 |title=Redbad |website=metal-archives.com |access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref> in 2007.
Black metal band Ophidian Forest recorded a concept album ''Redbad''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Ophidian_Forest/Redbad/193033 |title=Redbad |website=metal-archives.com |access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref> in 2007.


Dutch folk metal band '[[Heidevolk]]' recorded a song 'Koning Radboud' (King Redbad) on their 2008 album 'Walhalla Wacht' singing about the legend of Wulfram and Redbad.
Dutch folk metal band '[[Heidevolk]]' recorded a song 'Koning Radboud' (King Radbod) on their 2008 album 'Walhalla Wacht' singing about the legend of Wulfram and Radbod.


In 2015 the Frisian Folk-Metal band Baldrs Draumar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baldrsdraumar.com/ |title=Baldrs Draumar |website=baldrsdraumar.com/}}</ref> released a full album on the life and deeds of king Redbad called Aldgillessoan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/baldrs-draumar |title=Aldgillessoan |website=soundcloud.com/}}</ref> It is based on the book Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bol.com/nl/p/redbad/1001004011309210/ |title=Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening |website=bol.com/}}</ref> (Chronicles of a King) by Willem Schoorstra.
In 2015 the Frisian Folk-Metal band Baldrs Draumar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baldrsdraumar.com/ |title=Baldrs Draumar |website=baldrsdraumar.com/}}</ref> released a full album on the life and deeds of king Redbad called Aldgillissoan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/baldrs-draumar |title=Aldgillessoan |website=soundcloud.com/}}</ref> It is based on the book Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bol.com/nl/p/redbad/1001004011309210/ |title=Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening |website=bol.com/}}</ref> (Chronicles of a King) by Willem Schoorstra.


In 2018, Dutch production company Farmhouse released a film, ''[[Redbad_(film)|Redbad]]'', based on the historical Redbad. It is directed by [[Roel Reiné]] and stars [[Jonathan Banks]] and [[Søren Malling]] alongside a variety of Dutch actors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://incrediblefilm.com/en/movies/red-bad/ |title=754 A.D. REDBAD (2018) |website=incrediblefilm.com/}}</ref>
In 2018, Dutch production company Farmhouse released a film, ''[[Redbad (film)|Redbad]]'', based on Radbod. It is directed by [[Roel Reiné]] and stars [[Jonathan Banks]] and [[Søren Malling]] alongside a variety of Dutch actors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://incrediblefilm.com/en/movies/red-bad/ |title=754 A.D. REDBAD (2018) |website=incrediblefilm.com/}}</ref>
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{{S-reg}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aldgisl]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aldgisl]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Frisia|King of Frisia]]|years=680–719}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Frisia|Leader of the Frisians]]|years=680–719}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bubo, Duke of the Frisians|Bubo]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bubo, Duke of the Frisians|Bubo]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Redbad, King Of The Frisians}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Radbod (Frisia)}}
[[Category:719 deaths]]
[[Category:719 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Germanic pagans]]
[[Category:Germanic pagans]]
[[Category:Medieval Frisian rulers]]
[[Category:Dukes of Frisia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 12 February 2024

Radbod
King (or Duke) of Frisia
Embroidery depicting the legend in which the Frisian king Radbod is ready to be baptized by Wulfram (in this embroidery replaced by Willibrord), but at the last moment refuses. From the Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht
Reignc. 680 – 719
PredecessorAldgisl
SuccessorBubo
Bornc. 648
Died719
ReligionGermanic paganism

Radbod (died 719) was the king (or duke) of Frisia from c. 680 until his death. He is often considered the last independent ruler of Frisia before Frankish domination. He defeated Charles Martel at Cologne. Eventually, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Radbod died in 719, but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.

King or duke

[edit]

What the exact title of the Frisian rulers was depends on the source. Frankish sources tend to call them dukes; other sources[which?] often call them kings.[citation needed]

Reign

[edit]

While his predecessor, Aldgisl,[1] had welcomed Christianity into his realm, Radbod attempted to extirpate the religion and gain independence from the kingdom of the Franks. In 689, however, Radbod was defeated by Pepin of Herstal in the battle of Dorestad[2] and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia, from the Scheldt to the Vlie) to the Franks.

Between 690 and 692, Utrecht fell into the hands of Pepin. This gave the Franks control of important trade routes on the Rhine to the North Sea. Some sources say that, following this defeat, Radbod retreated, in 697, to the island of Heligoland. Others say he retreated to the part of the Netherlands that is still known as Friesland.

Around this time there was an Archbishopric or bishopric of the Frisians founded for Willibrord[3] and a marriage was held between Grimoald the Younger, the oldest son of Pepin, and Thiadsvind, the daughter of Radbod in 711.[4]: 794 

On Pepin's death in 714, Radbod took the initiative again. He forced Saint Willibrord and his monks to flee and advanced as far as Cologne, where he defeated Charles Martel,[5] Pepin's natural son, in 716. Eventually, however, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit. Radbod died in 719,[6]: 90  but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power.

As an example of how powerful King Radbod still was at the end of his life, the news that he was engaged in assembling an army was reportedly enough to fill the Frankish kingdom with fear and trembling.[4]: 794 

Relation with the Catholic Church

[edit]

During the second journey of Saint Boniface to Rome, Wulfram, a monk and ex-archbishop of Sens, tried to convert Radbod, but after an unsuccessful attempt he returned to Fontenelle. It is said that Radbod was nearly baptised but refused when he was told that he would not be able to find any of his ancestors in Heaven after his death. He said he preferred spending eternity in Hell with his pagan ancestors than in Heaven with a pack of beggars.[7] This legend is also told with Wulfram being replaced with bishop Willibrord.

Legacy

[edit]
Portrait of Radbod (Radboud Castle)

Saint Radboud was a descendant of Radbod. Saint Radboud was a bishop of Utrecht who adopted his ancestor's native name. The Nijmegen University and its corresponding medical facility were named after him in 2004.

In Richard Wagner's Lohengrin a certain "Radbod, ruler of the Frisians" is mentioned as Ortrud's ancestor.

In Harry Harrison's The Hammer and the Cross series of novels, Radbod becomes the founder of "the Way", an organized pagan cult, created to combat the efforts of Christian missionaries.

Black metal band Ophidian Forest recorded a concept album Redbad[8] in 2007.

Dutch folk metal band 'Heidevolk' recorded a song 'Koning Radboud' (King Radbod) on their 2008 album 'Walhalla Wacht' singing about the legend of Wulfram and Radbod.

In 2015 the Frisian Folk-Metal band Baldrs Draumar[9] released a full album on the life and deeds of king Redbad called Aldgillissoan.[10] It is based on the book Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening[11] (Chronicles of a King) by Willem Schoorstra.

In 2018, Dutch production company Farmhouse released a film, Redbad, based on Radbod. It is directed by Roel Reiné and stars Jonathan Banks and Søren Malling alongside a variety of Dutch actors.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ TeBrake, William H. (1978). "Ecology and Economy in Early Medieval Frisia". Viator. 9: 1–30. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301538. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  2. ^ Blok, Dirk P. (1968). De Franken : hun optreden in het licht der historie. Fibulareeks (in Dutch). Vol. 22. Bussum: Fibula-Van Dishoeck. pp. 32–34. OCLC 622919217. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
  3. ^ it Liber Pontificalis (Corpus XXXVI 1, side 168) en Beda Venerabilis (Corpus XLVI9, page 218)
  4. ^ a b Halbertsma, Herrius (1982). "Summary" (PDF). Frieslands Oudheid (Thesis) (in Dutch and English). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. pp. 791–798. OCLC 746889526.
  5. ^ "Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen". boudicca.de (in Dutch). 2003. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-01-22.[self-published source]
  6. ^ Halbertsma, Herrius (2000). Frieslands oudheid: het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang (in Dutch and English) (New ed.). Utrecht: Matrijs. ISBN 9789053451670.
  7. ^ Friese sagen & Terugkeer (2000), Conserve, Uitgeverij, Redbald en Wulfram. ISBN 978-90-5429-138-1
  8. ^ "Redbad". metal-archives.com. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  9. ^ "Baldrs Draumar". baldrsdraumar.com/.
  10. ^ "Aldgillessoan". soundcloud.com/.
  11. ^ "Rêdbâd, Kronyk fan in Kening". bol.com/.
  12. ^ "754 A.D. REDBAD (2018)". incrediblefilm.com/.

Other sources

[edit]
[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Leader of the Frisians
680–719 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radbod_of_Frisia&oldid=1206397850"