Kashmir gray langur: Difference between revisions
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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} |
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{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Kashmir gray langur |
| name = Kashmir gray langur |
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| status = EN |
| status = EN |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Semnopithecus ajax'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Kumar, A. |author2=Singh, M. |author3=Anandam, M. |author4=Ahuja, V. |author5=Kumara, H.N. |author6=Molur, S. |date=2020 |page=e.T39833A17943210 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39833A17943210.en |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> |
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| status2 = CITES_A1 |
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| status2_system = CITES |
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| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> |
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| genus = Semnopithecus |
| genus = Semnopithecus |
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| species = ajax |
| species = ajax |
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| range_map_caption = Kashmir gray langur range |
| range_map_caption = Kashmir gray langur range |
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}} |
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It has been reported from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northwestern [[India]] but evidence indicates it only occurs in the [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba Valley]] in Himachal Pradesh. Because of its restricted range, fragmented population and threats from human agriculture and development activities it is listed as [[endangered species|Endangered]] in the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/> |
It has been reported from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northwestern [[India]] but evidence indicates it only occurs in the [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba Valley]] in Himachal Pradesh. Because of its restricted range, fragmented population and threats from human agriculture and development activities it is listed as [[endangered species|Endangered]] in the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/> |
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In Pakistan it occurs in [[Machiara National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minhas |first1=R. A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=K. B. |last3=Awan |first3=M. S. |last4=Dar |first4=N. I. |year=2010 |title=Social organization and reproductive biology of Himalayan grey langur (''Semnopithecus entellus ajax'') in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=42 |
In Pakistan it occurs in [[Machiara National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minhas |first1=R. A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=K. B. |last3=Awan |first3=M. S. |last4=Dar |first4=N. I. |year=2010 |title=Social organization and reproductive biology of Himalayan grey langur (''Semnopithecus entellus ajax'') in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=42 |pages=143–156}}</ref> |
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It was formerly considered a subspecies of ''[[Semnopithecus entellus]]'' and is one of several ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' species named after characters from ''[[The Iliad]]'', along with ''[[Semnopithecus hector]]'' and ''[[Semnopithecus priam]]''.<ref>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 174–175 | id=12100693}}</ref> |
It was formerly considered a subspecies of ''[[Semnopithecus entellus]]'' and is one of several ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' species named after characters from ''[[The Iliad]]'', along with ''[[Semnopithecus hector]]'' and ''[[Semnopithecus priam]]''.<ref>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 174–175 | id=12100693}}</ref> |
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== Ecology and behaviour == |
== Ecology and behaviour == |
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It is [[arboreal]] and [[Diurnality|diurnal]], and lives in [[Temperate forest|temperate]] and alpine [[forest]]s.<ref name=iucn/> It lives at the highest elevation of any non-human primate in the world and is found in forests at elevations ranging from {{cvt|1500|to|4733|m}}.<ref name=iucn/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Minhas, R.A. |author2=Ali, U. |author3=Awan, M.S. |author4=Ahmed, K.B. |author5=Khan, M.N. |author6=Dar, N.I. |author7=Qamar, Q.Z. |author8=Ali, H. |author9=Grueter, C.C.|author10=Tsuji, Y. |year=2013 |title=Ranging and foraging of Himalayan grey langurs in Machiara National Park, Pakistan |journal=Primates |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1007/s10329-013-0345-7 |pmid=23408044 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235621084}} </ref> |
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It is [[arboreal]] and [[Diurnality|diurnal]], and lives in [[Temperate forest|temperate]] and alpine [[forest]]s at elevations between {{convert|2200|and|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/> |
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The [[birth]]ing season for the Kashmir gray langur runs from January through June, although almost half of all infants are born in March. The infants are weaned at a higher age than most [[Asia]]n [[colobine]]s. While most Asian colobines wean their young within the first year, Kashmir gray langurs wean their young on average at 25 months. This is apparently due to nutritional constraints, since monkeys in poorer sites wean their young at an older age. The interbirth interval for females is about 2.4 years. [[Alloparental care]] occurs in Kashmir |
The [[birth]]ing season for the Kashmir gray langur runs from January through June, although almost half of all infants are born in March. The infants are weaned at a higher age than most [[Asia]]n [[colobine]]s. While most Asian colobines wean their young within the first year, Kashmir gray langurs wean their young on average at 25 months. This is apparently due to nutritional constraints, since monkeys in poorer sites wean their young at an older age. The interbirth interval for females is about 2.4 years. [[Alloparental care]] occurs in Kashmir gray langur for up to 5 months. Males are usually protective of infants, but [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]] occasionally occurs.<ref name=perspective>{{cite book|title=Primates in Perspective |chapter=The Asian Colobines |author=Kirkpatrick, R. C. |editor1=Campbell, C. J. |editor2=Fuentes, A. |editor2-link=Agustin Fuentes |editor3=MacKinnon, K.C. |editor4=Panger, M. |editor5=Bearder, S. K. |year=2007|pages=191–193, 196 |isbn=978-0-19-517133-4}}</ref> |
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Although most Asian colobine groups comprise only a single adult male and multiple females, multimale groups are known to occur within ''Semnopithecus'' species. |
Although most Asian colobine groups comprise only a single adult male and multiple females, multimale groups are known to occur within ''Semnopithecus'' species. In Kashmir gray langurs, multimale groups may include as many as five adult males. Females initiate [[Copulation (zoology)|copulation]] by soliciting a male, but not all solicitations result in copulation.<ref name=perspective/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q385525}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q385525}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:langur, gray, Kashmir}} |
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[[Category:Semnopithecus|Kashmir gray langur]] |
[[Category:Semnopithecus|Kashmir gray langur]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]] |
[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]] |
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[[Category:Endangered fauna of Asia]] |
[[Category:Endangered fauna of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Mammals described in 1928|Kashmir gray langur]] |
[[Category:Mammals described in 1928|Kashmir gray langur]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by R. I. Pocock]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:15, 13 February 2024
| Kashmir gray langur | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Semnopithecus |
| Species: | S. ajax
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| Binomial name | |
| Semnopithecus ajax | |
| |
| Kashmir gray langur range | |
The Kashmir gray langur (Semnopithecus ajax) is an Old World monkey, one of the langur species. It is a leaf-eating monkey.[2]
It has been reported from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in northwestern India but evidence indicates it only occurs in the Chamba Valley in Himachal Pradesh. Because of its restricted range, fragmented population and threats from human agriculture and development activities it is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List.[1] In Pakistan it occurs in Machiara National Park.[3]
It was formerly considered a subspecies of Semnopithecus entellus and is one of several Semnopithecus species named after characters from The Iliad, along with Semnopithecus hector and Semnopithecus priam.[4]
Ecology and behaviour
It is arboreal and diurnal, and lives in temperate and alpine forests.[1] It lives at the highest elevation of any non-human primate in the world and is found in forests at elevations ranging from 1,500 to 4,733 m (4,921 to 15,528 ft).[1][5]
The birthing season for the Kashmir gray langur runs from January through June, although almost half of all infants are born in March. The infants are weaned at a higher age than most Asian colobines. While most Asian colobines wean their young within the first year, Kashmir gray langurs wean their young on average at 25 months. This is apparently due to nutritional constraints, since monkeys in poorer sites wean their young at an older age. The interbirth interval for females is about 2.4 years. Alloparental care occurs in Kashmir gray langur for up to 5 months. Males are usually protective of infants, but infanticide occasionally occurs.[6]
Although most Asian colobine groups comprise only a single adult male and multiple females, multimale groups are known to occur within Semnopithecus species. In Kashmir gray langurs, multimale groups may include as many as five adult males. Females initiate copulation by soliciting a male, but not all solicitations result in copulation.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e Kumar, A.; Singh, M.; Anandam, M.; Ahuja, V.; Kumara, H.N. & Molur, S. (2020). "Semnopithecus ajax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39833A17943210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39833A17943210.en. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Minhas, R. A.; Ahmed, K. B.; Awan, M. S.; Dar, N. I. (2010). "Social organization and reproductive biology of Himalayan grey langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajax) in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan)". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 42: 143–156.
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Minhas, R.A.; Ali, U.; Awan, M.S.; Ahmed, K.B.; Khan, M.N.; Dar, N.I.; Qamar, Q.Z.; Ali, H.; Grueter, C.C.; Tsuji, Y. (2013). "Ranging and foraging of Himalayan grey langurs in Machiara National Park, Pakistan". Primates. 54 (2): 147–152. doi:10.1007/s10329-013-0345-7. PMID 23408044.
- ^ a b Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2007). "The Asian Colobines". In Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.C.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S. K. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. pp. 191–193, 196. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.