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{{short description|American actress}}
{{Short description|American actress (1883–1946)}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Mary Alden
| name = Mary Alden
| image = Mary Alden 1920.jpg
| image = Mary Alden 1920.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Alden in ''Milestones'' (1920)
| caption = Alden in ''Milestones'' (1920)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1883|6|18}}
| birth_name = Mary Maguire Alden
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|7|2|1883|6|18}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1883|06|18}}
| death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|07|02|1883|06|18}}
| occupation = Actress
| death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| yearsactive = 1913–1937
| resting place = [[Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1913–1937
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
}}
[[File:Mary Alden (Mar 1923).png|thumb|Mary Alden (1923)]]
'''Mary Maguire Alden''' (June 18, 1883 – July 2, 1946) was an American motion picture and stage actress. She was one of the first Broadway actresses to work in [[Hollywood]].<ref name=obit/>


'''Mary Maguire Alden''' (June 18, 1883 – July 2, 1946) was an American motion picture and stage actress. She was one of the first Broadway actresses to work in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref name=obit />
==Biography==
Alden was born in [[New York City]] on June 18, 1883. She began her career on the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] stage, and spent five years on Broadway before moving to Hollywood where she worked for the [[Biograph Company]] and [[Pathé Exchange]] in the first portion of her career. Her most popular role in movies came in ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' directed by [[D.W. Griffith]] in 1915. Alden played the role of a [[mulatto]] woman in love with a northern politician. The following year she was in Griffith's ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' with [[Mae Marsh]], [[Miriam Cooper]], and Vera Lewis. After making ''Less Than The Dust'' with [[Mary Pickford]] in 1917, she took a temporary leave from motion pictures, acting for a while on the stage. Critics acclaimed Alden's portrayal of the mother, Mrs. Anthon, in ''[[The Old Nest]]'' (1921) and her characterization of an old lady in ''The Man With Two Mothers'' (1922). The latter feature was produced by [[Sam Goldwyn]].


==Life==
Alden was prolific as a motion picture actress throughout the 1920s and into the early 1930s. A sampling of movies in which she had roles are ''[[The Plastic Age (film)|The Plastic Age]]'' (1925), ''[[The Joy Girl]]'' (1927), ''[[Ladies of the Mob]]'' (1928), and ''Port of Dreams'' (1929). The final films she received screen credit for are ''[[Hell's House]]'', ''[[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and ''[[Strange Interlude (1932 film)|Strange Interlude]]'', each from 1932.
Alden was born in New York City on June 18, 1883. She performed on Broadway in ''Personal'' (1907) and ''The Rule of Three'' (1914).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Alden |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/mary-alden-29538 |website=Internet Broadway Database |publisher=The Broadway League |accessdate=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108030137/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/mary-alden-29538 |archive-date=November 8, 2020}}</ref> She worked for the [[Biograph Company]] and [[Pathé Exchange]] in the first portion of her career. Her most popular role in movies came in ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' directed by [[D.W. Griffith]] in 1915. Alden played the role of a [[mulatto]] woman in love with a northern politician. The following year she was in Griffith's ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' with [[Mae Marsh]], [[Miriam Cooper]], and Vera Lewis. After making ''Less Than The Dust'' with [[Mary Pickford]] in 1917, she took a temporary leave from motion pictures, acting for a while on the stage. Critics acclaimed Alden's portrayal of the mother, Mrs. Anthon, in ''[[The Old Nest]]'' (1921) and her characterization of an old lady in ''The Man With Two Mothers'' (1922). The latter feature was produced by [[Sam Goldwyn]].


[[File:Mary Alden movie card.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Movie card distributed in 1922 to promote Goldwyn Pictures]]
Alden died at the [[Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital]] in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California]] in 1946. This had been her residence for the last four years of her life. She was 63 years old.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Mary Alden, Actress, Dies |url= |quote= |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 4, 1946}}</ref>

Alden was interred at the Pierce Brothers [[Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[North Hollywood, California]].
Alden was a prolific motion picture actress throughout the 1920s and into the early 1930s. A sampling of movies in which she had roles are ''[[The Plastic Age (film)|The Plastic Age]]'' (1925), ''[[The Joy Girl]]'' (1927), ''[[Ladies of the Mob]]'' (1928), and ''Port of Dreams'' (1929). The final films she received screen credit for are ''[[Hell's House]]'', ''[[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and ''[[Strange Interlude (1932 film)|Strange Interlude]]'', each from 1932.

Alden died at the [[Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital]] in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California]] in 1946, aged 63 years. This had been her residence for the last four years of her life.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Mary Alden, Actress, Dies |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 4, 1946}}</ref>
Alden was interred in an unmarked grave under her married name of Deangman in [[Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[North Hollywood, California]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Scott |title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. |date=19 August 2016 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2599-7 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Alden |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>


==Selected filmography==
==Selected filmography==

[[File:Mary Alden movie card.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]
[[File:Mary Alden (Mar 1923).png|thumb|200px|right|Alden in ''[[Picture-Play Magazine]]'' (1923)]]

{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*''[[The Battle of the Sexes (1914 film)|The Battle of the Sexes]]'' (1914) - Mrs. Frank Andrews
* ''[[The Battle of the Sexes (1914 film)|The Battle of the Sexes]]'' (1914) as Mrs. Frank Andrews
*''[[Home, Sweet Home (1914 film)|Home, Sweet Home]]'' (1914) - The Mother
* ''[[Home, Sweet Home (1914 film)|Home, Sweet Home]]'' (1914) as The Mother
*''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' (1915) - Lydia - Stoneman's Mulatto Housekeeper
* ''[[The Old Fisherman's Story]]'' (1914) as The Gypsy
*''[[The Slave Girl (film)|The Slave Girl]]'' (1915, Short) - Sally - a Yellow Girl
* ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' (1915) as Lydia, Stoneman's Mulatto Housekeeper
*''The Outcast'' (1915) - The Girl's Mother
* ''[[The Slave Girl (1915 film)|The Slave Girl]]'' (1915, Short) as Sally, a Yellow Girl
*''A Man's Prerogative'' (1915) - Elizabeth Towne
* ''The Outcast'' (1915) as The Girl's Mother
*''[[Ghosts (1915 film)|Ghosts]]'' (1915) - Helen Arling
* ''A Man's Prerogative'' (1915) as Elizabeth Towne
*''[[The Lily and the Rose]]'' (1915) - Mrs. Fairfax
* ''[[Ghosts (1915 film)|Ghosts]]'' (1915) as Helen Arling
*''[[Acquitted (1916 film)|Acquitted]]'' (1916) - Mrs. Carter
* ''[[The Lily and the Rose]]'' (1915) as Mrs. Fairfax
*''[[The Good Bad Man]]'' (1916) - Jane Stuart
* ''[[Acquitted (1916 film)|Acquitted]]'' (1916) as Mrs. Carter
*''[[Macbeth (1916 film)|Macbeth]]'' (1916) - Lady Macduff
* ''[[The Good Bad-Man]]'' (1916) as Jane Stuart
*''[[An Innocent Magdalene]]'' (1916) - The Woman
* ''[[Macbeth (1916 film)|Macbeth]]'' (1916) as Lady Macduff
*''[[Hell-to-Pay Austin]]'' (1916) - Doris Valentine
* ''[[An Innocent Magdalene]]'' (1916) as The Woman
*''Pillars of Society'' (1916) - Lona Tonnesen
* ''[[Hell-to-Pay Austin]]'' (1916) as Doris Valentine
*''The Narrow Path'' (1916) - Shirley Martin
* ''Pillars of Society'' (1916) as Lona Tonnesen
*''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' (1916) - Uplifter
* ''The Narrow Path'' (1916) as Shirley Martin
*''[[Less Than the Dust]]'' (1916) - Mrs. Bradshaw
* ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' (1916) as Uplifter #1
*''[[The Argyle Case (1917 film)|The Argyle Case]]'' (1917) - Nellie Marsh
* ''[[Less Than the Dust]]'' (1916) as Mrs. Bradshaw
*''[[The Land of Promise]]'' (1917) - Gertie Marsh
* ''[[The Argyle Case (1917 film)|The Argyle Case]]'' (1917) as Nellie Marsh
*''The Naulahka'' (1918) - Prince's Mother
* ''[[The Land of Promise]]'' (1917) as Gertie Marsh
* ''[[The Narrow Path (1918 film)|The Narrow Path]]'' (1918) - Margaret Dunn
* ''[[The Naulahka (film)|The Naulahka]]'' (1918) as Prince's Mother
*''[[Common Clay (1919 film)|Common Clay]]'' (1919) - Mrs. Neal
* ''[[The Narrow Path (1918 film)|The Narrow Path]]'' (1918) as Margaret Dunn
*''[[The Unpardonable Sin (1919 film)|The Unpardonable Sin]]'' (1919) - Mrs. Parcot
* ''[[Common Clay (1919 film)|Common Clay]]'' (1919) as Mrs. Neal
*''The Mother and the Law'' (1919) - An Uplifter
* ''[[The Unpardonable Sin (1919 film)|The Unpardonable Sin]]'' (1919) as Mrs. Parcot
*''[[The Broken Butterfly]]'' (1919) - Zabie Elliot
* ''The Mother and the Law'' (1919) as An Uplifter
*''[[Erstwhile Susan]]'' (1919) - Erstwhile Susan
* ''[[The Broken Butterfly]]'' (1919) as Zabie Elliot
*''[[The Inferior Sex]]'' (1920) - Clarissa Mott-Smith
* ''[[Erstwhile Susan]]'' (1919) as Erstwhile Susan
*''[[Parted Curtains]]'' (1920) - Mrs. Masters
* ''[[The Inferior Sex]]'' (1920) as Clarissa Mott-Smith
*''Miss Nobody'' (1920) - Jason's Wife
* ''[[Parted Curtains]]'' (1920) as Mrs. Masters
*''Milestones'' (1920) - Rose Sibley
* ''Miss Nobody'' (1920) as Jason's Wife
*''[[Honest Hutch]]'' (1920) - Mrs. Hutchins
* ''[[Milestones (1920 film)|Milestones]]'' (1920) as Rose Sibley
*''[[Silk Husbands and Calico Wives]]'' (1920) - Edith Beecher Kendall
* ''[[Honest Hutch]]'' (1920) as Mrs. Hutchins
* ''[[Silk Husbands and Calico Wives]]'' (1920) as Edith Beecher Kendall
*''Trust Your Wife'' (1921)
*''[[The Witching Hour (1921 film)|The Witching Hour]]'' (1921) - Helen Whipple
* ''Trust Your Wife'' (1921)
* ''[[The Witching Hour (1921 film)|The Witching Hour]]'' (1921) as Helen Whipple
*''Snowblind'' (1921) - Bella
* ''Snowblind'' (1921) as Bella
*''[[The Old Nest]]'' (1921) - Mrs. Anthon
* ''[[The Old Nest]]'' (1921) as Mrs. Anthon
*''Man with Two Mothers'' (1922) - Widow O'Neill
* ''Man with Two Mothers'' (1922) as Widow O'Neill
*''[[The Hidden Woman]]'' (1922) - Mrs. Randolph
* ''[[The Hidden Woman]]'' (1922) as Mrs. Randolph
*''A Woman's Woman'' (1922) - Densie Plummer
* ''[[A Woman's Woman]]'' (1922) as Densie Plummer
*''Notoriety'' (1922) - Ann Boland
* ''[[Notoriety (1922 film)|Notoriety]]'' (1922) as Ann Boland
*''[[The Bond Boy]]'' (1922) - Mrs. Newboat
* ''[[The Bond Boy]]'' (1922) as Mrs. Newboat
*''[[Has the World Gone Mad!]]'' (1923) - Mrs. Bell
* ''[[Has the World Gone Mad!]]'' (1923) as Mrs. Bell
* ''[[The Tents of Allah]]'' (1923) - Oulaid
* ''[[The Tents of Allah]]'' (1923) as Oulaid
* ''[[The Empty Cradle (film)|The Empty Cradle]]'' (1923) - Alice Larkin
* ''[[The Empty Cradle (film)|The Empty Cradle]]'' (1923) as Alice Larkin
*''[[The Steadfast Heart]]'' (1923) - Mrs. Burke
* ''[[The Steadfast Heart]]'' (1923) as Mrs. Burke
*''[[The Eagle's Feather]]'' (1923) - Delia Jamiesoon
* ''[[The Eagle's Feather]]'' (1923) as Delia Jamiesoon
*''[[Pleasure Mad]]'' (1923) - Marjorie Benton
* ''[[Pleasure Mad]]'' (1923) as Marjorie Benton
*''Painted People'' (1924) - Mrs. Bryne
* ''[[Painted People]]'' (1924) as Mrs. Bryne
* ''[[A Fool's Awakening]]'' (1924) - Myra
* ''[[A Fool's Awakening]]'' (1924) as Myra
*''When a Girl Loves'' (1924) - The Czarina
* ''[[When a Girl Loves (1924 film)|When a Girl Loves]]'' (1924) as The Czarina
*''Babbitt'' (1924) - Mrs. Myra Babbitt
* ''[[Babbitt (1924 film)|Babbitt]]'' (1924) as Mrs. Myra Babbitt
*''[[The Beloved Brute]]'' (1924) - Augustina
* ''[[The Beloved Brute]]'' (1924) as Augustina
*''Siege'' (1925) - Aunt Augusta Ruyland
* ''[[Siege (1925 film)|Siege]]'' (1925) as Aunt Augusta Ruyland
*''[[Faint Perfume]]'' (1925) - Ma Crumb
* ''[[Faint Perfume]]'' (1925) as Ma Crumb
*''[[The Happy Warrior (1925 film)|The Happy Warrior]]'' (1925) - Aunt Maggie
* ''[[The Happy Warrior (1925 film)|The Happy Warrior]]'' (1925) as Aunt Maggie
* ''[[Under the Rouge]]'' (1925) - Martha Maynard
* ''[[Under the Rouge]]'' (1925) as Martha Maynard
*''[[The Unwritten Law (1925 film)|The Unwritten Law]]'' (1925) - Miss Grant
* ''[[The Unwritten Law (1925 film)|The Unwritten Law]]'' (1925) as Miss Grant
* ''[[Soiled (film)|Soiled]]'' (1925) - Mrs. Brown
* ''[[Soiled (film)|Soiled]]'' (1925) as Mrs. Brown
*''[[The Plastic Age (film)|The Plastic Age]]'' (1925) - Mrs. Carver
* ''[[The Plastic Age (film)|The Plastic Age]]'' (1925) as Mrs. Carver
*''[[The Earth Woman]]'' (1926) - Martha Tilden (The Earth Woman)
* ''[[The Earth Woman]]'' (1926) as Martha Tilden (The Earth Woman)
*''[[Brown of Harvard (1926 film)|Brown of Harvard]]'' (1926) - Mrs. Brown
* ''[[Brown of Harvard (1926 film)|Brown of Harvard]]'' (1926) as Mrs. Brown
*''[[Lovey Mary]]'' (1926) - Mrs. Wiggs
* ''[[Lovey Mary]]'' (1926) as Mrs. Wiggs
*''[[April Fool (1926 film)|April Fool]]'' (1926) - Amelia Rosen
* ''[[April Fool (1926 film)|April Fool]]'' (1926) as Amelia Rosen
*''[[The Potters (film)|The Potters]]'' (1927) - Ma Potter
* ''[[The Potters (film)|The Potters]]'' (1927) as Ma Potter
*''[[The Joy Girl]]'' (1927) - Mrs. Courage
* ''[[The Joy Girl]]'' (1927) as Mrs. Courage
*''Twin Flappers'' (1927)
* ''Twin Flappers'' (1927)
*''[[Fools for Luck]]'' (1928) - Mrs. Hunter
* ''[[Fools for Luck]]'' (1928) as Mrs. Hunter
*''[[Ladies of the Mob]]'' (1928) - Soft Annie
* ''[[Ladies of the Mob]]'' (1928) as Soft Annie
*''[[The Cossacks (1928 film)|The Cossacks]]'' (1928) - Lukashka's Mother
* ''[[The Cossacks (1928 film)|The Cossacks]]'' (1928) as Lukashka's Mother
*''[[The Sawdust Paradise]]'' (1928) - Mother
* ''[[The Sawdust Paradise]]'' (1928) as Mother
*''[[Someone to Love (1928 film)|Someone to Love]]'' (1928) - Harriet Newton
* ''[[Someone to Love (1928 film)|Someone to Love]]'' (1928) as Harriet Newton
*''[[Girl Overboard (1929 film)|Girl Overboard]]'' (1929)
* ''[[Girl Overboard (1929 film)|Girl Overboard]]'' (1929)
*''[[Bad Sister (1931 film)|Bad Sister]]'' (1931) - Minor Role (uncredited)
* ''[[Bad Sister (1931 film)|Bad Sister]]'' (1931) as Minor Role (uncredited)
*''[[Politics (1931 film)|Politics]]'' (1931) - Mrs. Mary Evans
* ''[[Politics (1931 film)|Politics]]'' (1931) as Mrs. Mary Evans
*''[[Hell's House]]'' (1932) - Lucy Mason (uncredited)
* ''[[Hell's House]]'' (1932) as Lucy Mason (uncredited)
*''[[When a Feller Needs a Friend]]'' (1932) - Mrs. Higgins (uncredited)
* ''[[When a Feller Needs a Friend]]'' (1932) as Mrs. Higgins (uncredited)
*''[[Strange Interlude (film)|Strange Interlude]]'' (1932) - Mary, the Leeds' maid
* ''[[Strange Interlude (film)|Strange Interlude]]'' (1932) as Mary, the Leeds' maid
*''[[Rasputin and the Empress]]'' (1932) - Natasha's Lady in Waiting (uncredited)
* ''[[Rasputin and the Empress]]'' (1932) as Natasha's Lady in Waiting (uncredited)
*''[[One More Spring]]'' (1935) - Minor Role (uncredited)
* ''[[One More Spring]]'' (1935) as Minor Role (uncredited)
*''[[The Great Hotel Murder]]'' (1935) - Mrs. Harvey (uncredited)
* ''[[The Great Hotel Murder]]'' (1935) as Mrs. Harvey (uncredited)
*''[[Gentle Julia (1936 film)|Gentle Julia]]'' (1936) - Aunt (uncredited)
* ''[[Gentle Julia (1936 film)|Gentle Julia]]'' (1936) as Aunt (uncredited)
*''[[Legion of Terror]]'' (1936) - Accident Onlooker (uncredited)
* ''[[Legion of Terror]]'' (1936) as Accident Onlooker (uncredited)
*''[[Career Woman (film)|Career Woman]]'' (1936) - Townswoman (uncredited)
* ''[[Career Woman (film)|Career Woman]]'' (1936) as Townswoman (uncredited)
*''That I May Live'' (1937) - Woman in Auto Camp (uncredited) (final film role)
* ''[[That I May Live]]'' (1937) as Woman in Auto Camp (uncredited) (final film role)
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* ''Oakland, California Tribune'', "Mary Alden To Give Up Roles On Which Fame Rests", Sunday Morning, October 9, 1921, Page W-3.
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[Oakland Tribune]]|title=Mary Alden to Give Up Roles on Which Fame Rests|date=October 9, 1921|page=W-3}}
* ''Sandusky, Ohio Star Journal'', "News Notes From Movieland", January 2, 1917, Page 4.
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[Sandusky Register|Sandusky Star-Journal]]|title=News Notes from Movieland|date=January 2, 1917|page=4}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{commons category|Mary Alden}}
{{Commons category|Mary Alden}}
* {{IMDb name|0017488}}
* {{IMDb name|0017488}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Amg name|739}}
* {{AllMovie name|739}}
*{{Find a Grave|11834179}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=10925 Literature on Mary Alden]
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=10925 Literature on Mary Alden]



Latest revision as of 13:36, 20 February 2024

Mary Alden
Alden in Milestones (1920)
Born
Mary Maguire Alden

(1883-06-18)June 18, 1883
DiedJuly 2, 1946(1946-07-02) (aged 63)
Resting placeValhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
OccupationActress
Years active1913–1937

Mary Maguire Alden (June 18, 1883 – July 2, 1946) was an American motion picture and stage actress. She was one of the first Broadway actresses to work in Hollywood.[1]

Life[edit]

Alden was born in New York City on June 18, 1883. She performed on Broadway in Personal (1907) and The Rule of Three (1914).[2] She worked for the Biograph Company and Pathé Exchange in the first portion of her career. Her most popular role in movies came in The Birth of a Nation directed by D.W. Griffith in 1915. Alden played the role of a mulatto woman in love with a northern politician. The following year she was in Griffith's Intolerance with Mae Marsh, Miriam Cooper, and Vera Lewis. After making Less Than The Dust with Mary Pickford in 1917, she took a temporary leave from motion pictures, acting for a while on the stage. Critics acclaimed Alden's portrayal of the mother, Mrs. Anthon, in The Old Nest (1921) and her characterization of an old lady in The Man With Two Mothers (1922). The latter feature was produced by Sam Goldwyn.

Movie card distributed in 1922 to promote Goldwyn Pictures

Alden was a prolific motion picture actress throughout the 1920s and into the early 1930s. A sampling of movies in which she had roles are The Plastic Age (1925), The Joy Girl (1927), Ladies of the Mob (1928), and Port of Dreams (1929). The final films she received screen credit for are Hell's House, Rasputin and the Empress, and Strange Interlude, each from 1932.

Alden died at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California in 1946, aged 63 years. This had been her residence for the last four years of her life.[1] Alden was interred in an unmarked grave under her married name of Deangman in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.[3]

Selected filmography[edit]

Alden in Picture-Play Magazine (1923)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Mary Alden, Actress, Dies". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 1946.
  2. ^ "Mary Alden". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  3. ^ Wilson, Scott (August 19, 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4766-2599-7. Retrieved January 22, 2021.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]