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{{Short description|Field army of the Ottoman Army}}
{{About|a field army of the Ottoman Empire|the field army of the Republic of Turkey|First Army (Turkey)}}
{{About|a field army of the Ottoman Empire|the field army of the Republic of Turkey|First Army (Turkey)}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
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|image=
|image=
|caption=
|caption=
|dates= September 6, 1843<br />August 5, 1914 – February 17, 1918<ref name="Nicolle14">David Nicolle, colour plates by Rafaelle Ruggeri, ''The Ottoman Army 1914-18'', Men-at-Arms 269, Ospray Publishing Ltd., 1994, ISBN 1-85532-412-1, p. 14.</ref><br />September 24, 1918 – October 11, 1918<ref name="Nicolle14"/>
|dates= September 6, 1843<br />August 5, 1914 – February 17, 1918<ref name="Nicolle14">David Nicolle, colour plates by Rafaelle Ruggeri, ''The Ottoman Army 1914-18'', Men-at-Arms 269, Ospray Publishing Ltd., 1994, {{ISBN|1-85532-412-1}}, p. 14.</ref><br />September 24, 1918 – October 11, 1918<ref name="Nicolle14"/>
|country= {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|country= {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|allegiance=
|allegiance=
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In 1877, it was stationed in [[Selimiye Barracks|Selimiye]]. It was composed of:
In 1877, it was stationed in [[Selimiye Barracks|Selimiye]]. It was composed of:


*[[Infantry]]: Seven line regiments and seven rifle battalion.<ref name="Russo35">Ian Drury, Illustrated by Raffaele Ruggeri, ''The Russo-Turkish War 1877'', Men-at-Arms 277, Ospray Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1999, ISBN 1-85532-371-0, p. 35.</ref>
*[[Infantry]]: Seven line regiments and seven rifle battalion.<ref name="Russo35">Ian Drury, Illustrated by Raffaele Ruggeri, ''The Russo-Turkish War 1877'', Men-at-Arms 277, Ospray Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1999, {{ISBN|1-85532-371-0}}, p. 35.</ref>
**1st Regular Infantry Division (''Birinci Nizamiye Fırkası'')<ref name="Defeat6">Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 6.</ref>
**1st Regular Infantry Division (''Birinci Nizamiye Fırkası'')<ref name="Defeat6">Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 6.</ref>
**2nd Regular Infantry Division (''İkinci Nizamiye Fırkası'')<ref name="Defeat6"/>
**2nd Regular Infantry Division (''İkinci Nizamiye Fırkası'')<ref name="Defeat6"/>
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=== Order of Battle, 1908 ===
=== Order of Battle, 1908 ===
After the [[Young Turk Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era]] on July 3, 1908, the new government initiated a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] and the [[Bosporus]], and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions:<ref>Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003, p. 17.</ref> The First Army also had inspectorate functions for four ''Redif'' (reserve) divisions:<ref>Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 19.</ref><ref>T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, ''Balkan Harbi, 1912-1913: Harbin Sebepleri, Askerî Hazırlıklar ve Osmanlı Devletinin Harbe Girişi'', Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1970, pp. 87-90. {{Tr icon}}</ref>
After the [[Young Turk Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era]] on July 3, 1908, the new government initiated a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] and the [[Bosporus]], and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions:<ref>Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003, p. 17.</ref> The First Army also had inspectorate functions for four ''Redif'' (reserve) divisions:<ref>Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 19.</ref><ref>T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, ''Balkan Harbi, 1912-1913: Harbin Sebepleri, Askerî Hazırlıklar ve Osmanlı Devletinin Harbe Girişi'', Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1970, pp. 87-90. {{in lang|tr}}</ref>


*'''First Army''' Headquarters:
*'''First Army''' Headquarters:
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=== Order of Battle, August 1914 ===
=== Order of Battle, August 1914 ===
In August 1914, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson38">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 38.</ref>
In August 1914, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson38">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 38.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
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=== Order of Battle, November 1914 ===
=== Order of Battle, November 1914 ===
In November 1914, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson43">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 43.</ref>
In November 1914, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson43">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 43.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
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=== Order of Battle, Late April 1915 ===
=== Order of Battle, Late April 1915 ===
In Late April 1915, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson86">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 86.</ref>
In late April 1915, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson86">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 86.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
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=== Order of Battle, Late Summer 1915, January 1916 ===
=== Order of Battle, Late Summer 1915, January 1916 ===
In Late Summer 1915, January 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson109-126">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 109, 126.</ref>
In late Summer 1915, January 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson109-126">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 109, 126.</ref>


*1st Division
*1st Division
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=== Order of Battle, August 1916 ===
=== Order of Battle, August 1916 ===
In August 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson134">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 134.</ref>
In August 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson134">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 134.</ref>


*1st Cavalry Brigade
*1st Cavalry Brigade
Line 154: Line 155:


=== Order of Battle, December 1916 ===
=== Order of Battle, December 1916 ===
In December 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson154">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 154.</ref>
In December 1916, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson154">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 154.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
Line 161: Line 162:


=== Order of Battle, August 1917 ===
=== Order of Battle, August 1917 ===
In August 1917, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson170">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 170.</ref>
In August 1917, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson170">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 170.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
Line 168: Line 169:


=== Order of Battle, January 1918 ===
=== Order of Battle, January 1918 ===
In January 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson181">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 181.</ref>
In January 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson181">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 181.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
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=== Order of Battle, June 1918 ===
=== Order of Battle, June 1918 ===
In June 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson188">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 188.</ref>
In June 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson188">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 188.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
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=== Order of Battle, September 1918 ===
=== Order of Battle, September 1918 ===
In September 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson197">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 197.</ref>
In September 1918, the army was structured as follows:<ref name="Erickson197">Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-31516-7}}, p. 197.</ref>


*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
*[[I Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Corps]]
Line 194: Line 195:


=== First Army Troops Inspectorate, May 1919 ===
=== First Army Troops Inspectorate, May 1919 ===
In April 1919, [[Şevket Turgut Pasha]], [[Cevat Çobanlı|Cevat Pasha]] and [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]] hold a secret meeting in Constantinople. They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (''Üçler Misâkı'') and decided to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War [[Şakir Pasha]]. On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 105. {{Tr icon}}</ref> And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]]), the [[Yildirim Army Group#After Mudros|Yildirim Troops Inspectorate]] (stationed in Konya, [[Cemal Mersinli|Mersinli Cemal Pasha]], later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate, the [[Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros|Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate]] (stationed in Erzurum, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]], later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate ([[Nureddin Pasha]]) would be established and the [[XIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XIII Corps]] would be under the direction of the Ministry of War.<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 106. {{Tr icon}}</ref> In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows:<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 333. {{Tr icon}}</ref><ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, pp. 109-110. {{Tr icon}}</ref>
In April 1919, [[Şevket Turgut Pasha]], [[Cevat Çobanlı|Cevat Pasha]] and [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]] hold a secret meeting in Constantinople. They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (''Üçler Misâkı'') and decided to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War [[Şakir Pasha]]. On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, p. 105. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]]), the [[Yildirim Army Group#After Mudros|Yildirim Troops Inspectorate]] (stationed in Konya, [[Cemal Mersinli|Mersinli Cemal Pasha]], later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate, the [[Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros|Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate]] (stationed in Erzurum, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]], later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate ([[Nureddin Pasha]]) would be established and the [[XIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XIII Corps]] would be under the direction of the Ministry of War.<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, p. 106. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows:<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, p. 333. {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, pp. 109-110. {{in lang|tr}}</ref>


*'''First Army Troops Inspectorate''' (''Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişliği'', Constantinople, Inspector: [[Ferik (rank)|Ferik]] [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]])
*'''First Army Troops Inspectorate''' (''Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişliği'', Constantinople, Inspector: [[Ferik (rank)|Ferik]] [[Fevzi Çakmak|Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha]])
Line 230: Line 231:
* Müşir [[Osman Nuri Pasha]] (March 1878-July 12, 1880)
* Müşir [[Osman Nuri Pasha]] (March 1878-July 12, 1880)
* Müşir İsmail Hakkı Pasha (July 12, 1880 – 1881)
* Müşir İsmail Hakkı Pasha (July 12, 1880 – 1881)
* Müşir [[Mehmet Rauf Pasha]] (1881–1908)
* Müşir [[Mehmed Rauf Pasha bin Abdi Pasha]] (1881–1908)
* Ferik [[Ömer Yaver Pasha]] (August 24, 1909 – June 3, 1910)
* Ferik [[Ömer Yaver Pasha]] (August 24, 1909 – June 3, 1910)
* Ferik Zeki Pasha (June 4, 1910 – March 1, 1911)
* Ferik Zeki Pasha (June 4, 1910 – March 1, 1911)
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==External links==
==External links==
* Haşim Söylemez, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928215643/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?sectionId=239&newsId=25341 "Birinci Ordu, kıt’a dur!"], ''[[Aksiyon]]'', Sayı: 778 / Tarih: 2 Kasım 2009. {{Tr icon}}
* Haşim Söylemez, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928215643/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?sectionId=239&newsId=25341 "Birinci Ordu, kıt’a dur!"], ''[[Aksiyon]]'', Sayı: 778 / Tarih: 2 Kasım 2009. {{in lang|tr}}


{{Ottoman Forces during World War I}}
{{Ottoman Forces during World War I}}
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[[Category:Field armies of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Field armies of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 1800s]]

Latest revision as of 15:24, 21 February 2024

This article is about a field army of the Ottoman Empire. For the field army of the Republic of Turkey, see First Army (Turkey).
First Army
ActiveSeptember 6, 1843
August 5, 1914 – February 17, 1918[1]
September 24, 1918 – October 11, 1918[1]
Land Ottoman Empire
TypField Army
Garrison/HQSelimiye, Constantinople
Nickname(s)Hassa Ordusu
PatronSultans of the Ottoman Empire

The First Army or First Guards Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Birinci Ordu or Hassa Ordusu) was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the middle 19th century during Ottoman military reforms.

Formations

[edit]

Order of Battle, 1877

[edit]

In 1877, it was stationed in Selimiye. It was composed of:

  • Infantry: Seven line regiments and seven rifle battalion.[2]
    • 1st Regular Infantry Division (Birinci Nizamiye Fırkası)[3]
    • 2nd Regular Infantry Division (İkinci Nizamiye Fırkası)[3]
  • Cavalry: Five line regiments and one Cossack brigade.[2]
    • Cavalry Division (Süvari Fırkası)[3]
  • Artillery: Nine field and three horse batteries, one İhtiyat regiment.[2]
    • Artillery Division (Topçu Fırkası)[3]
  • Engineer: One sapper company, eight companies of engineers, one company of artificers.[2]
    • Engineer regiment (İstihkâm Alayı) x 2[3]

Order of Battle, 1908

[edit]

After the Young Turk Revolution and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era on July 3, 1908, the new government initiated a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was Constantinople and the Bosporus, and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions:[4] The First Army also had inspectorate functions for four Redif (reserve) divisions:[5][6]

  • First Army Headquarters:
    • 1st Infantry Division (Birinci Fırka)
    • 2nd Infantry Division (İkinci Fırka)
    • 1st Cavalry Division (Birinci Süvari Fırkası)
    • 1st Artillery Division (Birinci Topçu Fırkası)
    • Chataldja Fortified Area Command (Çatalca Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı)
  • Redif divisions of the First Army (name of the division denotes its location)
    • 1st Bursa Reserve Infantry Division (Birinci Bursa Redif Fırkası)
    • 2nd Kastamonu Reserve Infantry Division (İkinci Kastamonu Redif Fırkası)
    • 3rd Ankara Reserve Infantry Division (Üçüncü Ankara Redif Fırkası)
    • 4th Kayseri Reserve Infantry Division (Dördüncü Kayseri Redif Fırkası)

Order of Battle, 1911

[edit]

With further reorganizations of the Ottoman Army, to include the creation of corps level headquarters, by 1911 the Army was headquartered in Harbiye. The Army before the First Balkan War in 1911 was structured as such:[7]

World War I

[edit]

Commanders

[edit]

Order of Battle, August 1914

[edit]

In August 1914, the army was structured as follows:[8]

Order of Battle, November 1914

[edit]

In November 1914, the army was structured as follows:[9]

Order of Battle, Late April 1915

[edit]

In late April 1915, the army was structured as follows:[10]

  • I Corps
    • 1st Division, 2nd Division
  • II Corps
    • 4th Division, 5th Division, 6th Division
  • IV Corps
    • 10th Division, 12th Division
  • 20th Division
  • 1st Cavalry Brigade

Order of Battle, Late Summer 1915, January 1916

[edit]

In late Summer 1915, January 1916, the army was structured as follows:[11]

  • 1st Division
  • 20th Division
  • 1st Cavalry Brigade

Order of Battle, August 1916

[edit]

In August 1916, the army was structured as follows:[12]

Order of Battle, December 1916

[edit]

In December 1916, the army was structured as follows:[13]

Order of Battle, August 1917

[edit]

In August 1917, the army was structured as follows:[14]

Order of Battle, January 1918

[edit]

In January 1918, the army was structured as follows:[15]

Order of Battle, June 1918

[edit]

In June 1918, the army was structured as follows:[16]

  • I Corps
    • 42nd Division
  • 1st Cavalry Brigade
  • 25th Division

Order of Battle, September 1918

[edit]

In September 1918, the army was structured as follows:[17]

  • I Corps
    • 42nd Division
  • 1st Cavalry Brigade

After Mudros

[edit]

First Army Troops Inspectorate, May 1919

[edit]

In April 1919, Şevket Turgut Pasha, Cevat Pasha and Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha hold a secret meeting in Constantinople. They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (Üçler Misâkı) and decided to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War Şakir Pasha. On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan Mehmed VI ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff[18] And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha), the Yildirim Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Konya, Mersinli Cemal Pasha, later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate, the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Erzurum, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate (Nureddin Pasha) would be established and the XIII Corps would be under the direction of the Ministry of War.[19] In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows:[20][21]

Commanders

[edit]
  • Müşir (Field Marshal) Hasan Rıza Pasha (September 6, 1843 – February 3, 1847)
  • Müşir Mehmet Rüşdi Pasha (February 3, 1847-March 1849)
  • Müşir Mahmut Pasha (March 1849-Aug 7, 1852)
  • Müşir Mehmet Selim Pasha (August 8, 1852 – May 15, 1853, May 1855-November 1857)
  • Müşir Mehmet Reşit Pasha (September 1854-May 1855)
  • Müşir Mehmet Vasıf Pasha (November 1856-September 4, 1857, -1860)
  • Müşir Namık Pasha (July 1860-September 1861)
  • Müşir Mehmet Fuat Pasha (September 1861-June 1863)
  • Müşir Hüseyin Avni Pasha (June 1863-20 Aralık 1865)
  • Müşir Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (December 20, 1865 – June 3, 1868)
  • Müşir Ömer Lütfi Pasha (June 4, 1868 – December 3, 1869)
  • Müşir Mehmet İzzet Pasha (December 4, 1869 – August 27, 1870, January 1873-February 1873)
  • Müşir Ahmet Esat Pasha (August 27, 1870 – September 1, 1871)
  • Şehzade Yusuf İzzettin Efendi (September 1, 1871-January 1873)
  • Müşir Mehmet Redif Pasha (February 1873-June 1876)
  • Müşir Derviş İbrahim Pasha (June 1876-June 1877)
  • Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha (June 1877-March 1878)
  • Müşir Osman Nuri Pasha (March 1878-July 12, 1880)
  • Müşir İsmail Hakkı Pasha (July 12, 1880 – 1881)
  • Müşir Mehmed Rauf Pasha bin Abdi Pasha (1881–1908)
  • Ferik Ömer Yaver Pasha (August 24, 1909 – June 3, 1910)
  • Ferik Zeki Pasha (June 4, 1910 – March 1, 1911)
  • Mirliva Mahmut Şevket Pasha (March 2, 1911 – August 30, 1912)
  • Müşir Abdullah Pasha (August 31, 1912 – 1913)
  • Müşir Otto Liman von Sanders (August 3, 1914 – April 2, 1915)
  • Müşir Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz (April 2, 1915 – October 5, 1915)
  • Mirliva Mehmet Esat Pasha (October 12, 1915 – February 17, 1918)

Sources

[edit]
  1. ^ a b David Nicolle, colour plates by Rafaelle Ruggeri, The Ottoman Army 1914-18, Men-at-Arms 269, Ospray Publishing Ltd., 1994, ISBN 1-85532-412-1, p. 14.
  2. ^ a b c d Ian Drury, Illustrated by Raffaele Ruggeri, The Russo-Turkish War 1877, Men-at-Arms 277, Ospray Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1999, ISBN 1-85532-371-0, p. 35.
  3. ^ a b c d e Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 6.
  4. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003, p. 17.
  5. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 19.
  6. ^ T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Balkan Harbi, 1912-1913: Harbin Sebepleri, Askerî Hazırlıklar ve Osmanlı Devletinin Harbe Girişi, Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1970, pp. 87-90. (in Turkish)
  7. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail, The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, Westport, Praeger, 2003, pp. 371-375.
  8. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 38.
  9. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 43.
  10. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 86.
  11. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 109, 126.
  12. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 134.
  13. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 154.
  14. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 170.
  15. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 181.
  16. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 188.
  17. ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 197.
  18. ^ Zekeriya Türkmen, Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 105. (in Turkish)
  19. ^ Zekeriya Türkmen, Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 106. (in Turkish)
  20. ^ Zekeriya Türkmen, Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 333. (in Turkish)
  21. ^ Zekeriya Türkmen, Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8, pp. 109-110. (in Turkish)
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