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{{Year dab|1677}}
{{Year dab|1677}}
{{Year nav|1677}}
{{Year nav|1677}}
[[File:Battle of Tirups Hed-Johan Philip Lemke.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[July 14]]: At the [[Battle of Landskrona]], [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]] of Sweden leads defense of kingdom from invasion force from [[Denmark]]'s [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].]]
{{C17 year in topic|Sumith=0782978349}}
{{C17 year in topic|Sumith=0782978349}}
[[File:Battle of Tirups Hed-Johan Philip Lemke.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[July 14]]: [[Battle of Landskrona]]]]
{{Year article header|1677}}
{{Year article header|1677}}


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* [[January 1]] – [[Jean Racine]]'s [[tragedy]] ''[[Phèdre]]'' is first performed, in Paris.
* [[January 1]] – [[Jean Racine]]'s [[tragedy]] ''[[Phèdre]]'' is first performed, in Paris.
* [[January 21]] – The first medical publication in America (a pamphlet on smallpox) is produced in [[Boston]].
* [[January 21]] – The first medical publication in America (a pamphlet on smallpox) is produced in [[Boston]].
* [[February 15]] – Four members of the English [[House of Lords]] embarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the "[[Cavalier Parliament]]" by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it hadn't met in more than a year. The [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], backed by [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]], [[James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] and [[Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton|Baron Wharton]], makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session. When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].
* [[February 15]] – Four members of the English [[House of Lords]] embarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the "[[Cavalier Parliament]]" by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it had not met in more than a year. The [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], backed by [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]], [[James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] and [[Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton|Baron Wharton]], makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session. When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].
* [[February 26]] –
* [[February 26]]
** The first arrests are made in the case that will develop into the "[[Affair of the Poisons]]" in France, as [[Magdelaine de La Grange]] and her accused accomplice, Father Nail, are detained on suspicion of poisoning her lover, a Messr. Faurie.<ref>"The Women of the Bastille", anonymous excerpt from ''Memoires Historiques et Authentiques sur la Bastille'' (1789), in ''New Monthly Magazine'' (April 1864) p. 435</ref> While in prison in the Bastille and awaiting trial Mademoiselle La Grange writes letters accusing other persons of carrying out murders by poison as well.
** The first arrests are made in the case that will develop into the "[[Affair of the Poisons]]" in France, as [[Magdelaine de La Grange]] and her accused accomplice, Father Nail, are detained on suspicion of poisoning her lover, a Messr. Faurie.<ref>"The Women of the Bastille", anonymous excerpt from ''Memoires Historiques et Authentiques sur la Bastille'' (1789), in ''New Monthly Magazine'' (April 1864) p. 435</ref> While in prison in the Bastille and awaiting trial Mademoiselle La Grange writes letters accusing other persons of carrying out murders by poison as well.
** On the Indonesian island of [[Java]], [[Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] agrees to bring his kingdom under the protection of the [[Dutch East India Company]] to drive out rebels.
** On the Indonesian island of [[Java]], [[Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] agrees to bring his kingdom under the protection of the [[Dutch East India Company]] to drive out rebels.
* [[February 28]] – During the [[Franco-Dutch War]], the [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)|Siege of Valenciennes]] by the French Army begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now Belgium). The city surrenders on March 17.
* [[February 28]] – During the [[Franco-Dutch War]], the [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)|Siege of Valenciennes]] by the French Army begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (modern-day Belgium). The city surrenders on March 17.
* [[March 17]] – [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77)]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] ends with surrender of the town to the French.
* [[March 17]] – [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77)]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] ends with surrender of the town to the French.


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* [[April 6]] – [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] visits the [[University of Innsbruck]].
* [[April 6]] – [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] visits the [[University of Innsbruck]].
* [[April 11]] – [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Battle of Cassel]] – A French force under [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], defeats a combined Dutch-Spanish force under [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in [[French Flanders]].
* [[April 11]] – [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Battle of Cassel]] – A French force under [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], defeats a combined Dutch-Spanish force under [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in [[French Flanders]].
* [[April 16]] – The ''[[Statute of Frauds]]'' is passed into English law.
* [[April 16]] – The [[Statute of Frauds]] is passed into English law.
* [[May 29]] – The [[Treaty of 1677|Treaty of Middle Plantation]] establishes peace between the [[Virginia]] [[colonist]]s and the local [[Native American (U.S.)|Indians]].
* [[May 29]] – The [[Treaty of 1677|Treaty of Middle Plantation]] establishes peace between the [[Virginia]] [[colonist]]s and the local [[Native American (U.S.)|Indians]].
* [[May 31]] – [[Scanian War]]: [[Battle of Møn]] – [[Denmark|Danish]] ships clash with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] fleet under [[Niels Juel]], between [[Fehmarn]] and [[Warnemünde]]; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.
* [[May 31]] – [[Scanian War]]: [[Battle of Møn]] – [[Denmark|Danish]] ships clash with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] fleet under [[Niels Juel]], between [[Fehmarn]] and [[Warnemünde]]; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.
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=== July–September ===
=== July–September ===
* [[July 14]] – In the [[Battle of Landskrona]] in southern Sweden, [[Sweden]] and its 13,000 troops under the command of [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]] successfully repel a 12,000-man invasion force from [[Denmark]] commanded by [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].
* [[July 14]] – [[Battle of Landskrona]]: [[Sweden]] and its 13,000 troops, under the command of [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]], successfully repel a 12,000-man invasion force from [[Denmark]], commanded by [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[William III of England|William of Orange]], the leader of the [[Dutch Republic]], is forced to end the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) city of [[Charleroi]] after six days.<ref>Olaf van Nimwegen, ''The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688'' (Boydell Press, 2010) p. 504</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[William III of England|William of Orange]], the leader of the [[Dutch Republic]], is forced to end the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) city of [[Charleroi]] after six days.<ref>Olaf van Nimwegen, ''The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688'' (Boydell Press, 2010) p. 504</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; During [[Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)|war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire]], Russian troops led by [[Grigory Romodanovsky]] and Ukrainian Cossacks led by [[Ivan Samoylovych]] arrive at the besieged Ukrainian city of [[Chyhyryn|Chigirin]] (now Chyhyryn) and inflict heavy casualties on the encamped Turkish and Tatar troops.<ref>Ian Grey, ''The Romanovs'' (New Word City, 1970)</ref> Ibrahim Pasha, leader of the 45,000 member Ottoman force, retreats the next day and, by the time of the relief of Chigirin on September 5, the Ottoman Army has lost 20,000 men. Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], outraged by the defeat, sends 200,000 troops the following year and destroys the city.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; During [[Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)|war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire]], Russian troops led by [[Grigory Romodanovsky]] and Ukrainian Cossacks led by [[Ivan Samoylovych]] arrive at the besieged Ukrainian city of [[Chyhyryn|Chigirin]] (modern-day Chyhyryn) and inflict heavy casualties on the encamped Turkish and Tatar troops.<ref>Ian Grey, ''The Romanovs'' (New Word City, 1970)</ref> Ibrahim Pasha, leader of the 45,000 member Ottoman force, retreats the next day and, by the time of the relief of Chigirin on September 5, the Ottoman Army has lost 20,000 men. Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], outraged by the defeat, sends 200,000 troops the following year and destroys the city.
* [[August]] – The French guild of the ''[[Maitresses bouquetieres]]'' is founded in Paris.
* [[August]] – The French guild of the ''[[Maitresses bouquetieres]]'' is founded in Paris.
* [[September 10]] – [[Henry Purcell]] is appointed a musician to the court of [[Charles II of England]].
* [[September 17]] – Troops from [[Denmark]] invade and capture the Swedish island of [[Rügen]] and drive out the local population. Five months later, on January 18, 1678, Sweden recaptures the island. Nine months later, troops from Denmark and Brandenburg invade for a third time and capture the island again on October 22, 1678. Eight months later, Denmark is given the island back under a [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|treaty ending the Swedish-Brandenburg War]] on June 29, but by then, the island of Rügen is in ruins. The island is now a vacation resort of Germany.
* [[September 17]] – Troops from [[Denmark]] invade and capture the Swedish island of [[Rügen]] and drive out the local population. Five months later, on January 18, 1678, Sweden recaptures the island. Nine months later, troops from Denmark and Brandenburg invade for a third time and capture the island again on October 22, 1678. Eight months later, Denmark is given the island back under a [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|treaty ending the Swedish-Brandenburg War]] on June 29, but by then, the island of Rügen is in ruins. In modern times, the island becomes a vacation resort in Germany.
* [[September 18]] – [[Kangxi Emperor|Emperor Kangxi]] of China grants titles and ranks to all of his wives, and names [[Empress Xiaozhaoren]] as his consort.
* [[September 18]] – the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of China grants titles and ranks to all of his wives, and names [[Empress Xiaozhaoren]] as his consort.


=== October–December ===
=== October–December ===
* [[October 29]] – [[Michel le Tellier]] becomes Chancellor of France.
* [[October 29]] – [[Michel le Tellier]] becomes Chancellor of France.
* [[November 4]] – The future [[Mary II of England]] marries [[William III of England|William of Orange]].
* [[November 4]] – The future [[Mary II of England]] marries [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in London.
* [[November 16]] – [[France|French]] troops occupy [[Freiburg]].
* [[November 16]] – [[France|French]] troops occupy [[Freiburg]].
* [[December 7]] &ndash; Father [[Louis Hennepin]] of Belgium, exploring North America, becomes the earliest known European person to discover [[Niagara Falls]], and the first to report its existence. In his book ''A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America'', published in 1698, Hennepin writes "Betwixt the lakes Ontario and Eire there is a vast prodigious Cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, inasmuch that the Universe does not afford its parallel."<ref>"Hennepin at Niagara", by Eleanor Clapp Waltz, in ''Beeson's Marine Directory of the Northwestern Lakes'' (H. C. Beeson, 1910) pp. 169-170</ref>
* [[December 7]] &ndash; Father [[Louis Hennepin]] of Belgium, exploring North America, becomes the earliest known European person to discover [[Niagara Falls]], and the first to report its existence. In his book ''A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America'', published in 1698, Hennepin writes "Betwixt the lakes Ontario and Eire there is a vast prodigious Cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, inasmuch that the Universe does not afford its parallel."<ref>"Hennepin at Niagara", by Eleanor Clapp Waltz, in ''Beeson's Marine Directory of the Northwestern Lakes'' (H. C. Beeson, 1910) pp. 169-170</ref>
* [[December 9]] – The French Navy, led by [[Charles de Courbon de Blénac]] with a land force of 950 men, lands at the Caribbean island of [[Tobago]], lays siege to the Dutch fort defending the territory during the [[Franco-Dutch War]], and destroys the structure when it fires a cannon overlooking the fort, striking the gunpowder arsenal. The explosion kills 250 of the defenders, including Dutch Admiral [[Jacob Binckes]] and 16 officers. Combined with the sinking of four ships of the Netherlands Navy, the victory at Tobago ends Dutch military power in the Antilles.
* [[December 9]] – The French Navy, led by [[Charles de Courbon de Blénac]] with a land force of 950 men, lands at the Caribbean island of [[Tobago]], lays siege to the Dutch fort defending the territory during the [[Franco-Dutch War]], and destroys the structure when it fires a cannon overlooking the fort, striking the gunpowder arsenal. The explosion kills 250 of the defenders, including Dutch Admiral [[Jacob Binckes]] and 16 officers. Combined with the sinking of four ships of the Netherlands Navy, the victory at Tobago ends Dutch military power in the Antilles.
* [[December 15]] – The Siege of Stettin (now the Polish city of [[Szczecin]] but, at the time, a possession of Sweden) ends after almost five months with Sweden's surrender of the city to Prussia's [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]]. The siege, part of the [[Scanian War]], had begun on June 25.
* [[December 15]] – The Siege of Stettin (the modern-day Polish city of [[Szczecin]] but, at this time, a possession of Sweden) ends after almost five months with Sweden's surrender of the city to Prussia's [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]]. The siege, part of the [[Scanian War]], had begun on June 25.


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* The [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Second London Baptist Confession of Faith]] is written (published in [[1689]]).
* The [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Second London Baptist Confession of Faith]] is written (published in [[1689]]).
* A [[Megalosaurus]] femur is found in England marking it the first dinosaur fossil found even though they were found for millennia beforehand. But the interest in [[Paleontology]] wouldn’t be for another 140 years.
* [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]'s ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'' (''Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata'') is published as part of his ''[[Opera Posthuma]]'' in [[Amsterdam]].
* [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]'s ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'' (''Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata'') is published as part of his ''[[Opera Posthuma]]'' in [[Amsterdam]].
* [[Elias Ashmole]] gifts the collection that begins the [[Ashmolean Museum]] to the [[University of Oxford]] in England.
* [[Elias Ashmole]] gifts the collection that begins the [[Ashmolean Museum]] to the [[University of Oxford]] in England.
* [[Charles II of England]] makes [[Henry Purcell]] his court musician.
* [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] begins ''la place Vendôme'' in [[Paris]] (it is completed in [[1698]]).
* [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] begins ''la place Vendôme'' in [[Paris]] (it is completed in [[1698]]).
* [[Francis Aungier, 1st Earl of Longford|Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford]], is created 1st [[Earl of Longford]] in the [[Peerage of Ireland]].
* [[Francis Aungier, 1st Earl of Longford|Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford]], is created 1st [[Earl of Longford]] in the [[Peerage of Ireland]].
* [[The John Roan School]] is established in [[Greenwich]], London.
* [[The John Roan School]] is established in [[Greenwich]], London.
* Belgian missionary [[Louis Hennepin]] observes and describes the [[Niagara Falls]], thus bringing them to the attention of Europeans.
* Belgian missionary [[Louis Hennepin]] observes and describes the [[Niagara Falls]], thus bringing them to the attention of Europeans.
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] gives a complete solution to the [[tangent problem]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kreyszig|first=Erwin|title=Differential Geometry|isbn=978-0-486-66721-8|date=June 1991}}</ref>
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] gives a complete solution to the [[tangent problem]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kreyszig|first=Erwin|title=Differential Geometry|isbn=978-0-486-66721-8|date=June 1991|publisher=Courier Corporation }}</ref>
* [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] observes [[spermatozoa]] under the [[microscope]].
* [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] observes [[spermatozoa]] under the [[microscope]].
* The use of [[Erectile dysfunction#History|male impotence]] is ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings.
* The use of [[Erectile dysfunction#History|male impotence]] is ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings.
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[[File:Françoise-Marie de Bourbon in 1700; Duchess of Chartres.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Françoise Marie de Bourbon]]]]
[[File:Françoise-Marie de Bourbon in 1700; Duchess of Chartres.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Françoise Marie de Bourbon]]]]
[[File:Stanis%C5%82aw Leszczy%C5%84ski par Girardet.PNG|thumbnail|110px|King [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]]]
[[File:Stanis%C5%82aw Leszczy%C5%84ski par Girardet.PNG|thumbnail|110px|King [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]]]
[[File:Li chingYuen.jpeg|thumb|120px|[[Li Ching-Yuen]]]]
* [[February 3]] – [[Jan Santini Aichel]], Czech architect (d. [[1723]])
* [[February 3]] – [[Jan Santini Aichel]], Czech architect (d. [[1723]])
* [[February 4]] – [[Johann Ludwig Bach]], German composer (d. [[1731]])
* [[February 4]] – [[Johann Ludwig Bach]], German composer (d. [[1731]])
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* ''date unknown''
* ''date unknown''
**William Dummer, acting Governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (d. [[1761]])
**William Dummer, acting Governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (d. [[1761]])
**[[Li Ching-Yuen]], Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor (d. [[1933]]) (claimed)


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
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* [[November 11]]
* [[November 11]]
** [[Johann Weikhard of Auersperg]], Austrian prime minister (b. [[1615]])
** [[Johann Weikhard of Auersperg]], Austrian prime minister (b. [[1615]])
** [[Barbara Strozzi]], Italian singer and composer (d. [[1619]])
** [[Barbara Strozzi]], Italian singer and composer (b. [[1619]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Matthias Abele]], Austrian jurist, mine official (b. [[1618]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Matthias Abele]], Austrian jurist, mine official (b. [[1618]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk]], English noble (b. [[1627]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk]], English noble (b. [[1627]])

Revision as of 17:49, 2 March 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
July 14: At the Battle of Landskrona, King Charles XI of Sweden leads defense of kingdom from invasion force from Denmark's King Christian V.
1677 by topic
Arts and science
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
1677 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1677
MDCLXXVII
Ab urbe condita2430
Armenian calendar1126
ԹՎ ՌՃԻԶ
Assyrian calendar6427
Balinese saka calendar1598–1599
Bengali calendar1084
Berber calendar2627
English Regnal year28 Cha. 2 – 29 Cha. 2
Buddhist calendar2221
Burmese calendar1039
Byzantine calendar7185–7186
Chinese calendar丙辰年 (Fire Dragon)
4374 or 4167
    — to —
丁巳年 (Fire Snake)
4375 or 4168
Coptic calendar1393–1394
Discordian calendar2843
Ethiopian calendar1669–1670
Hebrew calendar5437–5438
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1733–1734
 - Shaka Samvat1598–1599
 - Kali Yuga4777–4778
Holocene calendar11677
Igbo calendar677–678
Iranian calendar1055–1056
Islamic calendar1087–1088
Japanese calendarEnpō 5
(延宝５年)
Javanese calendar1599–1600
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar4010
Minguo calendar235 before ROC
民前235年
Nanakshahi calendar209
Thai solar calendar2219–2220
Tibetan calendar阳火龙年
(male Fire-Dragon)
1803 or 1422 or 650
    — to —
阴火蛇年
(female Fire-Snake)
1804 or 1423 or 651

1677 (MDCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1677th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 677th year of the 2nd millennium, the 77th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1677, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

  • October 29 – Michel le Tellier becomes Chancellor of France.
  • November 4 – The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange in London.
  • November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
  • December 7 – Father Louis Hennepin of Belgium, exploring North America, becomes the earliest known European person to discover Niagara Falls, and the first to report its existence. In his book A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America, published in 1698, Hennepin writes "Betwixt the lakes Ontario and Eire there is a vast prodigious Cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, inasmuch that the Universe does not afford its parallel."[4]
  • December 9 – The French Navy, led by Charles de Courbon de Blénac with a land force of 950 men, lands at the Caribbean island of Tobago, lays siege to the Dutch fort defending the territory during the Franco-Dutch War, and destroys the structure when it fires a cannon overlooking the fort, striking the gunpowder arsenal. The explosion kills 250 of the defenders, including Dutch Admiral Jacob Binckes and 16 officers. Combined with the sinking of four ships of the Netherlands Navy, the victory at Tobago ends Dutch military power in the Antilles.
  • December 15 – The Siege of Stettin (the modern-day Polish city of Szczecin but, at this time, a possession of Sweden) ends after almost five months with Sweden's surrender of the city to Prussia's Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. The siege, part of the Scanian War, had begun on June 25.

Date unknown

Births

Françoise Marie de Bourbon
King Stanisław Leszczyński

Deaths

Baruch Spinoza
Barbara Strozzi

References

  1. ^ "The Women of the Bastille", anonymous excerpt from Memoires Historiques et Authentiques sur la Bastille (1789), in New Monthly Magazine (April 1864) p. 435
  2. ^ Olaf van Nimwegen, The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688 (Boydell Press, 2010) p. 504
  3. ^ Ian Grey, The Romanovs (New Word City, 1970)
  4. ^ "Hennepin at Niagara", by Eleanor Clapp Waltz, in Beeson's Marine Directory of the Northwestern Lakes (H. C. Beeson, 1910) pp. 169-170
  5. ^ Kreyszig, Erwin (June 1991). Differential Geometry. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-66721-8.
  6. ^ Grun, Bernard (1991). The Timetables of History: A Horizontal Linkage of People and Events. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 308–309. OL 1756160M. Ice cream becomes popular as dessert in Paris.
  7. ^ Wiep van Bunge; Henri Krop; Piet Steenbakkers (July 31, 2014). The Bloomsbury Companion to Spinoza. A&C Black. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4725-2760-8.
  8. ^ Oechslin, Werner (1972). "BUONAMICI, Francesco". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 15. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020.
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