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{{Short description|Architectural structure with four arches and a dome}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2019}}
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'''Chartaq''' ({{lang-fa|چارطاق}}), '''chahartaq''' ({{lang|fa|چهارطاق}}), '''chartaqi''' ({{lang|fa|چارطاقی}}), or '''chahartaqi''' ({{lang|fa|چهارطاقی}}),<ref>Also [[transliteration of Persian|transliterated]] with ''gh'' instead of ''q''.</ref> literally meaning "having four arches", is an architectural unit consisted of four [[barrel vault]]s and a [[dome]].
{| style="float:right; class="infobox"
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'''Chartaq''' ({{lang-fa|چارطاق}}), '''chahartaq''' ({{lang|fa|چهارطاق}}), '''chartaqi''' ({{lang|fa|چارطاقی}}), or '''chahartaqi''' ({{lang|fa|چهارطاقی}}),<ref>Also [[transliteration of Persian|transliterated]] with ''gh'' instead of ''q''.</ref> literally meaning "having four arches" in Persian language, is an architectural unit consisted of four [[barrel vault]]s and a [[dome]].


==History==
==History==
Chartaqi was a prominent element in [[Iranian architecture]], having various functions and used in both secular and religious contexts for 1,500 years, with the first instance apparently being developed in [[Firuzabad, Fars|Gor]] (Firuzabad), Pars, in 210s AD by [[Ardashir I]]. The biggest instance of chahartaq is that of the so-called Palace of Shapur I at [[Bishapur]], also in Pars. Many pre-Islamic chahartaqs have been survived, but they are usually just the sole surviving structure of a much bigger complex. The structure was adopted in [[Islamic architecture]].<ref name=iranica>Dietrich Huff, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cahartaq "ČAHĀRṬĀQ"], ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', December 15, 1990</ref>
Chartaqi was a prominent element in [[Iranian architecture]], having various functions and used in both secular and religious contexts for 1,500 years, with the first instance apparently being developed in the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] city of [[Firuzabad, Fars|Gor]] (Firuzabad) in 210s AD by King [[Ardashir I]]. The biggest instance of chahartaq is that of the so-called Palace of [[Shapur I]] at [[Bishapur]], also in Pars. Many pre-Islamic chahartaqs have survived, but they are usually just the sole surviving structure of a much bigger complex. The chahartaq structure was adopted in [[Islamic architecture]].<ref name=iranica>Dietrich Huff, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cahartaq "ČAHĀRṬĀQ"], ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', December 15, 1990</ref>


A related concept is ''čahārqāpū'' ({{lang|fa|چهارقاپو}}).<ref name=iranica />
A related concept is ''čahārqāpū'' ({{lang|fa|چهارقاپو}}).<ref name=iranica />


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
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File:Baze Hoor fire temple.jpg|[[Baze Hoor fire temple]], Arsacid period
File:Zahak Fortress.jpg|Chahartaqi of the [[Zahhak Castle]], Arsacid period
File:Zahak Fortress.jpg|Chahartaqi of the [[Zahhak Castle]], Arsacid period
File:Niasar_Fire_Temple.jpg|[[Chartaqi of Neyasar]] at [[Neyasar]], Kashan, Iran. Late [[Parthian Empire|Arsacid]]<br> or early Sassanian era. It is one of the few intact chartaqis.
File:Niasar Fire Temple.jpg|[[Chartaqi of Neyasar]] at [[Neyasar]], Kashan, Iran. Late [[Parthian Empire|Arsacid]]<br> or early Sassanian era. It is one of the few intact chartaqis.
File:ChaharTaqi-KheirAbad Darafsh (4).jpg|[[Chahartaqi of Kheirabad]], Sassanian period
File:ChaharTaqi-KheirAbad Darafsh (4).jpg|[[Chahartaqi of Kheirabad]], Sassanian period
File:Old exterior view Sassanid Chahartaghi Sarab.jpg|Chahartaq in Sarab, East Azerbaijan Province. Sassanian period
File:Old exterior view Sassanid Chahartaghi Sarab.jpg|Chahartaq in Sarab, East Azerbaijan Province. Sassanian period
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File:Atashkadeh (fireplace).jpg|[[Fire Temple of Amol]]
File:Atashkadeh (fireplace).jpg|[[Fire Temple of Amol]]
File:Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg|[[Bahram fire temple]]
File:Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg|[[Bahram fire temple]]
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File:Baze Hoor fire temple1.jpg|[[Baze Hoor Fire Temple]]
File:Chartaghi Karchan.jpg|Chartaqi of Karchan
File:Chartaghi Karchan.jpg|Chartaqi of Karchan
File:Chartaqi of Konar Siyah چهارطاقی کنارسیاه - panoramio.jpg|Chahartaqi of Konarsiyah
File:Chartaqi of Konar Siyah چهارطاقی کنارسیاه - panoramio.jpg|Chahartaqi of Konarsiyah
File:Harpak Fire Temple in Abyaneh (reconstruction).PNG|Chartaq on top of the [[Harpak fire temple]] in [[Abyaneh]]
File:Harpak Fire Temple in Abyaneh (reconstruction).PNG|Chartaq on top of the [[Harpak fire temple]] in [[Abyaneh]]
File:Mausoleum in the vicinity of Isfahan by Eugène Flandin.jpg|A chahartaq as a small mausoleum, with a grave inside, near [[Isfahan]], 1840 drawing by [[Eugène Flandin]]
File:Mausoleum in the vicinity of Isfahan by Eugène Flandin.jpg|A chahartaq as a small mausoleum, with a grave inside, near [[Isfahan]], 1840 drawing by [[Eugène Flandin]]
File:Samanid Mausoleum.jpg|[[Samanid Mausoleum]]
File:Tomb of Sheikh Yoosof Sarvestani.jpg|A chahartaq as a small mausoleum: Tomb of Sheikh Yusef Sarvestani, [[Fars Province]]
File:Sultan Sanjar mausoleum.jpg|[[Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar]]
File:Fountain_Ibn_Tulun_Mosque.jpg|Sabil [[wudu|ablution]] fountain at [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]], Cairo, Egypt
File:Fountain Ibn Tulun Mosque.jpg|Sabil [[wudu|ablution]] fountain at [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]], Cairo, Egypt
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File:Sultanhani-jries.jpg|"Kiosk-mosque" at [[Sultan Han]] caravanserai, Turkey (Seljuq period)
File:Barid Shahi tombs.jpg|Tomb of Ali Barid [[Ali Barid Shah I|Ali barid Shah]], Bidar, India
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File:Yerevan, Surb Grigor Lusavorich Church6.JPG|[[Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan|Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral]], Yerevan, Armenia
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File:Sultanhani-jries.jpg|"Kiosk-mosque" at [[Sultan Han]] caravanserai, Turkey (Seljuq period) ''(see also [[Tetrapylon]])''
File:Hauz Shamsi pavilion (3701675184).jpg|Part of the [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]], a water storage reservoir built by [[Iltutmish]] of the [[Slave Dynasty]] in 1230
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File:Yerevan, Yerevan Cathedral, Chahartaq, Armenia.jpg|[[Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan|Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral]], Yerevan, Armenia
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Contemporary architecture==
==Contemporary architecture==
The main plan of the [[Azadi Tower]] in Tehran is said to be influences by the architecture of chartaqis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bonyadroudaki.com/PContent.aspx?id=22&&lang=fa-IR|title=بنیادفرهنگی هنری رودکی|website=Bonyadroudaki.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chidaneh.com/ideabooks/life-style/travel-design/38834|title=Freedom Tower, the gateway to Iranian civilization and art|website=Chidaneh.com|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref>
The main plan of the post-modern [[Azadi Tower]] in Tehran is said to be influenced by the architecture of chartaqis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bonyadroudaki.com/PContent.aspx?id=22&&lang=fa-IR|title=بنیادفرهنگی هنری رودکی|website=Bonyadroudaki.com|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chidaneh.com/ideabooks/life-style/travel-design/38834|title=Freedom Tower, the gateway to Iranian civilization and art|website=Chidaneh.com|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
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{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Chartaque]]
* [[Chartaque]]
* [[Chhatri]]
* [[Fire temple]]
* [[Fire temple]]
* [[Iwan]]
* [[Iwan]]
* [[Pavilion]]
* [[Pavilion]]
* [[Kiosk]]
* [[Tetrapylon]]
* [[Tetrapylon]]
* [[Triumphal arch]]
* [[Triumphal arch]]
Line 54: Line 54:


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{commons category|Chahartaqs}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
{{commons category|Chahartaqs}}
{{Iranian architecture}}
{{Iranian architecture}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{Islamic architecture}}


[[Category:Domes]]
[[Category:Domes]]
[[Category:Architecture of Iran]]
[[Category:Architecture in Iran]]
[[Category:Sasanian architecture]]
[[Category:Sasanian architecture]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Arches and vaults]]
[[Category:Arches and vaults]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]

Latest revision as of 10:23, 6 March 2024

Chartaq (Persian: چارطاق), chahartaq (چهارطاق), chartaqi (چارطاقی), or chahartaqi (چهارطاقی),[1] literally meaning "having four arches", is an architectural unit consisted of four barrel vaults and a dome.

History

[edit]

Chartaqi was a prominent element in Iranian architecture, having various functions and used in both secular and religious contexts for 1,500 years, with the first instance apparently being developed in the Sasanian city of Gor (Firuzabad) in 210s AD by King Ardashir I. The biggest instance of chahartaq is that of the so-called Palace of Shapur I at Bishapur, also in Pars. Many pre-Islamic chahartaqs have survived, but they are usually just the sole surviving structure of a much bigger complex. The chahartaq structure was adopted in Islamic architecture.[2]

A related concept is čahārqāpū (چهارقاپو).[2]

Contemporary architecture

[edit]

The main plan of the post-modern Azadi Tower in Tehran is said to be influenced by the architecture of chartaqis.[3][4]

  • Azadi Tower
    Azadi Tower
  • Monument of Molla Hossein Kashefi, Sabzevar, built in 1974. The post-modern design has incorporated the concepts of chahartaqi and iwans.
    Monument of Molla Hossein Kashefi, Sabzevar, built in 1974.
    The post-modern design has incorporated the concepts
    of chahartaqi and iwans.
  • Scholars Pavilion (the Scholars Chartagi) in Vienna, a chahartaqi with elements from the architecture of Persepolis
    Scholars Pavilion (the Scholars Chartagi) in Vienna, a
    chahartaqi with elements from the architecture of Persepolis
  • A sample of modern Islamic architecture - The mosque of international conferences center - Isfahan
    A sample of modern Islamic architecture - The mosque of international conferences center - Isfahan

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chahartaqs.
  1. ^ Also transliterated with gh instead of q.
  2. ^ a b Dietrich Huff, "ČAHĀRṬĀQ", Encyclopaedia Iranica, December 15, 1990
  3. ^ "بنیادفرهنگی هنری رودکی". Bonyadroudaki.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Freedom Tower, the gateway to Iranian civilization and art". Chidaneh.com. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
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