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{{Short description|Genus of cycads in the family Zamiaceae}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, insbesondere seiner tropischen Gebiete - Grundzge der Pflanzenverbreitung im Afrika und die Charakterpflanzen Afrikas (1910) (20752115510).jpg
| name = ''Encephalartos''
| image_caption = a) habit of female ''[[Encephalartos hildebrandtii|E. hildebrandtii]]''<br />b) [[strobilus|seed cone]] of the same, and<br /> c) seed cone of ''[[Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]''
| image = Encephalartos lebomboensis - Lebombo cycad - desc-fruiting stalk.jpg
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image_width = 300px
| display_parents = 3
| image_caption = Female ''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis|E. lebomboensis]]'' in cultivation
| parent_authority = Benth. & Hook.f.
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| taxon = Encephalartos
| divisio = [[Cycad]]ophyta
| authority = [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]
| classis = [[Cycad]]opsida
| ordo = [[Cycad]]ales
| familia = [[Zamiaceae]]
| genus = '''''Encephalartos'''''
| genus_authority = [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]
| range_map = Encephalartos_distribution.png
| range_map = Encephalartos_distribution.png
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#03C03C|geographical distribution of genus|outline=gray}}
| range_map_width = 320px
| range_map_caption = Geographical distribution of genus ''Encephalartos''
| type_species =''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]
}} __NOTOC__
| status = CITES_A1
'''''Encephalartos''''' is a genus of [[cycad]] native to [[Africa]]. Several species of ''Encephalartos'' are commonly referred to as '''bread trees''',<ref name=sae1>{{cite web |quote = bread tree ''n. phr.'' |title = A Dictionary of South African English |date=1996 |url=http://www.dsae.co.za/#!/word/1253/bread%20tree,%20n.%20phr. |website=Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) |publisher=Oxford University Press (UK) & Associated Institute of Rhodes University |accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref> '''bread palms'''<ref name=sae2>{{cite web |quote = bread palm ''n. phr.'' | title=A Dictionary of South African English |date=1996 |url=http://www.dsae.co.za/#!/search/xref/e01252 |website=Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) |publisher=Oxford University Press (UK) & Associated Institute of Rhodes University |accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref> or '''kaffir bread''',<ref name=sae3>{{cite web | quote = breadfruit ''n.'' |title=A Dictionary of South African English |date=1996 |url=http://www.dsae.co.za/#!/search/xref/e01251 |website=Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) |publisher=Oxford University Press (UK) & Associated Institute of Rhodes University |accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref> since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''en'' (within), ''kephali'' (head), and ''artos'' (bread), referring to the use of the [[pith]] to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living [[gymnosperms]].
| status_system = CITES
}}


'''''Encephalartos''''' is a genus of [[cycad]] native to Africa. Several species of ''Encephalartos'' are commonly referred to as '''bread trees''',<ref name=sae1>{{cite web |title=Bread tree, n. phr.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/bread-tree/e01253}}</ref> '''bread palms'''<ref name=sae2>{{cite web |title=Bread palm, n. phr.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/bread-palm/e01252}}</ref> or '''kaffir bread''',<ref name=sae3>{{cite web |title=Kaffir-bread, n.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/kaffir-bread/e03584}}</ref> since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''en'' (within), ''kephalē'' (head), and ''artos'' (bread), referring to the use of the [[pith]] to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living [[gymnosperms]].
All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and [[muti|traditional medicine]] gatherers.<ref name=tsmp>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ernst |last2=Lötter |first2=Mervyn |last3=McCleland |first3=Warren |title=Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park |date=2002 |publisher=Jacana |location=Johannesburg |isbn=9781919777306 |pages=46}}</ref> The whole genus is listed under [[CITES Appendix I]] / EU Annex A. CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.

All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and [[muti|traditional medicine]] gatherers.<ref name=tsmp>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ernst |last2=Lötter |first2=Mervyn |last3=McCleland |first3=Warren |title=Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park |date=2002 |publisher=Jacana |location=Johannesburg |isbn=9781919777306 |pages=46}}</ref> The whole genus is listed under [[CITES Appendix I]] which prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.


==Description==
==Description==
Several of the species possess stout trunks. In ''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius|E. cycadifolius]]'', the main trunks are up to {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, and several of them may be united at a base where a former main trunk once grew. The persistent, pinnate leaves are arranged in a terminal spreading crown, or ascending. The rigid leaflets are variously spiny or incised along their margins.
Several of the species possess stout trunks. In ''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius|E. cycadifolius]]'', the main trunks are up to {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, and several of them may be united at a base where a former main trunk once grew. The persistent, pinnate leaves are arranged in a terminal spreading crown, or ascending. The rigid leaflets are variously spiny or incised along their margins. The leaflets have a number of parallel veins and no central vein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treesa.org/encephalartos-natalensis/ |title=''Encephalartos natalensis'' |publisher=TreeSA |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> The chromosome count is 2n=18.


===Cones===
===Cones===
Line 31: Line 31:
==Food value==
==Food value==
===Human consumption===
===Human consumption===
In several species the pith of the trunk contains a copious amount of high quality starch below the crown. This was formerly cut out by native people as food. [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]] recorded around 1772 that the [[Hottentot]]s removed the stem's pith at the crown and buried it wrapped in animal skin<ref name = Palgrave/> for about two months, after which they recovered it for kneading into bread,<ref name = Smith>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Christo Albertyn | title = Common Names of South African Plants | publisher = The Government Printer | series = Botanical Survey Memoir | volume = 35 | edition = | location = Pretoria | year = 1966 | pages = 179, 264 | isbn = | mr = | zbl = }}</ref> whence the vernacular name "broodboom" (i.e. bread tree). The burial of the pith apparently facilitated its fermentation and softening,<ref name = Smith/> and the dough was lightly roasted over a coal fire.<ref name=db>{{cite news|last=Van Bart |first=Martiens |title=Kirstenbosch kweek nou ook broodbome vir die publiek |url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1987/05/16/3/13.html |accessdate=21 January 2013|newspaper=Die Burger |date=16 May 1987}}</ref> In 1779 [[William Paterson (explorer)|Paterson]] likewise found that the pith of a "large palm" near [[King William's Town]] was utilised by the Africans and Hottentots as bread. The pith was removed and left till sourish, before it was kneaded into bread.<ref name = Smith/><ref name = Paterson>{{Citation | last = Paterson | first = William | author-link = William Paterson (explorer) | title = A Narrative of four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, in 1777-79 | journal = | volume = | pages = | year = 1789 }}</ref>
In several species the pith of the trunk contains a copious amount of high quality starch below the crown. This was formerly cut out by native people as food. [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]] recorded around 1772 that the [[Khoikhoi|Hottentot]]s removed the stem's pith at the crown and buried it wrapped in animal skin<ref name = Palgrave/> for about two months, after which they recovered it for kneading into bread,<ref name = Smith>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Christo Albertyn | title = Common Names of South African Plants | publisher = The Government Printer | series = Botanical Survey Memoir | volume = 35 | location = Pretoria | year = 1966 | pages = 179, 264 }}</ref> whence the vernacular name "broodboom" (i.e. bread tree). The burial of the pith apparently facilitated its fermentation and softening,<ref name = Smith/> and the dough was lightly roasted over a coal fire.<ref name=db>{{cite news|last=Van Bart |first=Martiens |title=Kirstenbosch kweek nou ook broodbome vir die publiek |url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1987/05/16/3/13.html |access-date=21 January 2013 |newspaper=Die Burger |date=16 May 1987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729225440/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1987/05/16/3/13.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1779 [[William Paterson (explorer)|Paterson]] likewise found that the pith of a "large palm" near [[King William's Town]] was utilised by the Africans and Hottentots as bread. The pith was removed and left till sourish, before it was kneaded into bread.<ref name = Smith/><ref name = Paterson>{{Citation | last = Paterson | first = William | author-link = William Paterson (explorer) | title = A Narrative of four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, in 1777-79 | year = 1789 }}</ref>


===Animal food===
===Animal food===
Their large seeds consist of an often poisonous kernel covered by an edible fleshy layer.<ref name=Palgrave>{{cite book | last = Palgrave | first = K.C. | title = Trees of Southern Africa | publisher = Struik | location = Cape Town | year = 1984 | page = 43 | isbn = 0-86977-081-0}}</ref> Female cones are consequently destroyed by [[baboon]]s, as they relish the pith around the seeds.<ref name = Smith/> [[Vervet monkey|Monkeys]], rodents and birds also feed on the seeds, but due to their unpredictable toxic qualities they are not recommended for human consumption.<ref name = Palgrave/>
Their large seeds consist of an often poisonous kernel covered by an edible fleshy layer.<ref name=Palgrave>{{cite book | last = Palgrave | first = K.C. | title = Trees of Southern Africa | publisher = Struik | location = Cape Town | year = 1984 | page = 43 | isbn = 0-86977-081-0}}</ref> Female cones are consequently destroyed by [[baboon]]s, as they relish the pith around the seeds.<ref name = Smith/> [[Vervet monkey]]s, rodents and birds also feed on the seeds, but due to their unpredictable toxic qualities they are not recommended for human consumption.<ref name = Palgrave/>


===Insects===
===Insects===
The early larval instars of some [[aposematic]], day-flying [[Geometer moth|looper moth]]s are specific to cycads, and genus ''Encephalartos'' is one of their food plants.<ref name=don>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=J. S. |last2=Basenberg |first2=J. D. |title=Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) |journal=African Entomology |date=1995 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=103-110 |url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/AJA10213589_82http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/AJA10213589_82 |accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> They include the [[Zerenopsis lepida|leopard magpie]] (most ''Encephalartos'' spp., other cycads, etc.), [[Callioratus millari|Millar's tiger]] (cultivated ''[[Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]''), [[Callioratus abraxas|dimorphic tiger]] (cycads under forest canopy), [[Veniliodes pantheraria|spotted tigerlet]] (''E. villosus''), [[Veniliodes inflammata|inflamed tigerlet]] (''E. villosus''), [[Veniliodes|Staude's tigerlet]] (''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus|E. ngoyanus]]'', cultivated ''E. villosus'' and ''[[Stangeria]]'') and [[Ascotis reciprocaria|pallid grey]] (''[[Encephalartos natalensis|E. natalensis]]'').<ref name=cooper>{{cite book |last1=Cooper|first1=Michael Robert |last2=Goode|first2=Douglas |title=The cycads and cycad moths of Kwazulu-Natal |date=2004 |publisher=Peroniceras Press |location=New Germany [South Africa] |isbn=062031978X |pages=76-93 |accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref>
The early larval instars of some [[aposematic]], day-flying [[Geometer moth|looper moth]]s are specific to cycads, and genus ''Encephalartos'' is one of their food plants.<ref name=don>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=J. S. |last2=Basenberg |first2=J. D. |title=Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) |journal=African Entomology |date=1995 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/AJA10213589_82 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> They include the [[Zerenopsis lepida|leopard magpie]] (most ''Encephalartos'' spp., other cycads, etc.), [[Callioratus millari|Millar's tiger]] (cultivated ''[[Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]''), [[Callioratus abraxas|dimorphic tiger]] (cycads under forest canopy), [[Veniliodes pantheraria|spotted tigerlet]] (''E. villosus''), [[Veniliodes inflammata|inflamed tigerlet]] (''E. villosus''), [[Veniliodes|Staude's tigerlet]] (''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus|E. ngoyanus]]'', cultivated ''E. villosus'' and ''[[Stangeria]]'') and [[Ascotis reciprocaria|pallid grey]] (''[[Encephalartos natalensis|E. natalensis]]'').<ref name=cooper>{{cite book |last1=Cooper|first1=Michael Robert |last2=Goode|first2=Douglas |title=The cycads and cycad moths of Kwazulu-Natal |date=2004 |publisher=Peroniceras Press |location=New Germany [South Africa] |isbn=062031978X |pages=76–93 }}</ref>


In cultivation various scale insects attack the leaves of the genus. These include [[Aulacaspis yasumatsui|cycad aulacaspis scale]], [[Furchadaspis zamiae|zamia scale]] and [[Hemiberlesia lataniae|latania scale]].<ref name=mil>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Douglass R. |last2=Davidson |first2=John A. |title=Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs: (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)|date=2005 |publisher=Cornell university press |location=Ithaca (N.Y.) |isbn=0801442796 |page=425}}</ref>
In cultivation various scale insects attack the leaves of the genus. These include [[Aulacaspis yasumatsui|cycad aulacaspis scale]], [[Furchadaspis zamiae|zamia scale]] and [[Hemiberlesia lataniae|latania scale]].<ref name=mil>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Douglass R. |last2=Davidson |first2=John A. |title=Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs: (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)|date=2005 |publisher=Cornell university press |location=Ithaca (N.Y.) |isbn=0801442796 |page=425}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The genus was named by German botanist [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann]] in 1834. All cycads except ''[[Cycas]]'' had been regarded as members of the genus ''[[Zamia]]'' until then, and some botanists continued to follow this line for many years after Lehmann had separated ''Encephalartos'' as a separate genus. His concept was originally much broader than the one accepted today, including also the Australian plants we now know as ''[[Macrozamia]]'' and ''[[Lepidozamia]]''.<ref name=Plantzafrica>{{cite web|title=''Encephalartos woodii'' Sander|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/encephwoodii.htm|date=May 2002|author=Alice Notten|publisher= Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden and South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=2006-11-16}}</ref>
The genus was named by German botanist [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann]] in 1834. All cycads except ''[[Cycas]]'' had been regarded as members of the genus ''[[Zamia]]'' until then, and some botanists continued to follow this line for many years after Lehmann had separated ''Encephalartos'' as a separate genus. His concept was originally much broader than the one accepted today, including also the Australian plants we now know as ''[[Macrozamia]]'' and ''[[Lepidozamia]]''.<ref name=Plantzafrica>{{cite web|title=''Encephalartos woodii'' Sander|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/encephwoodii.htm|date=May 2002|author=Alice Notten|publisher=Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden and South African National Biodiversity Institute|access-date=2006-11-16|archive-date=2006-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016180523/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/encephwoodii.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Species==
===Species===
{| class="wikitable"
[[File:Encephalartos sclavoi reproductive cone.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Reproductive cone of ''[[Encephalartos sclavoi|E. sclavoi]]''.]]
|-
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
! colspan=1 |Phylogeny of ''Encephalartos''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= |s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>
# ''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]''
|-
# ''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''
| style="vertical-align:top|
# ''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]''
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
# ''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]''
|1={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos barteri]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos gratus|E. gratus]]'' <small>Prain</small> (Mulanje cycad)
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos bubalinus]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos caffer]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos humilis|E. humilis]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Dwarf cycad)
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos calsloanii]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos concinnus|E. concinnus]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Runde cycad)
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos chimanimaniensis]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos concinnus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos pterogonus|E. pterogonus]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Toothed-cone cycad)
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos relictus|E. relictus]]'' <small>Hurter</small>
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos delucanus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos transvenosus|E. transvenosus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Modjadji's palm)
# ''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos trispinosus|E. trispinosus]]'' <small>(Hooker 1861) Dyer</small> (Bushman's River cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos equatorialis]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos ferox]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos marunguensis|E. marunguensis]]'' <small>Devred</small> (Marungu cycad)
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus|E. brevifoliolatus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Escarpment cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos gratus]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos striatus|E. striatus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small>
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos hildebrandtii]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos septentrionalis|E. septentrionalis]]'' <small>Schweinfurth ex Eichler</small> (Nile cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos horridus]]''
|1={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos humilis]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos hirsutus|E. hirsutus]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Venda cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos kanga|E. kanga]]'' <small>Pócs & Luke</small> (Mnanasi pori<!--i.e. "wild pineapple" in Swahili-->)
# ''[[Encephalartos ituriensis]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos kisambo]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]''
|1={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos arenarius|E. arenarius]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Alexandria/dune cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]''
# ''[[Encephalartos laurentianus]]''
|2=''[[Encephalartos laurentianus|E. laurentianus]]'' <small>De Wild.</small> (Kwango giant cycad)
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus|E. paucidentatus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Barberton cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos mackenziei]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos turneri|E. turneri]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Turner's cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos macrostrobilus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos manikensis]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos munchii|E. munchii]]'' <small> Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Munch's cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos marunguensis]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos caffer|E. caffer]]'' <small>(Thunberg 1775) Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape dwarf cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos munchii]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos macrostrobilus|E. macrostrobilus]]'' <small>Scott Jones & Wynants</small>
# ''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]''
|1={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos horridus|E. horridus]]'' <small>(Von Jacquin) Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape blue cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos poggei]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos lehmannii|E. lehmannii]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Karroo cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos pterogonus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]'' <small>Lemaire</small> (Poor man's cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos relictus]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos schaijesii]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos msinganus|E. msinganus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Msinga cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos schmitzii]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos sclavoi]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos natalensis|E. natalensis]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Natal giant cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]''
|2=''[[Encephalartos woodii|E. woodii]]'' <small>Sander</small> (Wood´s cycad)
# ''[[Encephalartos septentrionalis]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos tegulaneus]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos turneri]]''
}}
# ''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos villosus]]''
|1=''[[Encephalartos longifolius|E. longifolius]]'' <small>(von Jacquin) Lehmann</small> (Thunberg's cycad, Broodboom)
# ''[[Encephalartos whitelockii]]''
|2={{clade
# ''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''
|1={{clade
{{div col end}}
|1=''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi|E. friderici-guilielmi]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (White-haired cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii|E. ghellinckii]]'' <small>Lemaire</small> (Drakensberg cycad)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos chimanimaniensis|E. chimanimaniensis]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Chimanimani cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos sclavoi|E. sclavoi]]'' <small>De Luca, Stevenson & Moretti</small> (Sclavo's cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos equatorialis|E. equatorialis]]'' <small>Hurter</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos ituriensis|E. ituriensis]]'' <small>Bamps & Lisowski</small> (Ituri Forest cycad)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos dyerianus|E. dyerianus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Lillie cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus|E. nubimontanus]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Blue cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos cupidus|E. cupidus]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Blyde River cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus|E. dolomiticus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Wolkberg cycad)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii|E. eugene-maraisii]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Waterberg cycad, Bergpalm)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos tegulaneus|E. tegulaneus]]'' <small>Melville</small> (Kenyan giant cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos delucanus|E. delucanus]]'' <small>Malaisse, Sclavo & Crosiers</small>
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos hildebrandtii|E. hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Braun & Bouché</small> (Mombasa cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos schmitzii|E. schmitzii]]'' <small>Malaisse</small> (Schmitz's cycad)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos kisambo|E. kisambo]]'' <small>Faden & Beentje</small> (Voi cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos whitelockii|E. whitelockii]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Uganda giant cycad)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos barteri|E. barteri]]'' <small>Carruthers ex Miquel</small> (West African cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius|E. cycadifolius]]'' <small>(von Jacquin 1803) Lehmann</small> (Winterberg cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos inopinus|E. inopinus]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Lydenburg cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos laevifolius|E. laevifolius]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Kaapsehoop cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos lanatus|E. lanatus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Olifants River cycad)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos latifrons|E. latifrons]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Albany cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos manikensis|E. manikensis]]'' <small>(Gilliland 1938) Gilliland</small> (Gorongowe cycad)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos altensteinii|E. altensteinii]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis|E. middelburgensis]]'' <small>Vorster, Robbertse & S.van der Westh.</small> (Middelburg cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos aemulans|E. aemulans]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Ngotshe cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos princeps|E. princeps]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Kei cycad)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos bubalinus|E. bubalinus]]'' <small>Melville</small> (Lake Natron cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos ferox|E. ferox]]'' <small>Bertoloni</small> (Maputaland cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis|E. umbeluziensis]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Umbeluzi cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos senticosus|E. senticosus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Jozini cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus|E. ngoyanus]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Ngoye cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos heenanii|E. heenanii]]'' <small> Dyer</small> (Woolly cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos cerinus|E. cerinus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Waxen cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos poggei|E. poggei]]'' <small>Ascherson</small> (Kananga cycad)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Encephalartos aplanatus|E. aplanatus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Vorster's cycad)
|2=''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis|E. lebomboensis]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Lebombo cycad)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Leaves !! Scientific name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos aemulans furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos aemulans 1zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' ||[[KwaZulu-Natal]] Province in South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos altensteinii, habitus, Pretoria.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos Altensteinii.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]'' ||[[Eastern Cape]] and south-western KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos aplanatus furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]''||north-eastern Eswatini, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 0237 hunt07mar.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos arenarius 1zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos barteri furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos barteri furnas 2015 (03).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos barteri]]'' ||central [[Nigeria]] (near [[Tokkos]], [[Plateau State]]), [[Nigeria]] (between [[Jebba]] and [[Ilorin]]), [[Benin]] ([[Borgou Department]] and near [[Savalou]]), [[Ghana]] ([[Volta River]] watershed), [[Togo]]
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Transvaal, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos bubalinus RBGK.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos bubalinus]]'' ||northern Tanzania and southern Kenya
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos caffer.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cerinus 5zz.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos cerinus 4zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Buffelsrivier Valley of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos chimanimaniensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Encephalartos chimanimaniensis]]'' || Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos concinnus 5zz.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos concinnus 4zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos concinnus]]'' || Zimbabwe (Gwanda, Matabeleland South; Mberengwa, Midlands; Runde, Masvingo)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cupidus KirstenboshBotGard09292010A.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos cupidus KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' || [[Limpopo]] Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cycadifolius - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08067.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Winterberg Mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos delucanus]]'' ||Rukwa Region of western Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos dolomiticus, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]'' ||Wolkberg, southeastern Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
||| || ''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' ||northern Transvaal area, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos equatorialis-IMG 9655.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos equatorialis]]'' ||Thurston Bay, Lake Victoria, Uganda
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos eugene-maraisii, met keëls, e, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos eugene-maraisii furnas 2015 (02).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ferox (2943652983).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos ferox01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' ||south-eastern coast of Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi, habitus, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi furnas 2015 (02).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]'' || Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ghellinckii02.jpg|120px]] || [[File:Encephalartos ghellinckii00a.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal and northern Transkei, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos gratus -female cones (9696404689).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos gratus furnas 2015 (02).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos gratus]]'' || Malawi (Mulanje District) and Mozambique ([[Zambezia Province]], [[Chiraba River]] and [[Navene River]] area, [[Mount Namuli]], near [[Derre]], [[Morrumbala]], and [[Namarroi]])
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]'' || north of Eswatini and [[Mpumalanga]] Province in South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos hildebrandtii 4zz.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos hildebrandtii A. Braun et Bouché - list.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos hildebrandtii]]'' || Kenya and Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos hirsutus-IMG 9648.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos hirsutus-IMG 8805.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos horridus - Villa Thuret - DSC04830.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos Horridus in Prague Botanical Garden DSC 0075.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Mpumalanga, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos inopinus, a, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos inopinus 1zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ituriensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos ituriensis]]''|| Ituri forest area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos kisambo kz2.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos kisambo furnas 2015 (02).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos kisambo]]'' || Kenya and Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos laevifolius, habitus, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lanatus, vier manlike keëls, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]'' ||Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos latifrons KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos laurentianus kz3.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos laurentianus-Jardin botanique Meise (10).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos laurentianus]]'' ||northern Angola and southern Congo (Zaire)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lebomboensis RBGK.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' ||Lebombo Mountains of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lehmannii hd.JPG|120px]] || ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos longifolius02.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos mackenziei]]'' ||Didinga Hills of Namorunyang State, South Sudan
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos macrostrobilus]]'' || Moyo District, northwestern Uganda
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos manikensis, habitus, Laeveld NBT.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos manikensis furnas 2015 (03).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos manikensis]]'' || Mozambique and Zimbabwe
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos marunguensis]]'' || Democratic Republic of the Congo (in the Marungu Mountains and on Muhila plateau) and Tanzania (about 100&nbsp;km west of Marungu)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos middelburgensis05.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos middelburgensis01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||[[Gauteng]] and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos msinganus furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos msinganus 6zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos munchii]]'' ||central Mozambique
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos natalensis KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Thousand Hills Cycad (Encephalartos natalensis) 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]'' || Qumbu and Tabankulu areas of the northern part of the Eastern Cape, and through most of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ngoyanus en los invernaderos centrales del Jardín Botánico de Córdoba.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos ngoyanus 2zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye Forest, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos nubimontanus furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos nubimontanus furnas 2015 (03).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' || Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos paucidentatus furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos paucidentatus furnas 2015 (03).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||near Barberton in Mpumalanga Province, and near Piggs Peak in northwestern Eswatini, in South Africa
|-
| |||| ''[[Encephalartos poggei]]'' ||DRC (Kasai Occidental, Shaba Province), Angola (Lunda Sul Province)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos princeps, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos princeps 2zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos pterogonus 3zz.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos pterogonus furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos pterogonus]]'' ||Manica Province of Mozambique
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' || Eswatini, South Africa
|-
| |||| ''[[Encephalartos schaijesii]]'' ||near Kolwezi in Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
| || || ''[[Encephalartos schmitzii]]'' ||Luapula River watershed, in Democratic Republic of the Congo (on the extreme south of the Kundelungu plateau, Shaba Province) and in Zambia (along the Muchinga escarpment in Luapula and Northern provinces). A subpopulation is also found in North-Western Province, Zambia, to the east of Solwezi
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos sclavoi 2zz.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos sclavoi]]'' ||Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos senticosus, habitus, Walter Sisulu NBT.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Lebombo Mountains of Mozambique, Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos septentrionalis 0zz.jpg|120px]] |||| ''[[Encephalartos septentrionalis]]'' ||South Sudan, northern Uganda, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos tegulaneus 3zz.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos tegulaneus 5zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos tegulaneus]]'' ||Eastern Province near Embu and on the Matthews Range in Rift Valley Province, Kenya
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos transvenosus, habitus, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos travenosus furnas 2015 (02).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos trispinosus - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00777.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos turneri.jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos turneri furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos turneri]]'' ||Nampula, Mazambique.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos umbeluziensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Mozambique and Eswatini
|-
|[[File:Poor Man's Cycad (Encephalartos villosus) (45818958554).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos villosus Lehm. - listy.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' || East London vicinity and Eswatini, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos whitelockii 4zz.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Encephalartos whitelockii]]'' ||Uganda (Kabarole District)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos woodii original stem Durban Botanic Gardens 04 09 2010.JPG|120px]] ||[[File:Encephalartos woodii medium shade leaf 12 09 2010.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''|| KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
|-
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 119: Line 387:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Encephalartos}}
{{Commons category|Encephalartos}}
{{wikispecies|Encephalartos}}
{{Wikispecies|Encephalartos}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Kaffir Bread}}
{{EB1911 poster|Kaffir Bread}}
*[http://www.wild-about-you.com/AfricaCycads.htm List of African Cycads]
*[http://www.wild-about-you.com/AfricaCycads.htm List of African Cycads]
*[http://www.cycadsociety.org Cycad Society of South Africa]
*[http://www.cycadsociety.org Cycad Society of South Africa]
*[http://kantongsemar.nicetopics.com/zamiaceae-c19 Indonesia Cycads Forum]
*[http://kantongsemar.nicetopics.com/zamiaceae-c19 Indonesia Cycads Forum]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Plant classification}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q947957}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Encephalartos|*]]
[[Category:Encephalartos| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Cycads]]

Latest revision as of 15:33, 8 March 2024

Encephalartos
a) habit of female E. hildebrandtii
b) seed cone of the same, and
c) seed cone of E. villosus
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Cycadophyta
Class: Cycadopsida
Order: Cycadales
Family: Zamiaceae
Subfamily: Encephalartoideae
Tribe: Encephalarteae
Subtribe: Encephalartinae
Benth. & Hook.f.
Genus: Encephalartos
Lehm.
Type species
Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi
     geographical distribution of genus

Encephalartos is a genus of cycad native to Africa. Several species of Encephalartos are commonly referred to as bread trees,[2] bread palms[3] or kaffir bread,[4] since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from the Greek words en (within), kephalē (head), and artos (bread), referring to the use of the pith to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living gymnosperms.

All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and traditional medicine gatherers.[5] The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I which prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.

Description

[edit]

Several of the species possess stout trunks. In E. cycadifolius, the main trunks are up to 10 feet (3.0 m) high, and several of them may be united at a base where a former main trunk once grew. The persistent, pinnate leaves are arranged in a terminal spreading crown, or ascending. The rigid leaflets are variously spiny or incised along their margins. The leaflets have a number of parallel veins and no central vein.[6] The chromosome count is 2n=18.

Cones

[edit]

Male cones are elongated, and three or four may appear at a time. Female cones are borne singly, or up to three at a time, and may weigh up to 60 pounds (27 kg). In some species, male cones with ripe pollen emit a nauseating odour. When the pollen has been shed and the males cones decay, a strong odour of acetic acid has also been noted.[7]

Roots

[edit]

Colonies of the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme occur in apparent symbiosis inside the root tissue,[7] while the rootlets produce root tubercles at ground level which harbour a mycorrhizal fungus of uncertain function,[7] which is however suspected to facilitate the capturing of nitrogen from the air.[8]

Food value

[edit]

Human consumption

[edit]

In several species the pith of the trunk contains a copious amount of high quality starch below the crown. This was formerly cut out by native people as food. Thunberg recorded around 1772 that the Hottentots removed the stem's pith at the crown and buried it wrapped in animal skin[8] for about two months, after which they recovered it for kneading into bread,[7] whence the vernacular name "broodboom" (i.e. bread tree). The burial of the pith apparently facilitated its fermentation and softening,[7] and the dough was lightly roasted over a coal fire.[9] In 1779 Paterson likewise found that the pith of a "large palm" near King William's Town was utilised by the Africans and Hottentots as bread. The pith was removed and left till sourish, before it was kneaded into bread.[7][10]

Animal food

[edit]

Their large seeds consist of an often poisonous kernel covered by an edible fleshy layer.[8] Female cones are consequently destroyed by baboons, as they relish the pith around the seeds.[7] Vervet monkeys, rodents and birds also feed on the seeds, but due to their unpredictable toxic qualities they are not recommended for human consumption.[8]

Insects

[edit]

The early larval instars of some aposematic, day-flying looper moths are specific to cycads, and genus Encephalartos is one of their food plants.[11] They include the leopard magpie (most Encephalartos spp., other cycads, etc.), Millar's tiger (cultivated E. villosus), dimorphic tiger (cycads under forest canopy), spotted tigerlet (E. villosus), inflamed tigerlet (E. villosus), Staude's tigerlet (E. ngoyanus, cultivated E. villosus and Stangeria) and pallid grey (E. natalensis).[12]

In cultivation various scale insects attack the leaves of the genus. These include cycad aulacaspis scale, zamia scale and latania scale.[13]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus was named by German botanist Johann Georg Christian Lehmann in 1834. All cycads except Cycas had been regarded as members of the genus Zamia until then, and some botanists continued to follow this line for many years after Lehmann had separated Encephalartos as a separate genus. His concept was originally much broader than the one accepted today, including also the Australian plants we now know as Macrozamia and Lepidozamia.[14]

Species

[edit]
Phylogeny of Encephalartos[15][16]

E. gratus Prain (Mulanje cycad)

E. humilis Verd. (Dwarf cycad)

E. concinnus Dyer & Verdoorn (Runde cycad)

E. pterogonus Dyer & Verdoorn (Toothed-cone cycad)

E. relictus Hurter

E. transvenosus Stapf & Burtt Davy (Modjadji's palm)

E. trispinosus (Hooker 1861) Dyer (Bushman's River cycad)

E. marunguensis Devred (Marungu cycad)

E. brevifoliolatus Vorster (Escarpment cycad)

E. striatus Stapf & Burtt Davy

E. septentrionalis Schweinfurth ex Eichler (Nile cycad)

E. hirsutus Hurter (Venda cycad)

E. kanga Pócs & Luke (Mnanasi pori)

E. arenarius Dyer (Alexandria/dune cycad)

E. laurentianus De Wild. (Kwango giant cycad)

E. paucidentatus Stapf & Burtt Davy (Barberton cycad)

E. turneri Lavranos & Goode (Turner's cycad)

E. munchii Dyer & Verdoorn (Munch's cycad)

E. caffer (Thunberg 1775) Lehmann (Eastern Cape dwarf cycad)

E. macrostrobilus Scott Jones & Wynants

E. horridus (Von Jacquin) Lehmann (Eastern Cape blue cycad)

E. lehmannii Lehmann (Karroo cycad)

E. villosus Lemaire (Poor man's cycad)

E. msinganus Vorster (Msinga cycad)

E. natalensis Dyer & Verdoorn (Natal giant cycad)

E. woodii Sander (Wood´s cycad)

E. longifolius (von Jacquin) Lehmann (Thunberg's cycad, Broodboom)

E. friderici-guilielmi Lehmann (White-haired cycad)

E. ghellinckii Lemaire (Drakensberg cycad)

E. chimanimaniensis Dyer & Verdoorn (Chimanimani cycad)

E. sclavoi De Luca, Stevenson & Moretti (Sclavo's cycad)

E. equatorialis Hurter

E. ituriensis Bamps & Lisowski (Ituri Forest cycad)

E. dyerianus Lavranos & Goode (Lillie cycad)

E. nubimontanus Hurter (Blue cycad)

E. cupidus Dyer (Blyde River cycad)

E. dolomiticus Lavranos & Goode (Wolkberg cycad)

E. eugene-maraisii Verd. (Waterberg cycad, Bergpalm)

E. tegulaneus Melville (Kenyan giant cycad)

E. delucanus Malaisse, Sclavo & Crosiers

E. hildebrandtii Braun & Bouché (Mombasa cycad)

E. schmitzii Malaisse (Schmitz's cycad)

E. kisambo Faden & Beentje (Voi cycad)

E. whitelockii Hurter (Uganda giant cycad)

E. barteri Carruthers ex Miquel (West African cycad)

E. cycadifolius (von Jacquin 1803) Lehmann (Winterberg cycad)

E. inopinus Dyer (Lydenburg cycad)

E. laevifolius Stapf & Burtt Davy (Kaapsehoop cycad)

E. lanatus Stapf & Burtt Davy (Olifants River cycad)

E. latifrons Lehmann (Albany cycad)

E. manikensis (Gilliland 1938) Gilliland (Gorongowe cycad)

E. altensteinii Lehmann (Eastern Cape cycad)

E. middelburgensis Vorster, Robbertse & S.van der Westh. (Middelburg cycad)

E. aemulans Vorster (Ngotshe cycad)

E. princeps Dyer (Kei cycad)

E. bubalinus Melville (Lake Natron cycad)

E. ferox Bertoloni (Maputaland cycad)

E. umbeluziensis Dyer (Umbeluzi cycad)

E. senticosus Vorster (Jozini cycad)

E. ngoyanus Verd. (Ngoye cycad)

E. heenanii Dyer (Woolly cycad)

E. cerinus Lavranos & Goode (Waxen cycad)

E. poggei Ascherson (Kananga cycad)

E. aplanatus Vorster (Vorster's cycad)

E. lebomboensis Verd. (Lebombo cycad)

Image Leaves Scientific name Distribution
Encephalartos aemulans KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa
Encephalartos altensteinii Eastern Cape and south-western KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
Encephalartos aplanatus north-eastern Eswatini, South Africa
Encephalartos arenarius Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos barteri central Nigeria (near Tokkos, Plateau State), Nigeria (between Jebba and Ilorin), Benin (Borgou Department and near Savalou), Ghana (Volta River watershed), Togo
Encephalartos brevifoliolatus Transvaal, South Africa
Encephalartos bubalinus northern Tanzania and southern Kenya
Encephalartos caffer Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Encephalartos cerinus Buffelsrivier Valley of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Encephalartos chimanimaniensis Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe
Encephalartos concinnus Zimbabwe (Gwanda, Matabeleland South; Mberengwa, Midlands; Runde, Masvingo)
Encephalartos cupidus Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos cycadifolius Winterberg Mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos delucanus Rukwa Region of western Tanzania
Encephalartos dolomiticus Wolkberg, southeastern Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos dyerianus northern Transvaal area, South Africa
Encephalartos equatorialis Thurston Bay, Lake Victoria, Uganda
Encephalartos eugene-maraisii Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos ferox south-eastern coast of Africa
Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
Encephalartos ghellinckii KwaZulu-Natal and northern Transkei, South Africa
Encephalartos gratus Malawi (Mulanje District) and Mozambique (Zambezia Province, Chiraba River and Navene River area, Mount Namuli, near Derre, Morrumbala, and Namarroi)
Encephalartos heenanii north of Eswatini and Mpumalanga Province in South Africa
Encephalartos hildebrandtii Kenya and Tanzania
Encephalartos hirsutus Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos horridus Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos humilis Mpumalanga, South Africa
Encephalartos inopinus Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos ituriensis Ituri forest area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Encephalartos kisambo Kenya and Tanzania
Encephalartos laevifolius KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa
Encephalartos lanatus Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
Encephalartos latifrons Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos laurentianus northern Angola and southern Congo (Zaire)
Encephalartos lebomboensis Lebombo Mountains of South Africa
Encephalartos lehmannii Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos longifolius Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos mackenziei Didinga Hills of Namorunyang State, South Sudan
Encephalartos macrostrobilus Moyo District, northwestern Uganda
Encephalartos manikensis Mozambique and Zimbabwe
Encephalartos marunguensis Democratic Republic of the Congo (in the Marungu Mountains and on Muhila plateau) and Tanzania (about 100 km west of Marungu)
Encephalartos middelburgensis Gauteng and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa
Encephalartos msinganus KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
Encephalartos munchii central Mozambique
Encephalartos natalensis Qumbu and Tabankulu areas of the northern part of the Eastern Cape, and through most of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Encephalartos ngoyanus Ngoye Forest, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Encephalartos nubimontanus Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos paucidentatus near Barberton in Mpumalanga Province, and near Piggs Peak in northwestern Eswatini, in South Africa
Encephalartos poggei DRC (Kasai Occidental, Shaba Province), Angola (Lunda Sul Province)
Encephalartos princeps Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Encephalartos pterogonus Manica Province of Mozambique
Encephalartos relictus Eswatini, South Africa
Encephalartos schaijesii near Kolwezi in Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Encephalartos schmitzii Luapula River watershed, in Democratic Republic of the Congo (on the extreme south of the Kundelungu plateau, Shaba Province) and in Zambia (along the Muchinga escarpment in Luapula and Northern provinces). A subpopulation is also found in North-Western Province, Zambia, to the east of Solwezi
Encephalartos sclavoi Tanzania
Encephalartos senticosus Lebombo Mountains of Mozambique, Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa.
Encephalartos septentrionalis South Sudan, northern Uganda, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Encephalartos tegulaneus Eastern Province near Embu and on the Matthews Range in Rift Valley Province, Kenya
Encephalartos transvenosus Limpopo Province, South Africa
Encephalartos trispinosus Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Encephalartos turneri Nampula, Mazambique.
Encephalartos umbeluziensis Mozambique and Eswatini
Encephalartos villosus East London vicinity and Eswatini, South Africa
Encephalartos whitelockii Uganda (Kabarole District)
Encephalartos woodii KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  2. ^ "Bread tree, n. phr". Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English. 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Bread palm, n. phr". Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English. 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Kaffir-bread, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English. 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  5. ^ Schmidt, Ernst; Lötter, Mervyn; McCleland, Warren (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Johannesburg: Jacana. p. 46. ISBN 9781919777306.
  6. ^ "Encephalartos natalensis". TreeSA. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Christo Albertyn (1966). Common Names of South African Plants. Botanical Survey Memoir. Vol. 35. Pretoria: The Government Printer. pp. 179, 264.
  8. ^ a b c d Palgrave, K.C. (1984). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. p. 43. ISBN 0-86977-081-0.
  9. ^ Van Bart, Martiens (16 May 1987). "Kirstenbosch kweek nou ook broodbome vir die publiek". Die Burger. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  10. ^ Paterson, William (1789), A Narrative of four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, in 1777-79
  11. ^ Donaldson, J. S.; Basenberg, J. D. (1995). "Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)". African Entomology. 3 (2): 103–110. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  12. ^ Cooper, Michael Robert; Goode, Douglas (2004). The cycads and cycad moths of Kwazulu-Natal. New Germany [South Africa]: Peroniceras Press. pp. 76–93. ISBN 062031978X.
  13. ^ Miller, Douglass R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs: (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell university press. p. 425. ISBN 0801442796.
  14. ^ Alice Notten (May 2002). "Encephalartos woodii Sander". Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden and South African National Biodiversity Institute. Archived from the original on 2006-10-16. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  15. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
  16. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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