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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{For|other uses of "grayling"|Grayling (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]] to Present <ref>{{cite journal
| name = ''Thymallus''
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]] to Present <ref>{{cite journal
| last = Sepkoski
| last = Sepkoski
| first = Jack
| first = Jack
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera
| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera
| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology
| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology
| volume = 364
| volume = 364
| issue =
|page=560
| pages = p.560
| publisher =
| location =
| year = 2002
| year = 2002
| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
| access-date = 2008-01-07 }}</ref>
| doi =
| image = Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus arcticus.jpg
| id =
| image_upright = 1.1
| accessdate = 2008-01-07 }}</ref>
| image = Arctic grayling.jpg
| image_caption = Arctic grayling (''[[Thymallus arcticus]]'')
| display_parents = 2
| image_width = 250px
| parent_authority = Gill, 1885
| image_caption = [[Arctic grayling]] (''T. arcticus arcticus'')
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Thymallus
| authority = [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Linck]], 1790
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| type_species = ''[[Thymallus thymallus]]''
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| ordo = [[Salmoniformes]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| familia = [[Salmonidae]]
| subdivision = See text
| subfamilia = '''Thymallinae'''
| genus = '''''Thymallus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Johann Heinrich Linck|Linck]], 1790
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
<center>''(see text)''</center>
}}
}}


'''''Thymallus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[freshwater]] [[fish]] in the [[salmon]] [[family (biology)|family]] (family [[Salmonidae]]) of [[order (biology)|order]] [[Salmoniformes]]; it is the only genus of [[subfamily]] '''Thymallinae'''. The [[type species]] is ''T. thymallus,'' the [[grayling (species)|grayling]]. The genus's five distinct [[species]] are generically called '''graylings''', but without qualification this also refers specifically to ''T. thymallus.''
'''''Thymallus''''' or '''graylings''' is a [[genus]] of [[freshwater fish|freshwater]] [[salmonid]] [[ray-finned fish]] ([[family (biology)|family]] [[Salmonidae]]) and the only genus within the [[subfamily]] '''Thymallinae'''. Although all ''Thymallus'' species can be generically called graylings, without specific qualification the term "grayling" typically refers to the [[type species]] ''[[Thymallus thymallus]]'', the [[European grayling]].


==Name==
The fishes of this genus are native to the northern parts of the [[Palearctic]] and [[Nearctic]] [[ecozone]]s, ranging from the [[United Kingdom]] and northern [[Europe]] across [[Eurasia]] to [[Siberia]], as well as northern [[North America]]. ''T. thymallus,'' the grayling proper, is widespread in Europe, and ''T. arcticus arcticus,'' the Arctic grayling, is widespread throughout Eurasia east of the [[Ural Mountains]] and in the Nearctic. The other species and ''T. arcticus'' [[subspecies]] have more localized ranges.
The name of the genus ''Thymallus'' first given to grayling (''T. thymallus'') described in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758 edition of ''Systema Naturae'']] by Swedish zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] originates from the
faint smell of the herb [[thyme]], which emanates from the flesh. ''Thymallus'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] θύμαλλος, "thyme smell".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/8072/1/119_Ingram.pdf |title=The Ecology and Management of the European Grayling ''Thymallus thymallus'' (Linnaeus) |author1=Ingram, A. |author2=Ibbotson, A. |author3=Gallagher, M. |publisher=Institute of Freshwater Ecology |location=East Stoke, Wareham, U.K. |access-date=2014-02-27 |page=3}}</ref>
{{clear|left}}


== Species ==
The ''Thymallus'' species are distinguished from other members of the [[salmon]] family by their larger scales, their small mouths with [[teeth]] on the [[maxillary]] bone, and most striking of all, their showy, sail-like [[dorsal fin]]s. This fin is longer in males and highly colourful, with spots of red, orange, purple or green. The body is also colourful; the dorsal surface is a dark purplish to bluish black or gray, grading to dark blue or silver gray on the flanks and gray or white on the belly. The body is further decorated with a smattering of small dark spots; these are much more numerous in juveniles.
According to [[FishBase]], 14 species are placed in this genus.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Thymallus | month = May | year = 2015}}</ref> However, views differ on their taxonomic rank.
The largest of the graylings in terms of length is the [[Arctic grayling]] (''T. arcticus arcticus'') at a maximum length of 76 [[Centimetre|cm]] (30 in) and a maximum weight of 3.8 [[kilogram|kg]] (8.4 [[pound (mass)|lb]]); other subspecies of ''T. arcticus'' are typically half this length or less. The grayling proper, ''T. thymallus,'' while somewhat shorter - 60 cm (24 in) - may weigh significantly more, 6.7 kg (15 lb).
* ''[[Thymallus arcticus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small> - Arctic grayling
The fishes of this genus may live for 18 years or more.
* ''[[Thymallus baicalensis]]'' <small>[[Benedykt Dybowski|Dybowski]], 1874</small> - Baikal black grayling
* ''[[Thymallus brevipinnis]]'' <small>[[Anatolii Nikolaevich Svetovidov|Svetovidov]] ([[:ru:Световидов, Анатолий Николаевич|ru]]), 1931</small> - Baikal white grayling
* ''[[Mongolian grayling|Thymallus brevirostris]]'' <small>[[Karl Fedorovich Kessler|Kessler]], 1879</small> - Mongolian grayling
* ''[[Thymallus burejensis]]'' <small>[[Alexander Leonidovich Antonov|Antonov]], 2004</small> - Bureya grayling
* ''[[Thymallus flavomaculatus]]'' <small>[[Igor Borisovich Knizhin|Knizhin]], [[Alexander Leonidovich Antonov|Antonov]] & [[Steven J. Weiss|Weiss]], 2006</small> - yellow-spotted grayling
* ''[[Amur grayling|Thymallus grubii]]'' <small>[[Benedykt Dybowski|Dybowski]], 1869</small> - Amur grayling
*''[[Thymallus mertensii]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1848</small> - Kamchatka grayling
* ''[[Thymallus nigrescens]]'' <small>[[Vitaly Cheslavovich Dorogostaisky|Dorogostaisky]], 1923</small> - Kosogol grayling
* ''[[Thymallus pallasii]]'' <small>Valenciennes, 1848</small> - East Siberian grayling
* ''[[Upper Yenisei grayling|Thymallus svetovidovi]]'' <small>[[Igor Borisovich Knizhin|Knizhin]] & [[Steven J. Weiss|Weiss]], 2009</small> - Upper Yenisei grayling
* ''[[Thymallus thymallus]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> - European grayling ([[type species]])
* ''[[Thymallus tugarinae]]'' <small>Knizhin, Antonov, Safronov & Weiss, 2007</small> - Lower Amur grayling
* ''[[Thymallus yaluensis]]'' <small>[[Tamezo Mori|T. Mori]], 1928</small> - Yalu grayling


Modern reviews<ref>{{cite journal | author1=Dyldin, Y. V. | author2=L. Hanel | author3=V. I. Romanov | author4=J. Plesník | year=2017 | title=A review of the genus ''Thymallus'' (Pisces: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae: Thymallinae) with taxonomic notes | journal=Bulletin Lampetra | volume=VIII | pages=103–126 }}</ref><ref name=Weiss>Weiss, S. J., D. V. Gonçalves, G. Secci-Petretto, G. K. Englmaier, A. Gomes-Dos-Santos, G. P. J. Denys, H. Persat, A. Antonov, C. Hahn, E. B. Taylor and E. Froufe (2021) Global systematic diversity, range distributions, conservation and taxonomic assessments of graylings (Teleostei: Salmonidae; ''Thymallus'' spp.). ''Organisms Diversity & Evolution'': [1-18]. (published online 25 Nov. 2020)</ref> and the ''[[Catalog of Fishes]]''<ref>Eschmeyer F. [https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences (1.3.2021 version)</ref> also list additional species including ''[[Thymallus nikolskyi]]'' {{small|Kaschenko, 1899}}, ''[[Thymallus baicalolenensis]]'' {{small|Matveyev et al., 2005}} and ''[[Thymallus ligericus]]'' {{small|Persat et al, 2019}}. An old controversy exists over the status of Baikal black vs white graylings, ''T. baicalensis'' and ''T. brevipinnis''. Modern research supports the view that they are not separate taxa, but alternative ecological forms of ''T. baicalensis''.<ref>Knizhin IB, Weiss SJ, Sushnik S (2006) Graylings of Baikal lake basin (''Thymallus'', Thymallidae): Diversity of forms and their taxonomic status. ''Journal of Ichthyology'' 46, 418-435.</ref>
As they are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, ''Thymallus'' fishes may be considered [[indicator species]]; ''T. arcticus arcticus'' has largely disappeared from the [[Great Lakes Basin]]. These fishes require cool, well-oxygenated water, preferably with a swift current; they are found in large sandy- or gravelly-bottomed rivers and lakes, but ''T. thymallus'' may occasionally be found in [[brackish]] conditions. Generally [[omnivorous]], they feed primarily on [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and [[zooplankton]].


==Distribution==
The grayling species, typically for [[Salmonidae|salmonids]], spawn in rivers and do not guard their brood, although they do conceal their eggs in silt. The spawning behavior of the [[Arctic grayling]] may be typical for the ''Thymallus'' species.
The fishes of this genus are native to the northern parts of the [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]] and [[Nearctic realm]]s, ranging from the [[United Kingdom]] and northern [[Europe]] across [[Eurasia]] to [[Siberia]], as well as northern [[North America]]. ''T. thymallus'', the grayling, is widespread in Europe, and ''T. arcticus,'' the Arctic grayling, is widespread throughout Eurasia east of the [[Ural Mountains]] and in the Nearctic. The other species have more localized ranges in northern Asia.


==Appearance==
[[File:Arctic Grayling.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arctic grayling]] (''T. arcticus arcticus'') leaping for a [[fly fishing|fly fisherman]]'s bait.]]
''Thymallus'' species are distinguished from other members of the [[salmonidae|salmonid family]] by their larger scales, their small mouths with [[teeth]] on the [[maxilla]]ry bone, and most striking of all, their showy, sail-like [[dorsal fin]]s. This fin is longer in males and highly colourful, with spots of red, orange, purple or green. The body is also colourful; the dorsal surface is a dark purplish to bluish black or gray, grading to dark blue or silver gray on the flanks and gray or white on the belly. The body is further decorated with a smattering of small dark spots; these are much more numerous in juveniles.
[[Image:Arctic grayling.JPG|thumb|right|Alaskan Arctic Grayling]]
Due to their agreeable taste and attractive form, the grayling species are valued as food and game fishes, and they are occasionally seen in public [[aquaria]]. The most economically important of these fishes, for which [[fishery|fisheries]] and [[aquaculture]] operations exist, are the [[Grayling (species)|grayling]] proper (''T. thymallus'') and the [[Arctic grayling]] (''T. arcticus arcticus'').


[[File:Grayling caught in the Colville River. North Slope, Alaska.jpg|thumb|260 px|alt=Arctic Grayling|Four [[Arctic grayling]] (''T. arcticus'') from the [[Colville River (Alaska)|Colville River]] of Alaska]]
==Name==
The longest of the graylings is the Arctic grayling, ''T. arcticus'', at a maximum length of {{convert|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a maximum weight of {{convert|3.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. ''T. thymallus,'' while somewhat shorter - {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} - may weigh significantly more, {{convert|6.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The fishes of this genus may live for 18 years or more.
The generic name ''Thymallus'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''θύμαλλος,'', "[[thyme]] smell", a name derived from the fragrance of wild thyme that freshly-caught graylings quite often have.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}


==Ecology and reproduction==
[[Franz Steindachner]] (1834–1919) classified the [[Adriatic trout]] (''Salmo obtusirostris'') as ''Thymallus microlepis,'' but that name is not considered valid.
These fishes require cool, well-oxygenated water, preferably with a swift current; they are found in large, sandy- or gravel-bottomed rivers and lakes, but ''T. thymallus'' may occasionally be found in [[brackish]] conditions. Generally [[omnivorous]], they feed primarily on [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and [[zooplankton]].


The grayling species, typically for [[Salmonidae|salmonids]], spawn in rivers and do not guard their brood, although they do conceal their eggs in silt. The spawning behavior of the Arctic grayling may be typical for the genus ''Thymallus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smoliński |first1=Szymon |last2=Glazaczow |first2=Adam |title=Cascading effects of temperature alterations on trophic ecology of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=18358 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55000-5 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55000-5 |access-date=29 November 2023 |language=en |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free |pmc=6892815 }}</ref>
<br style="clear: left" />


As they are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, ''Thymallus'' fishes may be considered [[indicator species]]; ''T. arcticus'' has largely disappeared from the [[Great Lakes Basin]].
== Species ==

*''[[Thymallus arcticus|T. arcticus]]:''
==Human use==
**''T. arcticus arcticus'' – Arctic grayling
[[Image:Harjus.JPG|thumb|260px|Catch of [[Thymallus thymallus|grayling]] (''Thymallus thymallus''), [[Sápmi|Lapland]]]]
**''T. arcticus baicalensis'' – Baikal black grayling
Due to their agreeable taste and attractive form, the grayling species are valued as food and game fishes, and they are occasionally seen in [[public aquaria]]. The most economically important of these fishes, for which [[fishery|fisheries]] and [[aquaculture]] operations exist, are the grayling (''T. thymallus'') and the Arctic grayling (''T. arcticus'').
**''T. arcticus mertensii''
**''T. arcticus pallasi'' – East Siberian grayling
*''[[Thymallus brevirostris|T. brevirostris]]'' – Mongolian grayling
*''[[Thymallus grubii|T. grubii]]'' – Amur grayling
*''[[Thymallus nigrescens|T. nigrescens]]'' – Kosogol grayling
*''[[Thymallus thymallus|T. thymallus]]'' – Grayling
*''[[Thymallus tugarinae|T. tugarinae]]''
*''[[Thymallus yaluensis|T. yaluensis]]''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{FishBase_genus|genus=Thymallus|year=2004|month=October}}
* {{ITIS |id=162015 |taxon=Thymallus |accessdate=11 December 2004}}


{{grayling}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grayling (Genus)}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q256739|from2=Q2068591}}
[[Category:Thymallus|*]]
{{Authority control}}


[[ba:Бәрҙе]]
[[Category:Thymallus| ]]
[[Category:Extant Pleistocene first appearances]]
[[cs:Lipan]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish genera]]
[[de:Äschen]]
[[Category:Holarctic fauna]]
[[es:Thymallus]]
[[fa:ماهی بلندباله]]
[[fr:Thymallus]]
[[it:Thymallinae]]
[[kv:Ком]]
[[nl:Vlagzalmen]]
[[pl:Thymallus]]
[[ru:Хариусы]]
[[sl:Lipani]]
[[uk:Харіус]]

Revision as of 02:42, 10 March 2024

Thymallus
Temporal range: Pleistocene to Present [1]
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Subfamily: Thymallinae
Gill, 1885
Genus: Thymallus
Linck, 1790
Type species
Thymallus thymallus
Species

See text

Thymallus or graylings is a genus of freshwater salmonid ray-finned fish (family Salmonidae) and the only genus within the subfamily Thymallinae. Although all Thymallus species can be generically called graylings, without specific qualification the term "grayling" typically refers to the type species Thymallus thymallus, the European grayling.

Name

The name of the genus Thymallus first given to grayling (T. thymallus) described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus originates from the faint smell of the herb thyme, which emanates from the flesh. Thymallus derives from the Greek θύμαλλος, "thyme smell".[2]

Species

According to FishBase, 14 species are placed in this genus.[3] However, views differ on their taxonomic rank.

Modern reviews[4][5] and the Catalog of Fishes[6] also list additional species including Thymallus nikolskyi Kaschenko, 1899, Thymallus baicalolenensis Matveyev et al., 2005 and Thymallus ligericus Persat et al, 2019. An old controversy exists over the status of Baikal black vs white graylings, T. baicalensis and T. brevipinnis. Modern research supports the view that they are not separate taxa, but alternative ecological forms of T. baicalensis.[7]

Distribution

The fishes of this genus are native to the northern parts of the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, ranging from the United Kingdom and northern Europe across Eurasia to Siberia, as well as northern North America. T. thymallus, the grayling, is widespread in Europe, and T. arcticus, the Arctic grayling, is widespread throughout Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains and in the Nearctic. The other species have more localized ranges in northern Asia.

Appearance

Thymallus species are distinguished from other members of the salmonid family by their larger scales, their small mouths with teeth on the maxillary bone, and most striking of all, their showy, sail-like dorsal fins. This fin is longer in males and highly colourful, with spots of red, orange, purple or green. The body is also colourful; the dorsal surface is a dark purplish to bluish black or gray, grading to dark blue or silver gray on the flanks and gray or white on the belly. The body is further decorated with a smattering of small dark spots; these are much more numerous in juveniles.

Arctic Grayling
Four Arctic grayling (T. arcticus) from the Colville River of Alaska

The longest of the graylings is the Arctic grayling, T. arcticus, at a maximum length of 76 cm (30 in) and a maximum weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb). T. thymallus, while somewhat shorter - 60 cm (24 in) - may weigh significantly more, 6.7 kg (15 lb). The fishes of this genus may live for 18 years or more.

Ecology and reproduction

These fishes require cool, well-oxygenated water, preferably with a swift current; they are found in large, sandy- or gravel-bottomed rivers and lakes, but T. thymallus may occasionally be found in brackish conditions. Generally omnivorous, they feed primarily on crustaceans, insects, and zooplankton.

The grayling species, typically for salmonids, spawn in rivers and do not guard their brood, although they do conceal their eggs in silt. The spawning behavior of the Arctic grayling may be typical for the genus Thymallus.[8]

As they are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, Thymallus fishes may be considered indicator species; T. arcticus has largely disappeared from the Great Lakes Basin.

Human use

Catch of grayling (Thymallus thymallus), Lapland

Due to their agreeable taste and attractive form, the grayling species are valued as food and game fishes, and they are occasionally seen in public aquaria. The most economically important of these fishes, for which fisheries and aquaculture operations exist, are the grayling (T. thymallus) and the Arctic grayling (T. arcticus).

References

  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  2. ^ Ingram, A.; Ibbotson, A.; Gallagher, M. "The Ecology and Management of the European Grayling Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus)" (PDF). East Stoke, Wareham, U.K.: Institute of Freshwater Ecology. p. 3. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Thymallus". FishBase. May 2015 version.
  4. ^ Dyldin, Y. V.; L. Hanel; V. I. Romanov; J. Plesník (2017). "A review of the genus Thymallus (Pisces: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae: Thymallinae) with taxonomic notes". Bulletin Lampetra. VIII: 103–126.
  5. ^ Weiss, S. J., D. V. Gonçalves, G. Secci-Petretto, G. K. Englmaier, A. Gomes-Dos-Santos, G. P. J. Denys, H. Persat, A. Antonov, C. Hahn, E. B. Taylor and E. Froufe (2021) Global systematic diversity, range distributions, conservation and taxonomic assessments of graylings (Teleostei: Salmonidae; Thymallus spp.). Organisms Diversity & Evolution: [1-18]. (published online 25 Nov. 2020)
  6. ^ Eschmeyer F. [https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences (1.3.2021 version)
  7. ^ Knizhin IB, Weiss SJ, Sushnik S (2006) Graylings of Baikal lake basin (Thymallus, Thymallidae): Diversity of forms and their taxonomic status. Journal of Ichthyology 46, 418-435.
  8. ^ Smoliński, Szymon; Glazaczow, Adam (4 December 2019). "Cascading effects of temperature alterations on trophic ecology of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus)". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18358. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55000-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6892815. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
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