Dongba symbols: Difference between revisions

Dongba
Dongba;
Script type	Pictographic
Time period	At least 30 C.E. to the present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Naxi language
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Nkdb (085), Naxi Dongba (na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹, Nakhi Tomba)

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The Dongba, Tomba or Tompa or Mo-so symbols are a system of pictographic glyphs used by the ²dto¹mba (Bon priests) of the Naxi people in southern China. In the Naxi language it is called ²ss ³dgyu 'wood records' or ²lv ³dgyu 'stone records'.^[1] The first artifacts with this script on them originate from approximately 30 AD.^[2]

The glyphs may be used as rebuses for abstract words which do not have glyphs. Dongba is largely a mnemonic system, and cannot by itself represent the Naxi language; different authors may use the same glyphs with different meanings, and it may be supplemented with the geba syllabary for clarification.

The logograms Naxi and Tomba in Naxi Dongba characters

Origin and development

Facing pages of a Naxi manuscript, displaying both pictographic *dongba* and smaller syllabic *geba*

The Dongba script appears to be an independent ancient writing system, though presumably it was created in the environment of older scripts. According to Dongba religious fables, the Dongba script was created by the founder of the Bön religious tradition of Tibet, Tönpa Shenrab (Tibetan: ston pa gshen rab) or Shenrab Miwo (Tibetan: gshen rab mi bo),^[3] while traditional Naxi genealogies attribute the script to a 13th-century king named Móubǎo Āzōng.^[4] From Chinese historical documents, it is clear that dongba was used as early as the 7th century, during the early Tang dynasty. By the Song dynasty in the 10th century, dongba was widely used by the Naxi people.^[3] It continues to be used in certain areas; thus, it is the only pictographic writing system in the world still actively maintained.

Chinese historical documents referred to Naxi 納西 as Mosuo or Moso (麽些 mósuò, "tiny little"), The Dongba script was called Les Mo-So: Ethnographie des Mo-so Écriture by Jacques Bacot on 1913. Dongba means Priest.^[5]

After the conclusion of the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, the use of Dongba was discouraged.

In 1957, the Chinese government implemented a Latin-based phonographic writing system for Naxi.^[6]

During the Cultural Revolution, thousands of manuscripts were destroyed. Paper and cloth writings were boiled into construction paste for building houses. About half of the dongba manuscripts that survive today had been taken from China to the United States, Germany and Spain.

Today Dongba is nearly extinct, and the Chinese government is trying to revive it in an attempt to preserve Naxi culture.^[7]

Usage

The script was originally used as a prompt for the recitation of ritual texts.^[8] For inventories, contracts, and letters, the geba script was used. Milnor concludes it is "unlikely that it [the Dongba script] would make the minor developmental leap to becoming a full-blown writing system. It arose a number of centuries ago to serve a particular ritual purpose. As its purpose need not expand to the realm of daily use among non-religious specialists—after all, literate Naxi today, as in the past, write in Chinese—at most it will presumably but continue to fulfill the needs of demon exorcism, amusing tourists and the like."^[9]

Tourists to southern China are likely to encounter Dongba in the Ancient City of Lijiang where many businesses are adorned with signs in three languages: Dongba, Chinese, and English.

Structure and form

Dongba is both pictographic and ideographic.^[10] There are about a thousand glyphs, but this number is fluid as new glyphs are coined. Priests drew detailed pictures to record information, and illustrations were simplified and conventionalized to represent not only material objects but also abstract ideas. Glyphs are often compounded to convey the idea of a particular word. Generally, as a mnemonic, only keywords are written; a single pictograph can be recited as different phrases or an entire sentence.

Examples of Dongba rebus include using a picture of two eyes (myə³) to represent fate (myə³), a rice bowl for both xa² 'food' and xa² 'sleep', and a picture of a goral (se³) stands in for an aspectual particle. It has two variants ma˧ lɯ˥ ma˧ sa˧ (玛里玛莎文) and ʐər˧ dy˨˩/ʐər˧ k’o˧ (阮坷文).^[11]

Writing media and tools

The Naxi name of the script, 'wood and stone records', testifies that Dongba was once carved on stone and wood. Nowadays it is written on handmade paper, typically from the trees Daphne tangutica and D. retusa.^[12] The sheets are typically 28 by 14 cm, and are sewn together at the left edge, forming a book. The pages are ruled into four horizontal lines.^[13] Glyphs are written from left to right and top to bottom.^[1] Vertical lines are used to section off elements of the text (see image above), equivalent to sentences or paragraphs. Writing utensils include bamboo pens and black ink made from ash.

References

^ ^a ^b He, 292
^ Memory of the World: The Treasures That Record our History from 1700 BC to the Present Day (1st ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2012. p. 36. ISBN 978-92-3-104237-9.
^ ^a ^b He, 144
^ Ramsey, 268
^ Arcones, P.C. (2015). Sons of Heaven, Brothers of Nature: The Naxi of Southwest China. Pedro Ceinos. p. 261. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
^ He, 313
^ "Rune revival". The Economist. Vol. 437, no. 9215. October 10, 2020. p. 28.
^ Yang, 118; Ethnologue: "[Dongba is] not practical for everyday use, but is a system of prompt-illustrations for reciting classic texts."Naxi at the Ethnologue Archived 2007-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ Seaver Johnson Milnor, A Comparison Between the Development of the Chinese Writing System and Dongba Pictographs Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ On the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Systems in Dabaism and Dongbaism and on the analysis of the two writing systems according to an innovative interpretation, cf. XU Duoduo. (2015). A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. academia.edu^{[permanent dead link]}; 2. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine)
^ "四种东巴文的调查与研究" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
^ Yang, p.138
^ Yang, p.140

XU Duoduo. (2015). A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. academia.edu^{[permanent dead link]}; 2. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies);
Yang, Zhengwen (2008). Zhengwen Naxi Study Collection. Beijing: Culture Publisher. ISBN 978-7-105-08499-9.
Ramsey, S. Robert (1989). The Languages of China. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691014685.
Fang, Guoyu (2008). Guoyu Naxi Study Collection. Beijing: Culture Publisher. ISBN 978-7-105-08271-1.
He, Zhiwu (2008). Zhiwu Naxi Study Collection. Beijing: Culture Publisher. ISBN 978-7-105-09099-0.
Crampton, Thomas (February 12, 2001). "Hieroglyphic Script Fights for Life". International Herald Tribune.

External links

Edongba Input Dongba hieroglyphs and Geba symbols.
Dr. Richard S. Cook, Naxi Pictographic and Syllabographic Scripts: Research notes toward a Unicode encoding of Naxi Archived 2015-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
Lawrence Lo, Ancient Scripts: Naxi
Dominique Ryon (1993). Grammatologie et anthropologie: déchiffrement des écritures hiéroglyphiques et réinterprétation de la nature linguistique de l'écriture Dongba (Yunnan, Chine). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
"Annals of Creation / 創世經". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
建立东巴文象形字典语料库的构想
东巴文通行字典的疏失与理想字典的编纂构想^{[permanent dead link]}
我们将会更加了解东巴文字^{[permanent dead link]}
云南民族出版社

[He_a-1] He, 292

[2] Memory of the World: The Treasures That Record our History from 1700 BC to the Present Day (1st ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2012. p. 36. ISBN 978-92-3-104237-9.

[He-3] He, 144

[Ramsey-4] Ramsey, 268

[Arcones_2015_p._261-5] Arcones, P.C. (2015). Sons of Heaven, Brothers of Nature: The Naxi of Southwest China. Pedro Ceinos. p. 261. Retrieved 2024-03-14.

[6] He, 313

[7] "Rune revival". The Economist. Vol. 437, no. 9215. October 10, 2020. p. 28.

[8] Yang, 118; Ethnologue: "[Dongba is] not practical for everyday use, but is a system of prompt-illustrations for reciting classic texts."Naxi at the Ethnologue Archived 2007-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

[9] Seaver Johnson Milnor, A Comparison Between the Development of the Chinese Writing System and Dongba Pictographs Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine

[10] On the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Systems in Dabaism and Dongbaism and on the analysis of the two writing systems according to an innovative interpretation, cf. XU Duoduo. (2015). A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. academia.edu^{[permanent dead link]}; 2. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine)

[11] "四种东巴文的调查与研究" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2017-03-05.

[12] Yang, p.138

[13] Yang, p.140

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|pictographic writing system}}
+{{Short description|Naxi pictographic writing system}}
 {{Infobox Writing system
-|type=Pictographic
+| type        = Pictographic
-|name=Dongba
+| name        = Dongba
-|languages=[[Naxi language]]
+| languages   = [[Naxi language]]
-|time=1000 C.E. to the present
+| time        = At least 30 C.E. to the present
-|sample    = Painted Naxi panel.jpeg
+| sample      = Painted Naxi panel.jpeg
-|iso15924=Nkdb
+| iso15924    = Nkdb
-|note=none
+| note        = none
+| direction   = Left-to-right
 }}
-The '''Dongba''', '''Tomba''' or '''Tompa''' or '''Mo-so''' symbols are a system of [[pictographic]] glyphs used by the ''[[Dongba|²dto¹mba]]'' (Bon priests) of the [[Naxi people]] in southern China. In the [[Naxi language]] it is called ''²ss ³dgyu'' 'wood records' or ''²lv ³dgyu'' 'stone records'.<ref name="He_a">He, 292</ref> "They were developed in approximately the seventh century."<ref>{{Cite web
+The '''Dongba''', '''Tomba''' or '''Tompa''' or '''Mo-so''' symbols are a system of [[pictographic]] glyphs used by the ''[[Dongba|²dto¹mba]]'' (Bon priests) of the [[Naxi people]] in southern China. In the [[Naxi language]] it is called ''²ss ³dgyu'' 'wood records' or ''²lv ³dgyu'' 'stone records'.<ref name="He_a">He, 292</ref> The first artifacts with this script on them originate from approximately 30 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Memory of the World: The Treasures That Record our History from 1700 BC to the Present Day |publisher=[[UNESCO Publishing]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-3-104237-9 |edition=1st |location=Paris |pages=36}}</ref>
-| title = Annals of Creation / 創世經
+The glyphs may be used as [[rebus]]es for abstract words which do not have glyphs. Dongba is largely a [[mnemonic]] system, and cannot by itself represent the Naxi language; different authors may use the same glyphs with different meanings, and it may be supplemented with the [[geba syllabary|''geba'' syllabary]] for clarification.
-| work = [[World Digital Library]]
-| accessdate = 2013-05-26
-| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3025/#ddc=4&page=2
-}}</ref> The glyphs may be used as [[rebus]]es for abstract words which do not have glyphs. Dongba is largely a [[mnemonic]] system, and cannot by itself represent the Naxi language; different authors may use the same glyphs with different meanings, and it may be supplemented with the [[geba syllabary|''geba'' syllabary]] for clarification.
 [[File:Naxi-dongba.png|thumb|The logograms Naxi and Tomba in Naxi Dongba characters]]
 ==Origin and development==
 {|
-|+ align=bottom| ''Facing pages of a Naxi manuscript, displaying both pictographic ''dongba'' and smaller syllabic ''geba.''
+|+ align=bottom| Facing pages of a Naxi manuscript, displaying both pictographic ''dongba'' and smaller syllabic ''geba''
 | [[Image:Naxi manuscript (left) 2087.jpg|237px]]||[[Image:Naxi manuscript (right) 2088.jpg|244px]]
 |}
-The Dongba script appears to be an independent ancient writing system, though presumably it was created in the environment of older scripts. According to Dongba religious fables, the Dongba script was created by the founder of the [[Bön]] religious tradition of Tibet, [[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche|Tönpa Shenrab]] (Tibetan: ''ston pa gshen rab)'' or Shenrab Miwo (Tibetan: ''gshen rab mi bo),''<ref name="He">He, 144</ref> while traditional Naxi genealogies attribute the script to a 13th Century king named [[Móubǎo Āzōng]]. <ref name="Ramsey">Ramsey, 268</ref> From Chinese historical documents, it is clear that dongba was used as early as the 7th century, during the early [[Tang Dynasty]]. By the [[Song Dynasty]] in the 10th century, dongba was widely used by the [[Nakhi people|Naxi]] people.<ref name="He" />  It continues to be used in certain areas; thus, it is the only pictographic writing system in the world still actively maintained.
+The Dongba script appears to be an independent ancient writing system, though presumably it was created in the environment of older scripts. According to Dongba religious fables, the Dongba script was created by the founder of the [[Bön]] religious tradition of Tibet, [[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche|Tönpa Shenrab]] (Tibetan: ''ston pa gshen rab)'' or Shenrab Miwo (Tibetan: ''gshen rab mi bo),''<ref name="He">He, 144</ref> while traditional Naxi genealogies attribute the script to a 13th-century king named [[Móubǎo Āzōng]].<ref name="Ramsey">Ramsey, 268</ref> From Chinese historical documents, it is clear that dongba was used as early as the 7th century, during the early [[Tang dynasty]]. By the [[Song dynasty]] in the 10th century, dongba was widely used by the [[Nakhi people|Naxi]] people.<ref name="He" />  It continues to be used in certain areas; thus, it is the only pictographic writing system in the world still actively maintained.
-Chinese historical documents called Naxi 納西 as Mosuo or Moso or Mo-so 麽些, The Dongba script was called Les Mo-So: Ethnographie des Mo-so Écriture by Jacques Bacot on 1913. [[Dongba]] means Priest.
+Chinese historical documents referred to Naxi 納西 as Mosuo or Moso (麽些 ''mósuò'', "tiny little"), The Dongba script was called Les Mo-So: Ethnographie des Mo-so Écriture by Jacques Bacot on 1913. [[Dongba]] means Priest.<ref name="Arcones 2015 p. 261">{{cite book | last=Arcones | first=P.C. | title=Sons of Heaven, Brothers of Nature: The Naxi of Southwest China | publisher=Pedro Ceinos | year=2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4fbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=261}}</ref>
-After the 1949 [[Communist Revolution]] in [[China]], the use of Dongba was discouraged.
+After the conclusion of the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] in 1949, the use of Dongba was discouraged.
 In 1957, the Chinese government implemented a Latin-based phonographic writing system for Naxi.<ref>He, 313</ref>
@@ Line 34: / Line 32: @@
 During the [[Cultural Revolution]], thousands of manuscripts were destroyed. Paper and cloth writings were boiled into construction paste for building houses. About half of the dongba manuscripts that survive today had been taken from China to the United States, Germany and Spain.
-Today Dongba is nearly extinct, and the Chinese government is trying to revive it in an attempt to preserve Naxi culture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rune revival|journal=The Economist|date=October 10, 2020|page=28|volume=437|number=9215}}</>
+Today Dongba is nearly extinct, and the Chinese government is trying to revive it in an attempt to preserve Naxi culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rune revival|newspaper=The Economist|date=October 10, 2020|page=28|volume=437|number=9215}}</ref>
 ==Usage==
 [[File:Lijiang Bus with Chinese and Dongba characters.JPG|thumb|Dongba symbols are printed on buses in [[Lijiang]].]]
-The script was originally used as a prompt for the recitation of [[ritual]] texts.<ref>Yang, 118; ''Ethnologue'': "[Dongba is] not practical for everyday use, but is a system of prompt-illustrations for reciting classic texts."[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nbf Naxi at the Ethnologue]</ref> For inventories, contracts, and letters, the geba script was used. Milnor concludes it is "unlikely that it [the Dongba script] would make the minor developmental leap to becoming a full-blown writing system. It arose a number of centuries ago to serve a particular ritual purpose. As its purpose need not expand to the realm of daily use among non-religious specialists—after all, literate Naxi today, as in the past, write in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]—at most it will presumably but continue to fulfill the needs of demon exorcism, amusing tourists and the like."<ref>Seaver Johnson Milnor, [http://www.depts.washington.edu/uwwpl/vol24/pub_submission_Milnor.pdf ''A Comparison Between the Development of the Chinese Writing System and Dongba Pictographs'']</ref>
+The script was originally used as a prompt for the recitation of [[ritual]] texts.<ref>Yang, 118; ''Ethnologue'': "[Dongba is] not practical for everyday use, but is a system of prompt-illustrations for reciting classic texts."[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nbf Naxi at the Ethnologue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324062259/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nbf |date=2007-03-24 }}</ref> For inventories, contracts, and letters, the geba script was used. Milnor concludes it is "unlikely that it [the Dongba script] would make the minor developmental leap to becoming a full-blown writing system. It arose a number of centuries ago to serve a particular ritual purpose. As its purpose need not expand to the realm of daily use among non-religious specialists—after all, literate Naxi today, as in the past, write in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]—at most it will presumably but continue to fulfill the needs of demon exorcism, amusing tourists and the like."<ref>Seaver Johnson Milnor, [http://www.depts.washington.edu/uwwpl/vol24/pub_submission_Milnor.pdf ''A Comparison Between the Development of the Chinese Writing System and Dongba Pictographs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327094047/http://depts.washington.edu/uwwpl/vol24/pub_submission_Milnor.pdf |date=2007-03-27 }}</ref>
 Tourists to southern China are likely to encounter Dongba in the Ancient City of [[Lijiang]] where many businesses are adorned with signs in three languages: Dongba, Chinese, and English.
 ==Structure and form==
-Dongba is both pictographic and ideographic.<ref>On the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Systems in Dabaism and Dongbaism and on the analysis of the two writing systems according to an innovative interpretation, cf. XU Duoduo. (2015). ''A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism''. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. [https://www.academia.edu/16722054/Xu_Duoduo._A_comparison_of_the_twenty-eight_lunar_mansions_between_Dabaism_and_Dongbaism academia.edu]; 2. [http://aaatec.org/vol3n2.php Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies])</ref> There are about a thousand glyphs, but this number is fluid as new glyphs are coined. Priests drew detailed pictures to record information, and illustrations were simplified and conventionalized to represent not only material objects but also abstract ideas. Glyphs are often compounded to convey the idea of a particular word. Generally, as a mnemonic, only keywords are written; a single pictograph can be recited as different phrases or an entire sentence.
+Dongba is both pictographic and ideographic.<ref>On the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Systems in Dabaism and Dongbaism and on the analysis of the two writing systems according to an innovative interpretation, cf. XU Duoduo. (2015). ''A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism''. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. [https://www.academia.edu/16722054/Xu_Duoduo._A_comparison_of_the_twenty-eight_lunar_mansions_between_Dabaism_and_Dongbaism academia.edu]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; 2. [http://aaatec.org/vol3n2.php Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016152206/http://aaatec.org/vol3n2.php |date=2015-10-16 }})</ref> There are about a thousand glyphs, but this number is fluid as new glyphs are coined. Priests drew detailed pictures to record information, and illustrations were simplified and conventionalized to represent not only material objects but also abstract ideas. Glyphs are often compounded to convey the idea of a particular word. Generally, as a mnemonic, only keywords are written; a single pictograph can be recited as different phrases or an entire sentence.
-Examples of Dongba rebus include using a picture of two ''eyes (myə<sup>3</sup>)'' to represent ''fate  (myə<sup>3</sup>),'' a rice bowl for both ''xa<sup>2</sup>'' 'food' and ''xa<sup>2</sup>'' 'sleep', and a picture of a ''[[Nemorhaedus|goral]] (se<sup>3</sup>)'' stands in for an [[grammatical aspect|aspectual]] particle. It has two variants ''{{IPA|ma˧ lɯ˥ ma˧ sa˧}}'' (玛里玛莎文) and ''{{IPA|ʐər˧ dy˨˩}}/{{IPA|ʐər˧ k’o˧}}'' (阮坷文).<ref>[http://www.naxigeba.org/dongba.pdf 四种东巴文的调查与研究]</ref>
+Examples of Dongba rebus include using a picture of two ''eyes (myə<sup>3</sup>)'' to represent ''fate  (myə<sup>3</sup>),'' a rice bowl for both ''xa<sup>2</sup>'' 'food' and ''xa<sup>2</sup>'' 'sleep', and a picture of a ''[[Nemorhaedus|goral]] (se<sup>3</sup>)'' stands in for an [[grammatical aspect|aspectual]] particle. It has two variants ''{{IPA|ma˧ lɯ˥ ma˧ sa˧}}'' (玛里玛莎文) and ''{{IPA|ʐər˧ dy˨˩}}/{{IPA|ʐər˧ k’o˧}}'' (阮坷文).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naxigeba.org/dongba.pdf |title=四种东巴文的调查与研究 |access-date=2017-03-05 |archive-date=2017-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306040304/http://www.naxigeba.org/dongba.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+{|
+|+ align=bottom|
+| [[Image:Dongba symbol for "sky".png|100px|sky]]||[[Image:Dongba symbol for "rain".png|100px|rain]]||[[Image:Dongba symbol for "cloud".png|100px|cloud]]||[[Image:Dongba symbol for "dew".png|100px|dew]]||[[Image:Dongba symbol for "snow".png|100px|snow]]
+|}
 ==Writing media and tools==
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-* XU Duoduo. (2015). ''A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism''. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. [https://www.academia.edu/16722054/Xu_Duoduo._A_comparison_of_the_twenty-eight_lunar_mansions_between_Dabaism_and_Dongbaism academia.edu]; 2. [http://aaatec.org/vol3n2.php Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies]);
+* XU Duoduo. (2015). ''A Comparison of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions Between Dabaism and Dongbaism''. «Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies», 3 (2015) 2: 61-81 (links: 1. [https://www.academia.edu/16722054/Xu_Duoduo._A_comparison_of_the_twenty-eight_lunar_mansions_between_Dabaism_and_Dongbaism academia.edu]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; 2. [http://aaatec.org/vol3n2.php Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies]);
 *{{cite book
   | last = Yang
   | first = Zhengwen
-  | authorlink =
-  | coauthors =
   | title = Zhengwen Naxi Study Collection
   | publisher = Culture Publisher
   | year = 2008
   | location = Beijing
-  | pages =
-  | url =
-  | doi =
-  | id =
   | isbn =978-7-105-08499-9 }}
 * {{cite book
   | last = Ramsey
   | first = S. Robert
-  | authorlink =
-  | coauthors =
   | title = The Languages of China
   | publisher = Princeton University Press
   | year = 1989
   | location = Princeton, N.J
-  | pages =
-  | url =
-  | doi =
-  | id =
   | isbn = 978-0691014685}}
 * {{cite book
   | last = Fang
   | first = Guoyu
-  | authorlink =
-  | coauthors =
   | title = Guoyu Naxi Study Collection
   | publisher = Culture Publisher
   | year = 2008
   | location = Beijing
-  | pages =
-  | url =
-  | doi =
-  | id =
   | isbn =978-7-105-08271-1 }}
 * {{cite book
   | last = He
   | first = Zhiwu
-  | authorlink =
-  | coauthors =
   | title = Zhiwu Naxi Study Collection
   | publisher = Culture Publisher
   | year = 2008
   | location = Beijing
-  | pages =
-  | url =
-  | doi =
-  | id =
   | isbn =978-7-105-09099-0 }}
 * {{Cite news
   | last = Crampton
   | first = Thomas
-  | authorlink =
-  | last2 =
-  | first2 =
-  | authorlink2 =
   | title = Hieroglyphic Script Fights for Life
   | newspaper = International Herald Tribune
-  | pages =
   | date = February 12, 2001
   | url = http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/generic.cgi?template=articleprint.tmplh&ArticleId=10381}}
@@ Line 128: / Line 102: @@
 {{Commons|Tomba Script Character}}
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081026085902/http://www.zmnsoft.com/edongba/ Edongba] Input Dongba hieroglyphs and Geba symbols.
-*Dr. Richard S. Cook, [http://unicode.org/~rscook/Naxi/ Naxi Pictographic and Syllabographic Scripts: Research notes toward a Unicode encoding of Naxi]
+*Dr. Richard S. Cook, [http://unicode.org/~rscook/Naxi/ Naxi Pictographic and Syllabographic Scripts: Research notes toward a Unicode encoding of Naxi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730022143/http://unicode.org/~rscook/Naxi/ |date=2015-07-30 }}
 *Lawrence Lo, [http://www.ancientscripts.com/naxi.html Ancient Scripts: Naxi]
-*{{cite book|author=Dominique Ryon|title=Grammatologie et anthropologie: déchiffrement des écritures hiéroglyphiques et réinterprétation de la nature linguistique de l'écriture Dongba (Yunnan, Chine)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RegNHAAACAAJ|accessdate=26 May 2013|year=1993|publisher=Université de Montréal}}
+*{{cite book|author=Dominique Ryon|title=Grammatologie et anthropologie: déchiffrement des écritures hiéroglyphiques et réinterprétation de la nature linguistique de l'écriture Dongba (Yunnan, Chine)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RegNHAAACAAJ|access-date=26 May 2013|year=1993|publisher=Université de Montréal}}
 *{{Cite web
 | title = Annals of Creation / 創世經
 | work = [[World Digital Library]]
-| accessdate = 2013-05-26
+| access-date = 2013-05-26
 | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3025/#ddc=4&page=2
 }}