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{{Short description|Japanese reconnaissance aircraft}}
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The '''Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft''' was a [[Japan]]ese single-engined [[biplane]] designed for Kawasaki by [[Richard Vogt (aircraft designer)|Richard Vogt]]. Originally known by its company designation KDA-2, it was accepted by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] as the Type 88 [[Reconnaissance]] Aircraft. The Type 88 number was designated for the year the aircraft was accepted, 2588 in the Japanese [[imperial year]] calendar, or 1928 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="tme3">War Department TM-E-30-480 ''Handbook on Japanese Military Forces'' September 1944 p 400</ref> The basic design was modified into the Type 88 Light Bomber that used in combat over China in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. The Type 88 was built in large numbers and remained in service until 1940.
The '''Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft''' was a Japanese single-engined [[biplane]] designed for Kawasaki by [[Richard Vogt (aircraft designer)|Richard Vogt]]. Originally known by its company designation KDA-2, it was accepted by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] as the Type 88 [[Reconnaissance]] Aircraft. The Type 88 number was designated for the year the aircraft was accepted, which was the year 2588 in the Japanese [[imperial year]] calendar, or 1928 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="tme3">War Department TM-E-30-480 ''Handbook on Japanese Military Forces'' September 1944 p 400</ref> The basic design was modified into the Type 88 Light Bomber that was used in combat over China in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. The Type 88 was built in large numbers and remained in service until 1940.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
The Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane was designed by Richard Vogt as the Kawasaki KDA-2 to meet a Japanese Army requirement for a reconnaissance biplane to replace the [[Salmson 2]]. Three KDA-2 [[prototype]]s were built by [[Kawasaki Aerospace Company|Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.]] in 1927. After flight testing, the aircraft was accepted and ordered into production as the Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane. The aircraft was of all-metal construction, with a [[stressed skin]] forward [[fuselage]], unequal-span wings and a slim angular fuselage, with cross-axle main [[landing gear]]. was powered by a 447&nbsp;kW (600&nbsp;hp) [[BMW VI]] engine. the Type 88-II Was an improved version with an improved engine [[cowling]] and a revised tail assembly. By the end of 1931, 710 (including the three prototypes) had been built by both Kawasaki and Tachikawa, who had 187 of the total number.<ref name="Mikesh p145-146">Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.145–146.</ref>
The Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane was designed by Richard Vogt as the Kawasaki KDA-2 to meet a Japanese Army requirement for a reconnaissance biplane to replace the [[Salmson 2]]. Three KDA-2 [[prototype]]s were built by [[Kawasaki Aerospace Company|Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.]] in 1927. After flight testing, the aircraft was accepted and ordered into production as the Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane. The aircraft was of all-metal construction, with a [[stressed skin]] forward [[fuselage]], unequal-span wings and a slim angular fuselage, with cross-axle main [[landing gear]]. It was powered by a {{cvt|447|kW|-1}} [[BMW VI]] engine. The Type 88-II was an improved version with an improved engine [[cowling]] and a revised tail assembly. By the end of 1931, 710 (including the three prototypes) had been built by both Kawasaki and Tachikawa, who had 187 of the total number.<ref name="Mikesh p145-146">Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.145–146.</ref>


Between 1929 and 1932, a bomber version was built as the Type 88 Light Bomber, differing in having a strengthened lower wing and an additional pair of centre-section struts. Bomb racks were located under the fuselage and lower wings. A total of 407 were produced.<ref name="Mikesh p146-7">Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.146–147.</ref> A transport variant was developed as the KDC-2 with room for a pilot and four passengers in an enclosed [[Aircraft cabin|cabin]]. Only two KDC-2s were built and one of was tested on floats.<ref name="Mikesh p147">Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.147.</ref>
Between 1929 and 1932, a bomber version was built as the Type 88 Light Bomber, differing in having a strengthened lower wing and an additional pair of centre-section struts. Bomb racks were located under the fuselage and lower wings. A total of 407 were produced.<ref name="Mikesh p146-7">Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.146–147.</ref> A transport variant was developed as the [[Kawasaki KDC-2|KDC-2]] with room for a pilot and four passengers in an enclosed [[Aircraft cabin|cabin]]. Only two KDC-2s were built; one was tested on floats.<ref name="Mikesh p147">Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.147.</ref>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
Both reconnaissance and bomber versions saw action with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in [[Manchuria]], and while in service in 1937 during fighting at the [[Battle of Shanghai]], losses in early 1938, including at the [[Battle of Taierzhuang]] phased the Type 88 out of frontline service.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Håkan|date=2020-04-22|title=Chinese biplane fighter aces - Zhu Jia-Xun|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_zhu.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716075534/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_zhu.htm|archive-date=2019-07-16|access-date=2021-01-16|website=Biplane Fighter Aces - China|quote=Zhu Jia-Xun was originally trained by Japanese Army instructors in the Kwangsi Provincial Air Force in China... a deputy squadron commander of the 8th PS of the 3rd PG when the Kwangsi Air Force was incorporated into the Central Chinese Air Force... Zhu spotted two Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF) Type 93 twin-engine heavy bombers of the 6th Daitai (Group) on a reconnaissance mission. He attacked one of the bombers flown by Capt. Saburo Towata and sent it crashing in flames... the remaining bomber was set upon by the other Chinese fighters and badly shot up... the Japanese pilot Lt. Muto managed to crash-land his stricken... one gunner was killed and the rest wounded. During the action, other Chinese pilots spotted a Type 88 reconnaissance plane of the IJAAF 1st light bomber daitai of the 16th Hiko Rentai and shot it up, killing the observer and forcing it to crash land in no-man's land.}}</ref>
Both reconnaissance and bomber versions saw action with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in [[Manchuria]], and a few were still in service in 1937 during fighting at Shanghai.


==Variants==
==Variants==
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:Improved version of the 88-I, 707 built of both the 88-I and 88-II.
:Improved version of the 88-I, 707 built of both the 88-I and 88-II.
;Type 88 Light Bomber.
;Type 88 Light Bomber.
:[[Light bomber]] able to carry 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs, 407 built.
:[[Light bomber]] able to carry {{cvt|200|kg}} of bombs, 407 built.
;KDC-2
;[[Kawasaki KDC-2|KDC-2]]
:Transport variant, two built.
:Transport variant, two built.


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==Specifications (88-II)==
==Specifications (88-II)==
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941 <ref name="Mikesh p146">Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.146.</ref>{{cite book |title= The [[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]] (Part Work 1982–1985)|publisher= Orbis Publishing|pages= 2238}}
|ref=Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941 <ref name="Mikesh p146">Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.146.</ref>{{cite book|title=The [[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]] (Part Work 1982–1985)|publisher=Orbis Publishing|pages=2238}}
|prime units? = met
|prime units?=met
|crew=2
|crew=2
|length m=12.8
|length m=12.8
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|endurance=6 hours|ceiling m=6,200
|endurance=6 hours|ceiling m=6,200
|ceiling ft=20,350
|ceiling ft=20,350
|armament = *2 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns (one fixed and one manual)
|armament = *2 × {{cvt|7.7|mm|3}} machine guns (one fixed and one manual)
}}
}}
<!-- ==See also== -->
<!-- ==See also== -->
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==References==
==References==
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title= The [[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]] (Part Work 1982–1985)|publisher= Orbis Publishing|location= |issn= |pages= 2237–8}}
* {{cite book |title= The [[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]] (Part Work 1982–1985)|publisher= Orbis Publishing|pages= 2237–8}}
* {{cite book |title= Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941|last= Mikesh|first=Robert C |authorlink= |author2=Shorzoe Abe|year=1990 |publisher= Putnam|location=London |isbn=0-85177-840-2 |page= |pages= |url= }}
* {{cite book |title= Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941|last= Mikesh|first=Robert C |author2=Shorzoe Abe|year=1990 |publisher= Putnam|location=London |isbn=0-85177-840-2 }}
* War Department TM-E-30-480 ''Handbook on Japanese Military Forces''
* War Department TM-E-30-480 ''Handbook on Japanese Military Forces''
<!-- ==External links== -->
<!-- ==External links== -->

Latest revision as of 15:01, 15 March 2024

Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft
Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft
Role Reconnaissance and light bomber biplane
Manufacturer Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.
Designer Richard Vogt[1]
First flight 1927
Primary user Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
Produced 1929–1932
Number built 1117

The Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft was a Japanese single-engined biplane designed for Kawasaki by Richard Vogt. Originally known by its company designation KDA-2, it was accepted by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft. The Type 88 number was designated for the year the aircraft was accepted, which was the year 2588 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1928 in the Gregorian calendar.[2] The basic design was modified into the Type 88 Light Bomber that was used in combat over China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Type 88 was built in large numbers and remained in service until 1940.

Design and development

[edit]

The Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane was designed by Richard Vogt as the Kawasaki KDA-2 to meet a Japanese Army requirement for a reconnaissance biplane to replace the Salmson 2. Three KDA-2 prototypes were built by Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K. in 1927. After flight testing, the aircraft was accepted and ordered into production as the Army Type 88-1 Reconnaissance Biplane. The aircraft was of all-metal construction, with a stressed skin forward fuselage, unequal-span wings and a slim angular fuselage, with cross-axle main landing gear. It was powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) BMW VI engine. The Type 88-II was an improved version with an improved engine cowling and a revised tail assembly. By the end of 1931, 710 (including the three prototypes) had been built by both Kawasaki and Tachikawa, who had 187 of the total number.[3]

Between 1929 and 1932, a bomber version was built as the Type 88 Light Bomber, differing in having a strengthened lower wing and an additional pair of centre-section struts. Bomb racks were located under the fuselage and lower wings. A total of 407 were produced.[4] A transport variant was developed as the KDC-2 with room for a pilot and four passengers in an enclosed cabin. Only two KDC-2s were built; one was tested on floats.[5]

Operational history

[edit]

Both reconnaissance and bomber versions saw action with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War in Manchuria, and while in service in 1937 during fighting at the Battle of Shanghai, losses in early 1938, including at the Battle of Taierzhuang phased the Type 88 out of frontline service.[6]

Variants

[edit]
KDA-2
Three prototypes in 1927.
Type 88-I Reconnaissance Biplane.
Production reconnaissance biplane.
Type 88-II Reconnaissance Biplane
Improved version of the 88-I, 707 built of both the 88-I and 88-II.
Type 88 Light Bomber.
Light bomber able to carry 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs, 407 built.
KDC-2
Transport variant, two built.

Operators

[edit]
 Japan
 Manchukuo

Specifications (88-II)

[edit]

Data from Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941 [7]The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing. p. 2238.

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 12.8 m (42 ft 0 in)
  • Wingspan: 15.00 m (49 ft 2.75 in)
  • Height: 3.40 m (11 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 48 m2 (517 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 1,800 kg (3,968 lb)
  • Gross weight: 2,850 kg (6,283 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × BMW VI , 447 kW (600 hp)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 221 km/h (137 mph, 119 kn)
  • Endurance: 6 hours
  • Service ceiling: 6,200 m (20,350 ft)

Armament

  • 2 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns (one fixed and one manual)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Richard Vogt was an aircraft designer at Dornier who was hired by Kawasaki in the early years of Japan's aviation industry.
  2. ^ War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400
  3. ^ Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.145–146.
  4. ^ Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp.146–147.
  5. ^ Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.147.
  6. ^ Gustavsson, Håkan (2020-04-22). "Chinese biplane fighter aces - Zhu Jia-Xun". Biplane Fighter Aces - China. Archived from the original on 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2021-01-16. Zhu Jia-Xun was originally trained by Japanese Army instructors in the Kwangsi Provincial Air Force in China... a deputy squadron commander of the 8th PS of the 3rd PG when the Kwangsi Air Force was incorporated into the Central Chinese Air Force... Zhu spotted two Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF) Type 93 twin-engine heavy bombers of the 6th Daitai (Group) on a reconnaissance mission. He attacked one of the bombers flown by Capt. Saburo Towata and sent it crashing in flames... the remaining bomber was set upon by the other Chinese fighters and badly shot up... the Japanese pilot Lt. Muto managed to crash-land his stricken... one gunner was killed and the rest wounded. During the action, other Chinese pilots spotted a Type 88 reconnaissance plane of the IJAAF 1st light bomber daitai of the 16th Hiko Rentai and shot it up, killing the observer and forcing it to crash land in no-man's land.
  7. ^ Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.146.

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft.
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing. pp. 2237–8.
  • Mikesh, Robert C; Shorzoe Abe (1990). Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-840-2.
  • War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
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