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{{short description|Ottoman province}}
{{short description|First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox country
|native_name = {{rtl-lang|ota|ولايت بصره}}<br />''Vilâyet-i Basra''
|native_name = {{Lang-ar|ولاية البصرة}}<br>{{lang-ota|ولايت بصره}}<br />''Vilâyet-i Basra''
|common_name = Basra Vilayet
|common_name = Basra Vilayet
|subdivision = [[Vilayet]]
|subdivision =
|nation = the Ottoman Empire
|nation =
|year_start = 1884
|year_start = 1884
|year_end = 1918
|year_end = 1918
Line 13: Line 13:
|event_end = [[Armistice of Mudros]]
|event_end = [[Armistice of Mudros]]
|p1 = Baghdad Vilayet
|p1 = Baghdad Vilayet
|flag_p1 =
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg
|s1 = Mandatory Iraq
|s1 = Mandatory Iraq
|flag_s1 = Flag of Iraq 1924.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of Iraq 1924.svg
|s2 = Sheikhdom of Kuwait
|image_flag =Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Kuwait 1914-1921.png
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|image_coat =Osmanli armasi.svg
|image_map = Basra Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900).svg
|image_map = Basra Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900).svg
|image_map_caption = The Basra Vilayet in 1900
|image_map_caption = The Basra Vilayet in 1900
|capital = [[Basra]]<ref name="bbs">{{cite book|author=Reidar Visser|title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PA19|accessdate=8 June 2013|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5|page=19}}</ref>
|capital = [[Basra]]<ref name="bbs">{{cite book|author=Reidar Visser|title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PA19|access-date=8 June 2013|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5|page=19}}</ref>
|today = {{flag|Iraq}}<br>{{flag|Kuwait}}<br>{{flag|Qatar}}<br>{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|today = [[Iraq]]<br>[[Kuwait]]<br>[[Qatar]]<br>[[Saudi Arabia]]
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
|stat_year1 = 1900<ref name="asia"/>
|stat_year1 = 1900<ref name="asia"/>
|stat_area1 = 42690
|stat_area1 = 42690
|stat_pop1 = 500,000
|stat_pop1 = 500,000
|title_leader=Governor
|stat_year2 =
|leader1=Nasir Pasha
|stat_area2 =
|year_leader1=1875-1877
|stat_pop2 =
|leader2=Khalil Pasha
|footnotes =
|year_leader2=1916-1918
|demonym=}}
|conventional_long_name=Vilayet of Basra
⚫
The '''Basra Vilayet''' ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman language]]: {{rtl-lang|ota|ولايت بصره}}, ''Vilâyet-i Basra'') was a first-level administrative division ([[vilayet]]) of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It historically covered an area stretching from [[Nasiriyah]] and [[Amarah]] in the north to [[Kuwait]] in the south.<ref name="bbs"/> To the south and the west, there was theoretically no border at all, yet no areas beyond [[Qatar]] in the south and the [[Najd Sanjak]] in the west were later on included in the administrative system.<ref name="Visser2005p179">{{cite book|author=Reidar Visser|title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PA179|accessdate=2013-06-08|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5|pages=18; 179}}</ref>
|status_text=Province of the Ottoman Empire
}}

⚫
The '''Basra Vilayet''' ({{Lang-ar|ولاية البصرة}}, {{lang-ota|ولايت بصره|''Vilâyet-i Basra''}}) was a first-level administrative division ([[vilayet]]) of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It historically covered an area stretching from [[Nasiriyah]] and [[Amarah]] in the north to [[Kuwait]] in the south.<ref name="bbs"/> To the south and the west, there was theoretically no border at all, yet no areas beyond [[Qatar]] in the south and the [[Najd Sanjak]] in the west were later on included in the administrative system.<ref name="Visser2005p179">{{cite book|author=Reidar Visser|title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PA179|access-date=2013-06-08|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5|pages=18; 179}}</ref>


At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of {{convert|16482|sqmi|km2}}, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 200,000.<ref name="asia">[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/460/mode/1up Asia] by [[A. H. Keane]], page 460</ref> The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.<ref name="asia"/>
At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of {{convert|16482|sqmi|km2}}, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 200,000.<ref name="asia">[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/460/mode/1up Asia] by [[A. H. Keane]], page 460</ref> The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.<ref name="asia"/>
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It was a vilayet from 1875 to 1880,<ref name="bbs"/> and again after 1884, when it was recreated from the southern [[sanjak]]s of the [[Baghdad Vilayet]].<ref name="1911-bag">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bagdad (vilayet)|display=Bagdad|volume=3|pages=193–194}}</ref>
It was a vilayet from 1875 to 1880,<ref name="bbs"/> and again after 1884, when it was recreated from the southern [[sanjak]]s of the [[Baghdad Vilayet]].<ref name="1911-bag">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bagdad (vilayet)|display=Bagdad|volume=3|pages=193–194}}</ref>


After 1884, the vilayet was briefly expanded down the littoral of the Gulf to incorporate [[Najd]] and [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]], including [[Hofuf]], [[Qatar]], and [[Qatif]], the incorporation of Najd only lasted until 1913<ref name="al-Rasheed2002"/> before the end of the Basra Vilayet.<ref name="Finnie1992">{{cite book|author=David H. Finnie|title=Shifting lines in the sand: Kuwait's elusive frontier with Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZrnZpS84xoC&pg=PA7|accessdate=2013-05-22|year=1992|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-570-9|page=7}}</ref>
After 1884, the vilayet was briefly expanded down the littoral of the Gulf to incorporate [[Najd]] and [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]], including [[Hofuf]], [[Qatar]], and [[Qatif]], the incorporation of Najd only lasted until 1913<ref name="al-Rasheed2002"/> before the end of the Basra Vilayet.<ref name="Finnie1992">{{cite book|author=David H. Finnie|title=Shifting lines in the sand: Kuwait's elusive frontier with Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZrnZpS84xoC&pg=PA7|access-date=2013-05-22|year=1992|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-570-9|page=7}}</ref>


In 1899, [[Shaikh Mubarak]] concluded a treaty with Britain, stipulating that Britain would protect Kuwait against any external aggression, de facto turning it into a British protectorate.<ref name="Abdulghani2012">{{cite book|author=Jasim M M Abdulghani|title=Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9mDCeT4tisC&pg=PT108|accessdate=8 June 2013|date=23 April 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-136-83426-4|page=108}}</ref> Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British rule, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an ''[[autonomous caza]]'' of the Ottoman Empire. This would last until World War I. [[File:Arabia 1914-es.svg|thumb|Arabia before World War I 1914]]
In 1899, [[Shaikh Mubarak]] concluded a treaty with Britain, stipulating that Britain would protect Kuwait against any external aggression, de facto turning it into a British protectorate.<ref name="Abdulghani2012">{{cite book|author=Jasim M M Abdulghani|title=Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9mDCeT4tisC&pg=PT108|access-date=8 June 2013|date=23 April 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-136-83426-4|page=108}}</ref> Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British rule, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an ''[[autonomous caza]]'' of the Ottoman Empire. This would last until World War I.


Basra fell to the British on 22 November 1914, and the [[Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force]] had occupied almost the whole of the vilayet by July 1915.<ref name="Wakehurst1923">{{cite book|author=John de Vere Loder Baron Wakehurst|title=The Truth about Mesopotamia, Palestine & Syria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ow4AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2013-06-08|year=1923|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin Limited|page=35}}</ref>
Basra fell to the British on 22 November 1914, and the [[Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force]] had occupied almost the whole of the vilayet by July 1915.<ref name="Wakehurst1923">{{cite book|author=John de Vere Loder Baron Wakehurst|title=The Truth about Mesopotamia, Palestine & Syria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ow4AAAAMAAJ|access-date=2013-06-08|year=1923|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin Limited|page=35}}</ref>


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Ottoman Empire Administrative Divisions.png|thumb|A map showing the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1317 Hijri, 1899 Gregorian, Including the Vilayet of Basra and it's sanjaks]]
⚫
[[sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire|Sanjak]]s of the vilayet:<ref name=tsoi>{{cite book|last=Nakash|first=Yitzhak|title=The Shiʻis of Iraq: With a New Introduction by the Author|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJqeTr6p78C&pg=PA13|page=13}}</ref>
[[file:Basra Vilayet — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of subdivisions of Basra Vilayet in 1907]]
⚫
[[sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire|Sanjak]]s of the vilayet:<ref name=tsoi>{{cite book|last=Nakash|first=Yitzhak|title=The Shiʻis of Iraq: With a New Introduction by the Author|date=16 February 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJqeTr6p78C&pg=PA13|page=13|isbn=0691115753}}</ref>
# [[Amara Sanjak]]
# [[Amara Sanjak]]
# [[Basra Sanjak]]
# [[Basra Sanjak]]
# [[Diwanniyya Sanjak]]
# [[Diwanniyya Sanjak]]
# [[Muntafiq Sanjak]]
# [[Muntafiq Sanjak]]
# [[Najd Sanjak]]; from 1875,<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Saudi_Arabia.htm#Hasa Worldstatesmen — Saudi Arabia]</ref> conquered by the Saudis in 1913.<ref name="al-Rasheed2002">{{cite book|author=Madawi al-Rasheed|title=A History of Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPCPg412BvkC&pg=PA41|accessdate=2013-05-20|date=2002-07-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64412-9|pages=41–42}}</ref>
# [[Najd Sanjak]]; from 1875,<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Saudi_Arabia.htm#Hasa Worldstatesmen — Saudi Arabia]</ref> conquered by the Saudis in 1913.<ref name="al-Rasheed2002">{{cite book|author=Madawi al-Rasheed|title=A History of Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPCPg412BvkC&pg=PA41|access-date=2013-05-20|date=2002-07-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64412-9|pages=41–42}}</ref>[[File:Arabia 1914.png|thumb|Arabia before World War I 1914]]


==Governors==
==Governors==
Governors of the Basra Vilayet:<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iraq.htm World Statesmen — Iraq]</ref>
Governors of the Basra Vilayet:<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iraq.htm World Statesmen — Iraq]</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Mirmiran Masuq Pasha]] (1850–1852)
* [[Ismail Selim Pasha|Ismail Pasha]] (1852–1854)
* [[Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha]] (1854–1855)
* [[Mehmed Bey]] (1855–1856)
* [[Vekili Kurbi Bey]] (1856)
* Rashid Pasha (1856–1857)
* [[Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha]] (1857–1858)
* [[Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)|Mehmed Ali Pasha]] (1858–1859)
* [[Hüsamettin Efendi]] (1859–1862)
* [[Mehmed Sefik Bey]] (1862–1863)
* [[Ismail Bey]] (1863–1864)
* [[Kethuda zâde Süleyman Bey]] (1864–1869)
* [[Vekil Galip Bey]] (1869–1870)
* Hafiz Pasha (1870)
* [[Halil Bey]] (1870–1871)
* [[Sait Efendi]] (1871–1873)
* [[Vekil Bahriye Komutani Ahmed Pasha]] (1873)
* [[Halit Bey]] (1873–1873)
* [[Eshref Efendi]] (1874–1875)
* [[Nasir Pasha]] (1875–1877)
* [[Nasir Pasha]] (1875–1877)
* [[Vekili Ferik Mehmed Münir Pasha]] (1877–1879)
* [[Vekili Ferik Mehmed Münir Pasha]] (1877–1879)
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[[Category:1875 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:History of Basra]]
[[Category:19th century in Ottoman Iraq]]
[[Category:20th century in Ottoman Iraq]]

Latest revision as of 19:47, 17 March 2024

Vilayet of Basra
Arabic: ولاية البصرة
Ottoman Turkish: ولايت بصره
Vilâyet-i Basra
1875–1880
1884–1918
Flag of Basra Vilayet
Flag
Coat of arms of Basra Vilayet
Coat of arms
The Basra Vilayet in 1900
The Basra Vilayet in 1900
CapitalBasra[1]
Governor 
• 1875-1877
Nasir Pasha
• 1916-1918
Khalil Pasha
History 
• Established
1884
1918
Area
1900[2]42,690 km2 (16,480 sq mi)
Population
• 1900[2]
500,000
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Baghdad Vilayet
Mandatory Iraq
Today part ofIraq
Kuwait
Qatar
Saudi Arabia

The Basra Vilayet (Arabic: ولاية البصرة, Ottoman Turkish: ولايت بصره, romanized: Vilâyet-i Basra) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. It historically covered an area stretching from Nasiriyah and Amarah in the north to Kuwait in the south.[1] To the south and the west, there was theoretically no border at all, yet no areas beyond Qatar in the south and the Najd Sanjak in the west were later on included in the administrative system.[3]

At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 16,482 square miles (42,690 km2), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 200,000.[2] The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.[2]

The capital of the vilayet, Basra, was an important military centre, with a permanent garrison of 400 to 500 men, and was home to the Ottoman Navy in the Persian Gulf.[1]

History

[edit]

It was a vilayet from 1875 to 1880,[1] and again after 1884, when it was recreated from the southern sanjaks of the Baghdad Vilayet.[4]

After 1884, the vilayet was briefly expanded down the littoral of the Gulf to incorporate Najd and al-Hasa, including Hofuf, Qatar, and Qatif, the incorporation of Najd only lasted until 1913[5] before the end of the Basra Vilayet.[6]

In 1899, Shaikh Mubarak concluded a treaty with Britain, stipulating that Britain would protect Kuwait against any external aggression, de facto turning it into a British protectorate.[7] Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British rule, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an autonomous caza of the Ottoman Empire. This would last until World War I.

Basra fell to the British on 22 November 1914, and the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force had occupied almost the whole of the vilayet by July 1915.[8]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
A map showing the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1317 Hijri, 1899 Gregorian, Including the Vilayet of Basra and it's sanjaks
Map of subdivisions of Basra Vilayet in 1907

Sanjaks of the vilayet:[9]

  1. Amara Sanjak
  2. Basra Sanjak
  3. Diwanniyya Sanjak
  4. Muntafiq Sanjak
  5. Najd Sanjak; from 1875,[10] conquered by the Saudis in 1913.[5]
    Arabia before World War I 1914

Governors

[edit]

Governors of the Basra Vilayet:[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Reidar Visser (2005). Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-8258-8799-5. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Asia by A. H. Keane, page 460
  3. ^ Reidar Visser (2005). Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 18, 179. ISBN 978-3-8258-8799-5. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagdad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–194.
  5. ^ a b Madawi al-Rasheed (2002-07-11). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-521-64412-9. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  6. ^ David H. Finnie (1992). Shifting lines in the sand: Kuwait's elusive frontier with Iraq. I.B.Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-85043-570-9. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  7. ^ Jasim M M Abdulghani (23 April 2012). Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A). CRC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-136-83426-4. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  8. ^ John de Vere Loder Baron Wakehurst (1923). The Truth about Mesopotamia, Palestine & Syria. G. Allen & Unwin Limited. p. 35. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  9. ^ Nakash, Yitzhak (16 February 2003). The Shiʻis of Iraq: With a New Introduction by the Author. p. 13. ISBN 0691115753.
  10. ^ Worldstatesmen — Saudi Arabia
  11. ^ World Statesmen — Iraq
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basra Vilayet.

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Basra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 489.

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