Sea Scout: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Member of the Sea Scouts}} |
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'''Sea Scouts''' are a part of the [[Scouting|Scout]] movement, with a particular emphasis on boating and other water-based activities on the sea, rivers or lakes. Sea Scouts can provide a chance to sail, cruise on boats, learn navigation, learn how to work on engines and compete in [[regatta]]s. Sea Scouts often have distinctive uniforms. In some countries or Scout organizations, Sea Scouting is a program just for older Scouts. |
'''Sea Scouts''' are a part of the [[Scouting|Scout]] movement, with a particular emphasis on boating and other water-based activities on the sea, rivers or lakes (canoeing, rafting, scuba, sailboarding). Sea Scouts can provide a chance to sail, cruise on boats, learn navigation, learn how to work on engines and compete in [[regatta]]s. Sea Scouts often have distinctive uniforms. In some countries or Scout organizations, Sea Scouting is a program just for older Scouts. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Texas A& M; students lead scouts at 2013 National Scout Jamboree 130722-G-NM852-745.jpg|thumb|US Sea Scout leaders in 2013]] |
[[File:Texas A& M; students lead scouts at 2013 National Scout Jamboree 130722-G-NM852-745.jpg|thumb|US Sea Scout leaders in 2013]] |
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One of the earliest records of "Sea Scouts" is in [[Chums (paper)|''Chums'']] magazine which refers to "Sea Scouts" as early as July 1909.<ref>Chums, vd. e.g. 14 July 1909 p879, 21 July 1909 p888, 28 July 1909 p921</ref> These Sea Scouts were part of the Chums Scouts and [[British Boy Scouts and British Girl Scouts Association|British Boy Scouts]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
One of the earliest records of "Sea Scouts" is in [[Chums (paper)|''Chums'']] magazine which refers to "Sea Scouts" as early as July 1909.<ref>[[Chums (paper)|Chums]], vd. e.g. 14 July 1909 p879, 21 July 1909 p888, 28 July 1909 p921.</ref> These Sea Scouts were part of the Chums Scouts and [[British Boy Scouts and British Girl Scouts Association|British Boy Scouts]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
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Also in the ''Chums'' magazine, the British Boys Naval Brigade, later National Naval Cadets, were subtitled 'Scouts of the Sea' from the 14 July 1909 edition and, from the 28 July 1909 edition, 'Sea Scouts of the Empire'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boy-scout.net/en/page1/page31/page31.html |title= |
Also in the ''Chums'' magazine, the British Boys Naval Brigade, later National Naval Cadets, were subtitled 'Scouts of the Sea' from the 14 July 1909 edition and, from the 28 July 1909 edition, 'Sea Scouts of the Empire'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boy-scout.net/en/page1/page31/page31.html |title=Chums |access-date=2013-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214034419/http://www.boy-scout.net/en/page1/page31/page31.html |archive-date=2012-02-14 }}</ref> The British Boy Scouts and an original company of The National Naval Cadets were both headquartered in Battersea, London and the 'boys' weekly newspaper ''Chums'' was the official journal of both. The National Naval Cadets affiliated with the British Boy Scouts as part of its Sea Scouts.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
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Later, Sea Scouts were introduced within the [[The Scout Association|Baden-Powell Boy Scouts]] organization. In the first edition of 'Scouting for Boys', [[Baden-Powell]] mentioned that "A Scout should be able to manage a boat, to bring it properly alongside a ship or pier....". In December 1908, the first Seamanship badge was issued as one of the first 'Efficiency' badges.<ref>http://retentioninscouting.org/The_Early_History_of_Sea_Scouting.pdf</ref> A camp for Scouts was held at [[Bucklers Hard]], [[Hampshire]] in August 1909 at which boating activities were a focus. In 1911, Baden-Powell wrote the booklet ''Sea Scouting for Boys''. [[Warington Baden-Powell]]<ref>[[Warington Baden-Powell]], K.C., an Admiralty lawyer, sailor, inventor of [[canoe]] sailing and author of ''Canoe Travelling: Log of a Cruise on the Baltic, and Practical Hints on Building and Fitting Canoes'' London, Smith, Elder, 1871</ref> wrote ''Sea Scouting and Seamanship for Boys'' in 1912, with a foreword by [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]]. A special uniform for Sea Scouts was approved in 1910 and, in 1912, the name "Sea Scouts" was officially adopted within Baden-Powell's Boy Scouts Association.<ref name="SeaHist">{{cite web|url=http://www.seascout.org/about/history-uk.html|title=A Short History of Sea Scouting in the United Kingdom|last=Masini|first=Roy|year=2007|access-date=2009-01-17}}</ref> |
Later, Sea Scouts were introduced within the [[The Scout Association|Baden-Powell Boy Scouts]] organization. In the first edition of ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'', [[Baden-Powell]] mentioned that "A Scout should be able to manage a boat, to bring it properly alongside a ship or pier....". In December 1908, the first Seamanship badge was issued as one of the first 'Efficiency' badges.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://retentioninscouting.org/The_Early_History_of_Sea_Scouting.pdf |title=The Early History of Sea Scouting |work="Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones pages |pages=1–10 |date=April 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072409/http://retentioninscouting.org/The_Early_History_of_Sea_Scouting.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A camp for Scouts was held at [[Bucklers Hard]], [[Hampshire]] in August 1909 at which boating activities were a focus. In 1911, Baden-Powell wrote the booklet ''Sea Scouting for Boys''. [[Warington Baden-Powell]]<ref>[[Warington Baden-Powell]], K.C., an Admiralty lawyer, sailor, inventor of [[canoe]] sailing and author of ''Canoe Travelling: Log of a Cruise on the Baltic, and Practical Hints on Building and Fitting Canoes'' London, Smith, Elder, 1871.</ref> wrote ''Sea Scouting and Seamanship for Boys'' in 1912, with a foreword by [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]]. A special uniform for Sea Scouts was approved in 1910 and, in 1912, the name "Sea Scouts" was officially adopted within Baden-Powell's Boy Scouts Association.<ref name="SeaHist">{{cite web|url=http://www.seascout.org/about/history-uk.html|title=A Short History of Sea Scouting in the United Kingdom|last=Masini|first=Roy|year=2007|access-date=2009-01-17}}</ref> |
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Sea Scouting found its way to the rest of the world. In many organizations a Sea Scout troop or group has a special name, in the Boy Scouts of America it is called a ship.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} |
Sea Scouting found its way to the rest of the world. In many organizations a Sea Scout troop or group has a special name, in the Boy Scouts of America it is called a ship.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} |
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|India |
|India |
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|2500 |
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|500 |
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|25 |
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|12–26 |
|12–26 |
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|http://www.seascoutsindia.com |
|http://www.seascoutsindia.com |
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|Latvia |
|Latvia |
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|50 |
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|1 |
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|7–18 |
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|11–16 |
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|Norway |
|Norway |
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|2,000 |
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|26 |
|26 |
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|6-25 |
|6-25 |
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|600 |
|600 |
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|19 |
|19 |
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|6–22 |
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|7–23 |
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|13–21 |
|13–21 |
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|[[Sea |
|[[Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)]]<br />[[Girl Scouts of the USA#Mariner Scouts|Girl Scouts of the USA]] |
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[[File:Zea marina - Sea Scouts (2008).jpg|thumb|right|A [[sailboat]] of Sea Scouts of Greece sailing from Zea marina]] |
[[File:Zea marina - Sea Scouts (2008).jpg|thumb|right|A [[sailboat]] of Sea Scouts of Greece sailing from Zea marina]] |
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Eurosea is the seminar for Sea Scouting/Guiding in the [[European Scout Region (World Organization of the Scout Movement)|European Scout Region]] which take place every three years. The aims and objectives are to enable national associations to share ideas and experiences on how to develop Sea Scouting/Guiding or water-based programs in general. |
Eurosea is the seminar for Sea Scouting/Guiding in the [[European Scout Region (World Organization of the Scout Movement)|European Scout Region]] which take place every two or three years. The aims and objectives are to enable national associations to share ideas and experiences on how to develop Sea Scouting/Guiding or water-based programs in general. |
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Participants are members of national or regional teams responsible for Sea Scouting/Guiding or developing water-based programs and representatives from associations interested in introducing Sea Scouting/Guiding. |
Participants are members of national or regional teams responsible for Sea Scouting/Guiding or developing water-based programs and representatives from associations interested in introducing Sea Scouting/Guiding. |
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*Eurosea 1, 1985: [[Thessaloniki]], Greece |
*Eurosea 1, 1985: [[Thessaloniki]], Greece |
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*Eurosea 13, 2016: [[Puck, Poland]] |
*Eurosea 13, 2016: [[Puck, Poland]] |
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*Eurosea 14, 2018: [[Barcelona S.C.|Barcelona]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seascouts.eu/the-new-look-of-the-european-seascouting-website/|title=The New Look of the European Seascouting Website – Sea Scouting|website=seascouts.eu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> |
*Eurosea 14, 2018: [[Barcelona S.C.|Barcelona]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seascouts.eu/the-new-look-of-the-european-seascouting-website/|title=The New Look of the European Seascouting Website – Sea Scouting|website=seascouts.eu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> |
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*Eurosea 15, |
*Eurosea 15, 2022: [[Athens]], Greece<ref>{{cite web |title=EUROSEA 2020 GREECE |url=http://seascouts.eu/euronaut-2/eurosea-2020-greece/ |website=Sea scouting in Europe |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> |
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==Loss of vessels== |
==Loss of vessels== |
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*4 August 1912 – eight Boy Scouts from the 2nd Walworth (Dulwich Mission)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article120671337 |title=Boy Scouts Gazette |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sydney)|The Sunday Times]] |location=Sydney |date=29 December 1912 |access-date=25 January 2016 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> group and another boy drowned in capsize of a cutter off [[Leysdown-on-Sea|Leysdown, Kent]], England. The boat was carrying twenty-three Scouts from [[Erith]] to a camp at Leysdown. |
*4 August 1912 – eight Boy Scouts from the 2nd Walworth (Dulwich Mission)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article120671337 |title=Boy Scouts Gazette |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sydney)|The Sunday Times]] |location=Sydney |date=29 December 1912 |access-date=25 January 2016 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> group and another boy drowned in capsize of a cutter off [[Leysdown-on-Sea|Leysdown, Kent]], England. The boat was carrying twenty-three Scouts from [[Erith]] to a camp at Leysdown. |
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*27 October 1913 – three Scouts and an assistant leader drowned and eleven Scouts were saved when the ketch ''Mirror'' was hit by the steamer ''Hogarth'' (1231 tons) while tacking across the river. ''Mirror'' had been a gift of the ''Daily Mirror'' newspaper to the Scouts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149814642 |title=Four Sea Scouts Drowned |newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]] |location=Vic. |date=28 October 1913 |access-date=25 January 2016 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> |
*27 October 1913 – three Scouts and an assistant leader drowned and eleven Scouts were saved when the ketch ''Mirror'' was hit by the steamer ''Hogarth'' (1231 tons) while tacking across the river. ''Mirror'' had been a gift of the ''Daily Mirror'' newspaper to the Scouts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149814642 |title=Four Sea Scouts Drowned |newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]] |location=Vic. |date=28 October 1913 |access-date=25 January 2016 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> |
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*In August 1950 – all ten Scouts on board were killed when the ''Wangle III'', owned by 1st Mortlake Sea Scouts was lost on a return voyage from France.<ref name="SeaHist"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Wreck report for 'Wangle III', 1951|url=http://www.plimsoll.org/resources/SCCLibraries/WreckReports/14214.asp|author=GB Board of Trade|date=1951-03-19|author2=SCC Libraries <!-- |access-date={{date}} automatically using date of last page refresh makes no sense for a citation -->}}</ref> |
*In August 1950 – all ten Scouts on board were killed when the ''Wangle III'', owned by 1st Mortlake Sea Scouts was lost on a return voyage from France.<ref name="SeaHist"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Wreck report for 'Wangle III', 1951|url=http://www.plimsoll.org/resources/SCCLibraries/WreckReports/14214.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100408/http://www.plimsoll.org/resources/SCCLibraries/WreckReports/14214.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 21, 2011|author=GB Board of Trade|date=1951-03-19|author2=SCC Libraries <!-- |access-date={{date}} automatically using date of last page refresh makes no sense for a citation -->}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[S.S.S. Lotus]]<ref>{{Cite web|url |
*[[S.S.S. Lotus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sssodyssey.org |title=Sea Scout Ship Odyssey}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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*J.S. Wilson, ''Scouting 'Round the World'', 1957 edition |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book | first = John S. | last = Wilson | author-link = J. S. Wilson | date = 1959 | title = Scouting Round the World | edition = First |publisher = Blandford Press |url=https://archive.org/details/scoutingroundwor0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Scouting|sections}} |
{{Scouting|sections}} |
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[[Category:Sea Scouting|*]] |
[[Category:Sea Scouting|*]] |
Revision as of 05:13, 22 March 2024
Sea Scouting | |||
---|---|---|---|
Land | Worldwide | ||
Gegründet | 1909 | ||
| |||
Sea Scouts are a part of the Scout movement, with a particular emphasis on boating and other water-based activities on the sea, rivers or lakes (canoeing, rafting, scuba, sailboarding). Sea Scouts can provide a chance to sail, cruise on boats, learn navigation, learn how to work on engines and compete in regattas. Sea Scouts often have distinctive uniforms. In some countries or Scout organizations, Sea Scouting is a program just for older Scouts.
History
One of the earliest records of "Sea Scouts" is in Chums magazine which refers to "Sea Scouts" as early as July 1909.[1] These Sea Scouts were part of the Chums Scouts and British Boy Scouts. [citation needed]
Also in the Chums magazine, the British Boys Naval Brigade, later National Naval Cadets, were subtitled 'Scouts of the Sea' from the 14 July 1909 edition and, from the 28 July 1909 edition, 'Sea Scouts of the Empire'.[2] The British Boy Scouts and an original company of The National Naval Cadets were both headquartered in Battersea, London and the 'boys' weekly newspaper Chums was the official journal of both. The National Naval Cadets affiliated with the British Boy Scouts as part of its Sea Scouts.[citation needed]
Later, Sea Scouts were introduced within the Baden-Powell Boy Scouts organization. In the first edition of Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell mentioned that "A Scout should be able to manage a boat, to bring it properly alongside a ship or pier....". In December 1908, the first Seamanship badge was issued as one of the first 'Efficiency' badges.[3] A camp for Scouts was held at Bucklers Hard, Hampshire in August 1909 at which boating activities were a focus. In 1911, Baden-Powell wrote the booklet Sea Scouting for Boys. Warington Baden-Powell[4] wrote Sea Scouting and Seamanship for Boys in 1912, with a foreword by Robert Baden-Powell. A special uniform for Sea Scouts was approved in 1910 and, in 1912, the name "Sea Scouts" was officially adopted within Baden-Powell's Boy Scouts Association.[5]
Sea Scouting found its way to the rest of the world. In many organizations a Sea Scout troop or group has a special name, in the Boy Scouts of America it is called a ship.[citation needed]
Around the world
Land | Membership | Troops/Groups | Age group | See also |
---|---|---|---|---|
Argentinien | 2 | 6-21 | http://gruposcoutnavalesalteg-brown.webnode.es/ | |
Australien | 92 | 6–26 | ||
Österreich | 4 | 10–20 | Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs | |
Bahamas | ||||
Bangladesch | 30 | 14–25 | [1] | |
Barbados | ||||
Belgien | 3,100 | 27 | 6–18 | |
Brasilien | 5.315 | 102 | 6.5–21 | [2] |
Bulgarien | at least 1 | |||
Kanada | 25 | 11–26 | [3] | |
Kroatien | 7 | |||
Zypern | 9 | |||
Tschechische Republik | 4016 | 166 | above 5 | Czech Sea Scouts Headquarters[6] |
Dänemark | 3,800 | |||
Ägypten | [4] | |||
Finland[7] | 9,000 | 100 | Above 7 | |
Frankreich | 2,500 | |||
Deutschland | 12 | |||
Gibraltar | 1 | |||
Griechenland | 4,000 | above 7 | Soma Hellinon Proskopon (Boy Scouts) | |
Soma Hellinikou Odigismou (co-ed Guides) | ||||
Hongkong | 11–20 | |||
Ungarn | 6 | above 12 | http://vizicserkesz.hu | |
Island | 1 | |||
Indien | 2500 | 25 | 12–26 | http://www.seascoutsindia.com |
Indonesien | 4 | 14-20 | Satuan Karya (Saka) Bahari | |
Ireland[8] | 3,944 | 29 | 6–26 | Sea Scouts (Scouting Ireland) |
Israel[9] | 1,000 | 8 | 10–18 | Israel Sea Scouts Website |
Italien | 500 | 30 | ||
Lettland | 50 | 1 | 7–18 | |
Litauen | 300 | 13 | 8–29 | Lithuanian Scouting Sea Scouts [5] |
Malaysia | at least 20 | 12–19 | ||
Monaco | 1 | |||
Montenegro | ||||
Netherlands[10] | 2,167 | 300 | 7–11 | Scouting Nederland |
5,401 | 10–15 | |||
1,395 | 14–17 | |||
2,000 | 17–23 | |||
Neuseeland | 2,000 | 60 | 10–15.5 | Sea Scouts New Zealand |
Norwegen | 2,000 | 26 | 6-25 | |
Pakistan | 200 | |||
Poland (01-01-2007) | 295 (159g+136b) | 175 | 6–9 | |
669 (366g+303b) | 10–12 | |||
910 (442g+351b) | 13–15 | |||
735 (392f+343m) | 16–18 | |||
225 (89f+163m) | 19–25 | |||
~475 | leaders | |||
Philippinen | 10–17 | |||
Pitcairn Island | 1 | |||
Portugal | 600 | 19 | 6–22 | |
Rumänien | 100 | 2 | ||
Serbien | ||||
Singapur | 12–24 | Singapore Sea Scouts | ||
Slowakei | 6 | Vodný skauti | ||
South Africa[11] | 20 | 11–18 | ||
Spanien | 2 | |||
Schweden | 7,000 | 80 | 8-25 | |
Switzerland[12] | 130 | 1 | >6 | Pfadibewegung Schweiz |
Thailand | ||||
Trinidad und Tobago | 1893 | 18 | 11–21 | |
Türkei | ||||
Vereinigtes Königreich | 10,000 | 401 | 10–14 | Sea Scouts (The Scout Association) |
14–18 | ||||
Vereinigte Staaten | 15,000 | 13–21 | Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America) Girl Scouts of the USA |
Eurosea seminars
Eurosea is the seminar for Sea Scouting/Guiding in the European Scout Region which take place every two or three years. The aims and objectives are to enable national associations to share ideas and experiences on how to develop Sea Scouting/Guiding or water-based programs in general. Participants are members of national or regional teams responsible for Sea Scouting/Guiding or developing water-based programs and representatives from associations interested in introducing Sea Scouting/Guiding.
- Eurosea 1, 1985: Thessaloniki, Greece
- Eurosea 2, 1988: Harderhaven, Netherlands
- Eurosea 3, 1992: Vässarö, Sweden
- Eurosea 4, 1994: London, United Kingdom
- Eurosea 5, 1997: Oslo, Norway
- Eurosea 6, 2000: Olsztynek, Poland
- Eurosea 7, 2003: São Jacinto, Aveiro, Portugal
- Eurosea 8, 2006: Korpo, Finland
- Eurosea 9, 2008: Larch Hill, Ireland
- Eurosea 10, 2010: Plzeň, Czech Republic
- Eurosea 11, 2012: Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eurosea 12, 2014: Bruges, Belgium
- Eurosea 13, 2016: Puck, Poland
- Eurosea 14, 2018: Barcelona, Spain[13]
- Eurosea 15, 2022: Athens, Greece[14]
Loss of vessels
- 4 August 1912 – eight Boy Scouts from the 2nd Walworth (Dulwich Mission)[15] group and another boy drowned in capsize of a cutter off Leysdown, Kent, England. The boat was carrying twenty-three Scouts from Erith to a camp at Leysdown.
- 27 October 1913 – three Scouts and an assistant leader drowned and eleven Scouts were saved when the ketch Mirror was hit by the steamer Hogarth (1231 tons) while tacking across the river. Mirror had been a gift of the Daily Mirror newspaper to the Scouts.[16]
- In August 1950 – all ten Scouts on board were killed when the Wangle III, owned by 1st Mortlake Sea Scouts was lost on a return voyage from France.[5][17]
See also
References
- ^ Chums, vd. e.g. 14 July 1909 p879, 21 July 1909 p888, 28 July 1909 p921.
- ^ "Chums". Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
- ^ "The Early History of Sea Scouting" (PDF). "Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones pages. April 3, 2012. pp. 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
- ^ Warington Baden-Powell, K.C., an Admiralty lawyer, sailor, inventor of canoe sailing and author of Canoe Travelling: Log of a Cruise on the Baltic, and Practical Hints on Building and Fitting Canoes London, Smith, Elder, 1871.
- ^ a b Masini, Roy (2007). "A Short History of Sea Scouting in the United Kingdom". Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ Czech Sea Scouts Headquarters. "Czech Sea Scouts Headquarters (HKVS)".
- ^ "Sea guiding and scouting". Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
- ^ "Groups | Sea Scouting | Ireland".
- ^ Sea Scouting: Sea Scouting in Israel
- ^ "Presentation Dutch Seascouts Eurosea 8 Seminar" (powerpoint). Retrieved 2007-03-05.
- ^ seascout.org SouthAfrica
- ^ "Unikum unter den Schweizer Pfadfindern feiert Jubiläum" (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^ "The New Look of the European Seascouting Website – Sea Scouting". seascouts.eu. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
- ^ "EUROSEA 2020 GREECE". Sea scouting in Europe. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ "Boy Scouts Gazette". The Sunday Times. Sydney. 29 December 1912. p. 28. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Four Sea Scouts Drowned". Geelong Advertiser. Vic. 28 October 1913. p. 3. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ GB Board of Trade; SCC Libraries (1951-03-19). "Wreck report for 'Wangle III', 1951". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Sea Scout Ship Odyssey".
Further reading
- Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (First ed.). Blandford Press.