Caspian tern: Difference between revisions

Caspian tern
	Breeding Plumage; Canada
	Non-breeding Plumage; The Gambia
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Genus:	Hydroprogne; Kaup, 1829
Species:	H. caspia
Binomial name
	Hydroprogne caspia; (Pallas, 1770)
Synonyms
	Sterna caspia ; Hydroprogne tschegrava; Helopus caspius

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The Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia)^[2] is a species of tern, with a subcosmopolitan but scattered distribution. Despite its extensive range, it is monotypic of its genus, and has no accepted subspecies.^[3] The genus name is from Ancient Greek hudros, "water", and Latin progne, "swallow". The specific caspia is from Latin and, like the English name, refers to the Caspian Sea.^[4]

Description

It is the world's largest tern with a length of 48–60 cm (19–24 in), a wingspan of 127–145 cm (50–57 in) and a weight of 530–782 g (18.7–27.6 oz).^[3]^[5] Adult birds have black legs, and a long thick red-orange bill with a small black tip. They have a white head with a black cap and white neck, belly, and tail.^[6] The upper wings and back are pale grey; the underwings are pale with dark primary feathers. In-flight, the tail is less forked than other terns, and wingtips are black on the underside.^[3] In winter, the black cap is still present (unlike many other terns), but with some white streaking on the forehead. The call is a loud heron-like croak.^[7]^[6]

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is large lakes and ocean coasts in North America (including the Great Lakes), and locally in Europe (mainly around the Baltic Sea and Black Sea), Asia, Africa, and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). North American birds migrate to southern coasts, the West Indies and northernmost South America. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the Old World tropics.^[6] African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.^[3]

In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwestern Alaska, 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting. This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed to global warming.^[8]

The global population is about 50,000 pairs; numbers in most regions are stable, but the Baltic Sea population (1400–1475 pairs in the early 1990s) is declining and of conservation concern.^[3]^[9]

The Caspian tern is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Behaviour

Feeding

They feed mainly on fish, which they dive for, hovering high over the water and then plunging. They also occasionally eat large insects, the young and eggs of other birds and rodents. They may fly up to 60 km (37 mi) from the breeding colony to catch fish; they often fish on freshwater lakes as well as at sea.^[3]^[7]

Breeding

Breeding is in spring and summer, with one to three pale blue-green eggs, with heavy brown spotting, being laid. They nest either together in colonies, or singly in mixed colonies of other tern and gull species. The nest is on the ground among gravel and sand, or sometimes on vegetation; incubation lasts for 26–28 days. The chicks are variable in plumage pattern, from pale creamy to darker grey-brown; this variation assists adults in recognizing their own chicks when returning to the colony from feeding trips. Fledging occurs after 35–45 days.^[3]

Gallery

Preparing for takeoff
Caspian tern in flight
Two Caspian terns in flight
In flight In New Zealand

References

^ BirdLife International (2015). "Hydroprogne caspia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T22694524A84639220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22694524A84639220.en.
^ Bridge, E.S.; Jones, A.W.; Baker, A.J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID 15804415.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 645. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 93, 197. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Wild About Terns: Looking After Our Shorebirds" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Climate Change NSW.
^ ^a ^b ^c Robson, Craig (2007). New Holland Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia. London: New Holland. p. 118. ISBN 1843307464.
^ ^a ^b Mullarney, K.; Svensson, L.; Zetterström, D.; Grant, P.J. (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-219728-1.
^ Milman, Oliver (23 September 2016). "Terns follow record warm temperatures in 'shock' migration to north of Alaska". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
^ Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1.

External links

Caspian Tern species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
BirdLife species factsheet for Hydroprogne caspia
"Hydroprogne caspia". Avibase.
"Caspian tern media". Internet Bird Collection.
Caspian tern photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Hydroprogne caspia at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Caspian tern on Xeno-canto.
Hydroprogne caspia in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr
Caspian tern media from ARKive

[iucn-1] BirdLife International (2015). "Hydroprogne caspia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T22694524A84639220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22694524A84639220.en.

[bridge-2] Bridge, E.S.; Jones, A.W.; Baker, A.J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID 15804415.

[lynx-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 645. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7.

[job-4] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 93, 197. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[WildAboutTerns-5] "Wild About Terns: Looking After Our Shorebirds" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Climate Change NSW.

[R-6] Robson, Craig (2007). New Holland Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia. London: New Holland. p. 118. ISBN 1843307464.

[mullarney-7] Mullarney, K.; Svensson, L.; Zetterström, D.; Grant, P.J. (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-219728-1.

[8] Milman, Oliver (23 September 2016). "Terns follow record warm temperatures in 'shock' migration to north of Alaska". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-09-27.

[bwpc-9] Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
-| name = Caspian tern
 | image = Sterna-caspia-010.jpg
-| image_caption = breeding plumage<br>[[Canada]]
+| image_caption = Breeding Plumage<br />[[Canada]]
 | image2 = Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) non-breeding.jpg
-| image2_caption = non-breeding plumage<br>[[Gambia]]
+| image2_caption = Non-breeding Plumage<br />[[The Gambia]]
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |author=[[BirdLife International]] |title=''Hydroprogne caspia'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2015 |page=e.T22694524A84639220 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2015 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22694524A84639220.en |accessdate=25 May 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22694524A84639220.en}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |title=''Hydroprogne caspia'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2015 |page=e.T22694524A84639220 |year=2015 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22694524A84639220.en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 | genus = Hydroprogne
 | parent_authority = [[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1829
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ''Hydroprogne tschegrava''<br />
 ''Helopus caspius''
+| range_map = Hydroprogne caspia map.svg
 }}
-The '''Caspian tern''' (''Hydroprogne caspia'')<ref name=bridge/> is a species of [[tern]], with a [[cosmopolitan distribution|subcosmopolitan]] but scattered distribution. Despite its extensive range, it is [[monotypic]] of its genus, and has no accepted [[subspecies]].<ref name=lynx/> The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''hudros'', "water", and [[Latin]] ''progne'', "[[swallow]]". The specific ''caspia'' is from Latin and, like the English name, refers to the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 93, 197}}</ref>
+The '''Caspian tern''' ('''''Hydroprogne caspia''''')<ref name=bridge/> is a species of [[tern]], with a [[cosmopolitan distribution|subcosmopolitan]] but scattered distribution. Despite its extensive range, it is [[monotypic]] of its genus, and has no accepted [[subspecies]].<ref name=lynx/> The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''hudros'', "water", and [[Latin]] ''progne'', "[[swallow]]". The specific ''caspia'' is from Latin and, like the English name, refers to the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997 | url-access= limited | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997/page/n93 93], 197}}</ref>
 ==Description==
-It is the world's largest tern with a length of {{convert|48|–|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}, a wingspan of {{convert|127|–|145|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|530|-|782|g|abbr=on}}.<ref name=lynx/><ref name=WildAboutTerns/> Adult birds have black legs, and a long thick red-orange bill with a small black tip. They have a white head with a black cap and white neck, belly and tail. The upper wings and back are pale grey; the underwings are pale with dark primary feathers. In flight, the tail is less forked than other terns and wing tips black on the underside.<ref name=lynx/> In winter, the black cap is still present (unlike many other terns), but with some white streaking on the forehead. The call is a loud [[heron|heron-like]] croak.<ref name=mullarney/>
+It is the world's largest tern with a length of {{convert|48|–|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}, a wingspan of {{convert|127|–|145|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|530|-|782|g|abbr=on}}.<ref name=lynx/><ref name=WildAboutTerns/> Adult birds have black legs, and a long thick red-orange bill with a small black tip. They have a white head with a black cap and white neck, belly, and tail.<ref name="R">{{Cite book|page=118|title=New Holland Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia|first=Craig|last=Robson|date=2007|publisher=New Holland|location=London|ISBN=1843307464}}</ref> The upper wings and back are pale grey; the underwings are pale with dark primary feathers. In-flight, the tail is less forked than other terns, and wingtips are black on the underside.<ref name=lynx/> In winter, the black cap is still present (unlike many other terns), but with some white streaking on the forehead. The call is a loud [[heron|heron-like]] croak.<ref name=mullarney/><ref name="R"/>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-Their breeding habitat is large lakes and ocean coasts in [[North America]] (including the [[Great Lakes]]), and locally in [[Europe]] (mainly around the [[Baltic Sea]] and [[Black Sea]]), [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Australasia]] ([[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]). North American birds [[Bird migration|migrate]] to southern coasts, the [[West Indies]] and northernmost [[South America]]. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the [[Old World]] tropics. African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.<ref name=lynx/>
+Their breeding habitat is large lakes and ocean coasts in [[North America]] (including the [[Great Lakes]]), and locally in [[Europe]] (mainly around the [[Baltic Sea]] and [[Black Sea]]), [[Palearctic|Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Australasia]] ([[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]). North American birds [[Bird migration|migrate]] to southern coasts, the [[West Indies]] and northernmost [[South America]]. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the [[Old World]] tropics.<ref name="R"/> African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.<ref name=lynx/>
-In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the [[Cape Krusenstern National Monument]] in northwestern [[Alaska]], 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting.  This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed to [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Milman | first = Oliver | title = Terns follow record warm temperatures in 'shock' migration to north of Alaska| newspaper = [[theguardian.com]]| publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''| date = 23 September 2016| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/23/terns-migration-alaska  | access-date = 2016-09-27}}</ref>
+In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the [[Cape Krusenstern National Monument]] in northwestern [[Alaska]], 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting.  This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed to [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Milman | first = Oliver | title = Terns follow record warm temperatures in 'shock' migration to north of Alaska| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]| date = 23 September 2016| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/23/terns-migration-alaska  | access-date = 2016-09-27}}</ref>
 The global population is about 50,000 pairs; numbers in most regions are stable, but the Baltic Sea population (1400–1475 pairs in the early 1990s) is declining and of conservation concern.<ref name=lynx/><ref name=bwpc/>
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 ===Breeding===
 [[File:Hydroprogne caspia MWNH 0386.JPG|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
-Breeding is in spring and summer, with one to three pale blue green eggs, with heavy brown spotting, being laid. They nest either together in colonies, or singly in mixed colonies of other tern and [[gull]] species. The nest is on the ground among gravel and sand, or sometimes on vegetation; incubation lasts for 26–28 days. The chicks are variable in plumage pattern, from pale creamy to darker grey-brown; this variation assists adults in recognizing their own chicks when returning to the colony from feeding trips. Fledging occurs after 35–45 days.<ref name=lynx/>
+Breeding is in spring and summer, with one to three pale blue-green eggs, with heavy brown spotting, being laid. They nest either together in colonies, or singly in mixed colonies of other tern and [[gull]] species. The nest is on the ground among gravel and sand, or sometimes on vegetation; incubation lasts for 26–28 days. The chicks are variable in plumage pattern, from pale creamy to darker grey-brown; this variation assists adults in recognizing their own chicks when returning to the colony from feeding trips. Fledging occurs after 35–45 days.<ref name=lynx/>
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 File:Caspian Tern takeoff RWD.jpg|Preparing for takeoff
-File:Hydroprogne caspia - Gould's Lagoon.jpg|Caspian tern in flight
+File:Caspian tern in flight at DeKorte Park (42079).jpg|Caspian tern in flight
 File:Two caspian terns.png|Two Caspian terns in flight
-File:Hydroprogne caspia-Caspian Tern 03.JPG|A vagrant Caspian Tern seen in Hoskote lake, Bangalore
+File:Caspian Tern in flight in New Zealand.png|In flight In New Zealand
 </gallery>
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|refs=
-<ref name=bridge>{{cite journal |last1=Bridge |first1=E.S. |last2=Jones |first2=A.W. |last3=Baker |first3=A.J. |year=2005 |title=A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |pages=459–469 |pmid=15804415 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010}}</ref>
+<ref name=bridge>{{cite journal |last1=Bridge |first1=E.S. |last2=Jones |first2=A.W. |last3=Baker |first3=A.J. |year=2005 |title=A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=459–469 |pmid=15804415 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010}}</ref>
-<ref name=bwpc>{{Cite book |last1=Snow |first1=D.W. |last2=Perrins |first2=C.M. |year=1998 |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |edition=Concise |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-854099-X}}</ref>
+<ref name=bwpc>{{Cite book |last1=Snow |first1=D.W. |last2=Perrins |first2=C.M. |year=1998 |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |edition=Concise |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-854099-1}}</ref>
-<ref name=lynx>{{cite book |title=[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Elliot |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=J. | year=1996 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=[[Barcelona]] |isbn=84-87334-20-2 |volume=3 |page=645}}</ref>
+<ref name=lynx>{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Elliot |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=J. |year=1996 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=[[Barcelona]] |isbn=978-84-87334-20-7 |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/645 645] |title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World }}</ref>
-<ref name=mullarney>{{Cite book |last1=Mullarney |first1=K. |last2=Svensson |first2=L. |last3=Zetterström |first3=D. |last4=Grant |first4=P.J. |year=1999 |title=Collins Bird Guide |publisher=Collins |isbn=0-00-219728-6}}</ref>
+<ref name=mullarney>{{Cite book |last1=Mullarney |first1=K. |last2=Svensson |first2=L. |last3=Zetterström |first3=D. |last4=Grant |first4=P.J. |year=1999 |title=Collins Bird Guide |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-219728-1}}</ref>
 <ref name=WildAboutTerns>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/08261WildAboutTerns.pdf |title=Wild About Terns: Looking After Our Shorebirds |publisher=Department of the Environment and Climate Change NSW}}</ref>
@@ Line 74: / Line 76: @@
 * {{ARKive}}
+{{Charadriiformes|L.|state=collapsed}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q27129}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:tern, Caspian}}
+[[Category:Terns|Caspian tern]]
-[[Category:Laridae|Caspian tern]]
 [[Category:Birds of Central Asia]]
 [[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
 [[Category:Birds of Madagascar]]
 [[Category:Birds of North America]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
 [[Category:Birds of Oceania]]
 [[Category:Birds of West Africa]]
-[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
+[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1770|Caspian tern]]
+[[Category:Cosmopolitan birds]]
+[[Category:Holarctic birds]]