1999 Chamoli earthquake: Difference between revisions

1999 Chamoli earthquake
UTC time	1999-03-28 19:05:11
ISC event	1547491
USGS-ANSS	ComCat
Local date	29 March 1999
Local time	00:35
Magnitude	6.6 Mw(ANSS)
Depth	15 kilometres (9 mi)
Epicenter	30°30′43″N 79°24′11″E / 30.512°N 79.403°E
Type	Thrust
Areas affected	India
Max. intensity	MMI VIII (Severe)
Casualties	Approximately 103 dead

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The 1999 Chamoli earthquake occurred on 29 March in the Chamoli district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (now in Uttarakhand). Approximately 103 people died in the earthquake.

Cause

The Himalaya Range has been undergoing crustal shortening along the 2,400 km long northern edge of the Indian Plate which resulted in the formation of several thrust faults including the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The MCT consists of three sub-thrusts: MCT I, MCT II and MCT III. Many earthquakes have occurred along these thrust faults. It is thought that the Chamoli earthquake in 1999 was associated with these fault systems.^[4]

Description

The earthquake was the strongest to hit the foothills of the Himalayas in more than ninety years.^[5] Apart from the Chamoli district, the quake also affected five other districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar, Uttarkashi and Pauri Garhwal (all are in Uttarakhand now). Among these, Chamoli and Rudraprayag were the most affected districts.^[3] Aftershocks continued and most of the aftershocks occurred in the east of Chamoli.^[4] Officials from Pakistan reported that the quake was also felt in Lahore and Gujranwala.^[5]

Damage and casualties

Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of ground fissures were reported from many areas. Landslides and changes in the groundwater flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in Gopeshwar, Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in asphalt roads at several locations.^[4] Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.^[6]

The death toll was 103.^[3] Several hundred people were injured and approximately 50,000 houses were damaged.^[7] Over 2,000 villages were affected by the earthquake.^[8] Electricity, water supply and communication were also severely affected by the earthquake especially in the Chamoli town, Gopeshwar and Okhimath region of Rudraprayag district.^[6] According to Mike Wooldridge, correspondent for the BBC News, Chamoli suffered most damage and almost all the houses and shops built on slopes in the lower part of the town were destroyed.^[5]

The bridge deck of a pedestrian suspension bridge situated near Bairagna developed lateral buckling and the cables of the bridge were loosened. Water pipelines in Chamoli and Gopeshwar towns were damaged affecting water supply due to landslides caused by the quake. The concrete-lined canals of the irrigation network in the affected region sustained some cracks.^[4]

In Delhi, many buildings sustained non-structural damage.^[9] According to Dr B.L. Wadhera, who filed a public interest litigation in the Delhi High Court, cracks developed in the Shastri Bhavan in Delhi which houses several Union Ministries.^[10] Damage occurred in several buildings in Dehradun also. A few old buildings of the Survey of India sustained collapse of gable masonry, and cracks developed along the junctions between the pitched roof and the masonry walls.^[4]

Relief efforts

Rescue operations were hampered by landslides, loss of electrical power and the loss of communication links with Chamoli. Many road workers became involved to clear landslide debris from a 16 km stretch of road leading to the worst-affected area.^[5] Local people carried out search and rescue operations.^[4] Rescue efforts were led by the Indian Army^[5] and Paramilitary personnel were also called-in to aid.^[4] The army used helicopters to ferry in supplies.^[5] Food and other necessary supplies were air-dropped to villages which lacked motorable roads and where roads were damaged due to landslides.^[4] Locals organized a committee to make sure that those most affected receive food.^[5]

References

^ Rastogi, Bal. (2000). Chamoli earthquake of magnitude 6.6 on 29 March 1999. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 55. 505–514.
^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
^ ^a ^b ^c Chamoli earthquake of 29 March 1999 Archived 5 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine India Meteorological Department
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999 National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g World: South Asia Quake death toll nears 100 BBC News
^ ^a ^b 29 March 1999 Chamoli earthquake: A preliminary report on earthquake-induced landslides using IRS-1C/1D data Indian Academy of Sciences
^ Estimation of source parameters of Chamoli Earthquake, India Indian Academy of Sciences
^ Chamoli Earthquake of 29 March 1999, India Archived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
^ Who's afraid of earthquakes really?^[usurped] The Hindu
^ 'Delhi ill-equipped to handle quakes'^[usurped] The Hindu

External links

The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
ReliefWeb's main page for this event.

[1] Rastogi, Bal. (2000). Chamoli earthquake of magnitude 6.6 on 29 March 1999. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 55. 505–514.

[NGDC-2] National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K

[IMD-3] Chamoli earthquake of 29 March 1999 Archived 5 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine India Meteorological Department

[NICEE-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999 National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering

[BBCWSAQDTN100-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g World: South Asia Quake death toll nears 100 BBC News

[IAS-6] 29 March 1999 Chamoli earthquake: A preliminary report on earthquake-induced landslides using IRS-1C/1D data Indian Academy of Sciences

[IASESPCEI-7] Estimation of source parameters of Chamoli Earthquake, India Indian Academy of Sciences

[ADPC-8] Chamoli Earthquake of 29 March 1999, India Archived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

[HINDUWAER-9] Who's afraid of earthquakes really?^[usurped] The Hindu

[HINDUDIEHQ-10] 'Delhi ill-equipped to handle quakes'^[usurped] The Hindu

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Severe earthquake in India}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
 {{Infobox earthquake
-|title = 1999 Chamoli earthquake
+| title = 1999 Chamoli earthquake
+| timestamp = 1999-03-28 19:05:11
-|date = {{start-date|29 March 1999|29 March 1999}}
+| anss-url = usp00095cb
-|map2 = {{Location map | India
+| isc-event = 1547491
+| local-time = 00:35
+| local-date = 29 March 1999
+| map2 = {{Location map | India Uttarakhand#India
  | relief = yes
  | label =
- | lat = 30.408
+ | lat = 30.512
- | long = 79.416
+ | long = 79.403
  | mark = Bullseye1.png
  | marksize = 40
@@ Line 15: / Line 20: @@
  | float = right
  | caption = }}
+| magnitude = 6.6 {{M|w|link=y|src=[[Advanced National Seismic System|ANSS]]}}
-|magnitude = 6.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]]<ref name=IMD/><ref name=IAS/>
-|depth = {{convert|21|km|mi|0}}<ref name=IMD/>
+| depth = {{convert|15|km|mi|0}}
-|location = {{coord|30.408|N|79.416|E}}<ref name=ADPC/>
+| location = {{coord|30.512|N|79.403|E}}
+| type = Thrust<ref>Rastogi, Bal. (2000). [http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/69441 Chamoli earthquake of magnitude 6.6 on 29 March 1999]. ''Journal of the Geological Society of India''. 55. 505–514.</ref>
-|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|VIII (''Severe'')]]<ref name=NGDC/>
+| intensity = {{MMI|8}}<ref name=NGDC/>
-|countries affected = [[India]]
+| countries affected = [[India]]
-|casualties = Approximately 103 dead<ref name=IMD/>
+| casualties = Approximately 103 dead<ref name=IMD/>
 }}
-The '''1999 Chamoli earthquake''' occurred on 29 March in the [[Chamoli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]). The [[earthquake]] was the strongest to hit the foothills of the Himalayas in more than ninety years.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/306721.stm World: South Asia Quake death toll nears 100] ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> Approximately 103 people died in the earthquake.
+The '''1999 Chamoli earthquake''' occurred on 29 March in the [[Chamoli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]). Approximately 103 people died in the earthquake.
 ==Cause==
-The [[Himalayas|Himalaya Range]] has been undergoing crustal shortening along the 2,400&nbsp;km long northern edge of the [[Indian Plate]] which resulted in the formation of several [[thrust plane]]s including the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The MCT consists of three sub-thrusts: MCT I, MCT II and MCT III. Many earthquakes have occurred along these thrust faults. Academics believe the Chamoli earthquake in 1999 is associated with these fault systems.<ref name=NICEE>[http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Chamoli.pdf Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999] ''National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering''</ref>
+The [[Himalayas|Himalaya Range]] has been undergoing crustal shortening along the 2,400&nbsp;km long northern edge of the [[Indian Plate]] which resulted in the formation of several [[thrust fault]]s including the [[Main Central Thrust]] (MCT), the [[Main Boundary Thrust]] (MBT) and the [[Main Frontal Thrust]] (MFT). The MCT consists of three sub-thrusts: MCT I, MCT II and MCT III. Many earthquakes have occurred along these thrust faults. It is thought that the Chamoli earthquake in 1999 was associated with these fault systems.<ref name=NICEE>[http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Chamoli.pdf Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999] ''National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering''</ref>
 ==Description==
-The magnitude of the earthquake was 6.8 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref name=IMD/><ref name=IAS/><ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/><ref name=BBCWSAEHI>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/306597.stm World: South Asia Earthquake hits India] ''BBC News''</ref> Apart from the Chamoli district, the quake also affected five other districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. [[Rudraprayag]], [[Tehri Garhwal]], [[Bageshwar]], [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Pauri Garhwal]] (all are in [[Uttarakhand]] now). Among these, Chamoli and Rudraprayag were the most affected districts.<ref name=IMD/> [[Aftershock]]s continued and most of the aftershocks occurred in the east of Chamoli.<ref name=NICEE/> Officials from Pakistan reported that the quake was also felt in [[Lahore]] and [[Gujranwala]].<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/> The earthquake was also felt in the [[Nanda Devi]] mountain region, in [[Kanpur]], [[Shimla]], [[Delhi]], [[Dehradun]], [[Sirmour]] , [[Haridwar]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Moradabad]], [[Bijnor]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Meerut]], [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] and [[Srinagar]] and in the [[Baitadi District]], [[Dadeldhura District]], [[Darchula District]] and [[Kanchanpur District]] in [[Mahakali Zone]] in [[Nepal]].<ref name=ADPC/><ref name=NICEE/><ref name=BBCWSAEHI/>
+The [[earthquake]] was the strongest to hit the foothills of the Himalayas in more than ninety years.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/306721.stm World: South Asia Quake death toll nears 100] ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> Apart from the Chamoli district, the quake also affected five other districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. [[Rudraprayag]], [[Tehri Garhwal]], [[Bageshwar]], [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Pauri Garhwal]] (all are in [[Uttarakhand]] now). Among these, Chamoli and Rudraprayag were the most affected districts.<ref name=IMD/> [[Aftershock]]s continued and most of the aftershocks occurred in the east of Chamoli.<ref name=NICEE/> Officials from [[Pakistan]] reported that the quake was also felt in [[Lahore]] and [[Gujranwala]].<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>
 ==Damage and casualties==
-Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of ground fissures were reported from many areas. [[Landslide]]s and changes in the [[groundwater]] flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in [[Gopeshwar]], Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in asphalt roads at several locations.<ref name=NICEE/> Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.<ref name=IAS/>
+Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of [[ground fissure]]s were reported from many areas. [[Landslide]]s and changes in the [[groundwater]] flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in [[Gopeshwar]], Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in [[asphalt road]]s at several locations.<ref name=NICEE/> Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.<ref name=IAS/>
-The death toll was 103.<ref name=IMD/> Several hundred people injured and approximately 50,000 houses were damaged.<ref name=IASESPCEI>[http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/jun2001/1426.pdf Estimation of source parameters of Chamoli Earthquake, India] ''Indian Academy of Sciences''</ref> Over 2,000 villages were affected by the earthquake.<ref name=ADPC/> [[Electricity]], [[water supply]] and [[communication]] were also severely affected by the earthquake especially in the Chamoli town, Gopeshwar and Okhimath region of [[Rudraprayag district]].<ref name=IAS/> According to [[Mike Wooldridge (Broadcaster)|Mike Wooldridge]], correspondent for the [[BBC News]], Chamoli suffered most damage and almost all the houses and shops built on slopes in the lower part of the town were destroyed.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>
+The death toll was 103.<ref name=IMD/> Several hundred people were injured and approximately 50,000 houses were damaged.<ref name=IASESPCEI>[http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/jun2001/1426.pdf Estimation of source parameters of Chamoli Earthquake, India] ''Indian Academy of Sciences''</ref> Over 2,000 villages were affected by the earthquake.<ref name=ADPC/> [[Electricity]], [[water supply]] and [[communication]] were also severely affected by the earthquake especially in the Chamoli town, [[Gopeshwar]] and [[Okhimath]] region of [[Rudraprayag district]].<ref name=IAS/> According to [[Mike Wooldridge (broadcaster)|Mike Wooldridge]], correspondent for the [[BBC News]], Chamoli suffered most damage and almost all the houses and shops built on slopes in the lower part of the town were destroyed.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>
-The bridge deck of a [[Footbridge|pedestrian]] [[suspension bridge]] situated near Bairagna developed lateral [[buckling]] and the cables of the bridge were loosened. [[Pipeline transport#Water pipelines|Water pipelines]] in Chamoli and Gopeshwar towns were damaged affecting water supply due to landslides caused by the quake. The concrete-lined canals of the irrigation network in the affected region sustained some cracks.<ref name=NICEE/>
+The bridge deck of a [[Footbridge|pedestrian]] [[suspension bridge]] situated near Bairagna developed lateral [[buckling]] and the cables of the bridge were loosened. [[Pipeline transport#Water pipelines|Water pipelines]] in Chamoli and Gopeshwar towns were damaged affecting water supply due to landslides caused by the quake. The concrete-lined canals of the [[irrigation]] network in the affected region sustained some cracks.<ref name=NICEE/>
-In Delhi, many buildings sustained non-structural damage.<ref name=HINDUWAER>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/31/stories/14312185.htm Who's afraid of earthquakes really?] ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> According to Dr B.L. Wadhera, who filed a public interest litigation in the [[Delhi High Court]], cracks developed in the Shastri Bhavan in Delhi which houses several Union Ministries.<ref name=HINDUDIEHQ>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/27/stories/0127000e.htm 'Delhi ill-equipped to handle quakes'] ''The Hindu''</ref> Damage occurred in several buildings in [[Dehradun]] also. A few old buildings of the [[Survey of India]] sustained collapse of gable masonry, and cracks developed along the junctions between the pitched roof and the masonry walls.<ref name=NICEE/>
+In [[Delhi]], many buildings sustained non-structural damage.<ref name=HINDUWAER>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130126002153/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/31/stories/14312185.htm Who's afraid of earthquakes really?]}} ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> According to Dr B.L. Wadhera, who filed a public interest litigation in the [[Delhi High Court]], cracks developed in the Shastri Bhavan in Delhi which houses several Union Ministries.<ref name=HINDUDIEHQ>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107094212/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/27/stories/0127000e.htm 'Delhi ill-equipped to handle quakes']}} ''The Hindu''</ref> Damage occurred in several buildings in [[Dehradun]] also. A few old buildings of the [[Survey of India]] sustained collapse of gable masonry, and cracks developed along the junctions between the pitched roof and the masonry walls.<ref name=NICEE/>
 ==Relief efforts==
@@ Line 44: / Line 50: @@
 ==See also==
+*[[Earthquake zones of India]]
+*[[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake]]
 *[[List of earthquakes in 1999]]
-*[[Earthquake hazard zoning of India]]
 *[[List of earthquakes in India]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|30em|refs=
-<ref name=ADPC>[http://www.adpc.net/audmp/projectoutputs/nepal/report-chamoli-eq-1.pdf Chamoli Earthquake of 29 March 1999, India] ''Asian Disaster Preparedness Center''</ref>
+<ref name=ADPC>[http://www.adpc.net/audmp/projectoutputs/nepal/report-chamoli-eq-1.pdf Chamoli Earthquake of 29 March 1999, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121152230/http://www.adpc.net/audmp/projectoutputs/nepal/report-chamoli-eq-1.pdf |date=21 November 2007 }} ''Asian Disaster Preparedness Center''</ref>
 <ref name=IAS>[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul10/articles10.htm 29 March 1999 Chamoli earthquake: A preliminary report on earthquake-induced landslides using IRS-1C/1D data] ''[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]''</ref>
-<ref name=IMD>[http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/chamoli.htm Chamoli earthquake of 29 March 1999] ''[[India Meteorological Department]]''</ref>
+<ref name=IMD>[http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/chamoli.htm Chamoli earthquake of 29 March 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405093429/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/chamoli.htm |date=5 April 2008 }} ''[[India Meteorological Department]]''</ref>
-<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
+<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972}}</ref>
 }}
+==Further reading==
-'''Sources'''
+* {{citation|title=Aftershocks of the March 1999 Chamoli Earthquake and Seismotectonic Structure of the Garhwal Himalaya|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/93/1/109.abstract|first1=J. R.|last1=Kayal|first2=S.|last2=Ram|first3=O. P.|last3=Singh|first4=P. K.|last4=Chakraborty|first5=G.|last5=Karunakar|year=2003|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=93|number=1|pages=109–117|doi=10.1785/0119990139|bibcode=2003BuSSA..93..109K}}
-{{refbegin}}
-* {{citation|title=Aftershocks of the March 1999 Chamoli Earthquake and Seismotectonic Structure of the Garhwal Himalaya|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/93/1/109.abstract|first=J. R.|last=Kayal|first2=S.|last2=Ram|first3=O. P.|last3=Singh|first4=P. K.|last4=Chakraborty|first5=G.|last5=Karunakar|year=2003|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=93|number=1|pages=109–117|doi=10.1785/0119990139}}
+*{{citation|title=Seismic Tomography Structure of the 1999 Chamoli Earthquake Source Area in the Garhwal Himalaya|year=2003|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=S.|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=93|issue=4|pages=1854–1861|bibcode=2003BuSSA..93.1854M|doi=10.1785/0120020130| citeseerx=10.1.1.876.699 }}
-{{refend}}
+==External links==
+* {{EQ-isc-link|1547491}}
+* {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-1999-0099-ind}}
+{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}
 {{Earthquakes in 1999}}
 {{Earthquakes in India}}
 {{Himalayan earthquakes}}
+{{authority control}}
 [[Category:Earthquakes in India|1999 Chamoli]]
@@ Line 69: / Line 82: @@
 [[Category:1999 in India|Chamoli earthquake]]
 [[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]
+[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand]]
 [[Category:Chamoli district]]
+[[Category:March 1999 events in Asia]]

v t e Earthquakes in India
Historical	1505 Lo Mustang 1555 Kashmir 1803 Garhwal 1819 Rann of Kutch 1833 Kathmandu–Bihar 1869 Cachar 1881 Nicobar Islands 1885 Kashmir 1897 Assam
20th century	1905 Kangra 1930 Dhubri 1934 Nepal–India 1935 Quetta 1941 Andaman Islands 1947 Assam 1950 Assam–Tibet 1956 Anjar 1967 Koynanagar 1975 Kinnaur 1980 Pithoragarh 1984 Cachar 1988 Myanmar–India 1988 Nepal 1991 Uttarkashi 1993 Latur 1997 Jabalpur 1997 Chittagong 1999 Chamoli
21st century	2001 Gujarat 2004 Indian Ocean 2005 Kashmir 2009 Andaman Islands 2011 Sikkim April 2015 Nepal May 2015 Nepal October 2015 Hindu Kush 2016 Imphal 2016 Sagaing 2016 Magway 2017 Tripura 2017 Uttarakhand 2021 Assam 2022 Nepal 2023 Badakhshan 2023 Nepal
Related topics	Earthquake zones of India Geology of the Himalaya

v t e Himalayan earthquakes
Notable Himalayan quakes	1505 Lo Mustang 1555 Kashmir 1714 Bhutan 1803 Garhwal 1833 Kathmandu–Bihar 1885 Kashmir 1897 Assam 1905 Kangra 1934 Bihar 1947 Assam 1950 Assam–Tibet 1980 Nepal 1988 Myanmar-India 1988 Nepal 1991 Uttarkashi 1999 Chamoli 2005 Kashmir 2008 Damxung 2009 Bhutan 2011 Sikkim April 2015 Nepal May 2015 Nepal 2021 Assam 2023 Nepal
Plate tectonics	Geology of the Himalayas Indian Plate Eurasian Plate Oldham Fault Main Frontal Thrust Main Himalayan Thrust Main Central Thrust South Tibetan Detachment North Himalayan Normal Fault

v t e ← Earthquakes in 1999 →
Armenia (6.2, Jan 25) † Afghanistan (6.0, Feb 11) † Chamoli (6.6, Mar 29) † Tehuacán (7.0, Jun 15) İzmit (7.6, Aug 17) † ‡ Athens (6.0, Sep 7) † Jiji (7.6, Sep 21) † Oaxaca (7.4, Sep 30) † Hector Mine (7.1, Oct 16) Düzce (7.2, Nov 12) † Ambrym (7.4, Nov 26) Luzon (7.3, Dec 11) Sunda Strait (6.5, Dec 21) Aïn Témouchent (5.6, Dec 22)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year