Retired Emperor: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Title in East Asia for emperors who voluntarily abdicated to their sons}} |
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'''''Taishang Huang''''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 太上皇, tàishàng huáng) was a Chinese title, sometimes translated in English as '''Grand Emperor''' or '''Emperor Emeritus''', used all across Eastern Asia for a retired emperor. In [[Japan]] the title was ''Joko'' ([[kanji]]: 上皇; [[Hepburn]]: {{IPA|Jōkō}}). In [[Vietnam]] the title was ''Thai thuong hoang'' ([[quoc ngu]]: {{IPA|Thái thượng hoàng;}} [[chu nom]]: 太上皇), or just ''Thuong hoang'' ([[quoc ngu]]: {{IPA|Thượng hoàng;}} [[chu nom]]: 上皇), and it was used even for a retired king (there were no emperors in Vietnam before [[1802]]). In [[Korea]] there were no emperors before [[1897]], but when applied to Chinese or Japanese context, the title in Korean is ''Sang-hwang'' ([[hangul]]: 상황; [[hanja]]: 上皇), or sometimes even ''Taesang Hwang'' ([[hangul]]: 태상황; [[hanja]]: 太上皇). After 1897, when Korea became an empire, there was only one instance of retired emperor: [[Emperor Gojong of Korea|Emperor Gojong]], who was forced to abdicate by the Japanese in [[1907]]. However, he was given the title Tae Hwangje ([[hangul]]: 태황제; [[hanja]]: 太皇帝). |
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{{Chinese |
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|l= |
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|c=太上皇 |
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|w=T'ai<sup>4</sup>-shang<sup>4</sup> Huang<sup>2</sup> |
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|p=Tàishàng huáng |
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|kanji=太上天皇 |
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|hiragana=だいじょうてんのう<br>だじょうてんのう |
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|revhep=Daijō Tennō<br>Dajō Tennō |
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|kunrei=Daizyô Tennô<br>Dazyô Tennô |
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|hangul=태상황 |
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|hanja=太上皇 |
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|rr= taesanghwang |
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|qn=Thái thượng hoàng |
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|chuhan=太上皇 |
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}} |
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'''Retired Emperor''', '''Grand Emperor''', or '''Emperor Emeritus''' is a title occasionally used by the monarchical regimes in the [[Sinosphere]] for former [[emperor]]s who had (at least in name) abdicated voluntarily to another member of the same [[dynasty]], usually their sons. This title appeared in the history of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and [[Vietnam]]. Although technically no longer the reigning sovereign, there were instances like the [[Qianlong Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] of China or several emperors of the [[Trần dynasty]] of Vietnam, where the retired emperor continued to exert considerable if not more power than the reigning emperor. |
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Instances of Chinese rulers who were granted the title ''Taishang Huang'': |
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*[[Emperor Gaozu of Tang China|Emperor Gaozu]] of the [[Tang]], who abdicated in [[626]] and was made ''Taishang Huang'' until his death in [[635]] |
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== China == |
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*[[Zhengtong|Zhengtong Emperor]] (Yingzong) of the [[Ming]] from his capture by the [[Mongol]]s in [[1449]] until his return to the throne in [[1457]] |
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{{main|Taishang Huang}} |
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*[[Qianlong|Qianlong Emperor]](Gaozong) of the [[Qing]] who abdicated in [[1796]] and was made ''Taishang Huang'' until his death in [[1799]] |
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The title is named in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as Taishang Huang ({{zh|c=太上皇|p=tàishàng huáng|w=''T'ai<sup>4</sup>-shang<sup>4</sup> Huang<sup>2</sup>''}}). The title originated, however, from [[Liu Bang]] (Emperor Gao of Han)'s father [[Liu Taigong]],<ref>Liu Taigong is a common reference to him, but not his name. His name is disputed.</ref> who was honored as such after Liu Bang declared himself emperor in 202, even though Liu Taigong was never emperor himself. |
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== Japan == |
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{{main|Daijō Tennō}} |
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In [[Japan]] the title was ''[[Daijō-tennō]]'' ([[kanji]]: 太上天皇; [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: daijō-tennō), or just ''Jōkō'' ([[kanji]]: 上皇; [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: jōkō). In Japan, there was a political system called [[Cloistered rule]], in which ''Jōkō'' exerted power and influence from behind the scenes even after retirement. |
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The last ''Daijō-tennō'' died in 1840. During the [[2019 Japanese imperial transition]], the term ''Jōkō'' was revived as a special exception to the house law on retirement, and given the official English translation "Emperor Emeritus". |
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== Korea == |
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{{main|Taesangwang}} |
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In [[Korea]]n the title was ''Sang-hwang'' ([[Hangul]]: 상황; [[Hanja]]: 上皇), or sometimes even ''Taesang-hwang'' ([[hangul]]: 태상황; [[hanja]]: 太上皇). After 1897, when the [[Joseon dynasty]] became the dynasty of the [[Korean Empire]], only two emperors were still to ascend to the throne. One was [[Emperor Gojong of Korea|Emperor Gojong]], who was forced to abdicate by the Japanese in 1907. However, he was given the title ''Tae-hwangje'' ([[Hangul]]: 태황제; [[Hanja]]: 太皇帝). Another emperor was [[Emperor Sunjong of Korea|Emperor Sunjong]], but after the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty]] of 1910, the [[House of Yi|Imperial Household]] was demoted by the [[Empire of Japan]]. |
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== Vietnam == |
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[[File:Trần Nhân Tông TLĐSXSCĐ.png|thumb|right|260px|Emperor Emeritus [[Trần Nhân Tông]] 陳仁宗]] |
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In [[Vietnam]] the title was ''[[Thái thượng hoàng]]'' ([[Chữ Nôm]]: 太上皇), or just ''Thượng Hoàng'' ([[chữ Nôm]]: 上皇). Many there have been many prominent ''Thái thượng hoàng'' throughout the history of Vietnam, most of them was of the Trần dynasty, one of the golden ages of Vietnam. [[Trần Thái Tổ]] (陳太祖) was the first ''Thái thượng hoàng'' of the [[Trần dynasty]], the father of [[Trần Thái Tông]] (陳太宗) who had great contributions to the rise of the dynasty, was one of two ''Thái thượng hoàng'' in Vietnam's history who had not previously been Emperor. Another well-known Retired Emperor is [[Trần Nhân Tông]] (陳仁宗) of the same dynasty, whose reign was marked by multiple decisive victories over the invading Mongol-dominated Yuan dynasty, and was also the founder of Trúc Lâm Yên Tử (竹林安子), a Vietnamese zen Buddhist sect. ''Thái Thượng Hoàng'' typically hold significant power and influence over the Imperial Court and the governing of the country, though it was not the case for the [[Revival Lê dynasty]], as [[Trịnh lords]] held real governing power while the Emperor was only a figurehead, making the power of Retired Emperors even more insignificant. |
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== See also == |
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*[[Minister Mentor]] |
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== Notes == |
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<references /> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Retired Emperor (Title)}} |
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[[Category:Ancient Chinese institutions]] |
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[[Category:Ancient_Japanese_institutions]] |
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[[Category:Titles]] |
[[Category:Titles]] |
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[[Category:Chinese royal titles]] |
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[[Category:History of Imperial China]] |
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[[Category:Japanese monarchy]] |
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[[Category:Korean monarchy]] |
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[[Category:Vietnamese monarchy]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Korean institutions]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:19, 30 March 2024
| Retired Emperor | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 太上皇 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Thái thượng hoàng | ||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 太上皇 | ||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 태상황 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 太上皇 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||||
| Kanji | 太上天皇 | ||||||||
| Hiragana | だいじょうてんのう だじょうてんのう | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Retired Emperor, Grand Emperor, or Emperor Emeritus is a title occasionally used by the monarchical regimes in the Sinosphere for former emperors who had (at least in name) abdicated voluntarily to another member of the same dynasty, usually their sons. This title appeared in the history of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Although technically no longer the reigning sovereign, there were instances like the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty of China or several emperors of the Trần dynasty of Vietnam, where the retired emperor continued to exert considerable if not more power than the reigning emperor.
China
[edit]The title is named in Chinese as Taishang Huang (Chinese: 太上皇; pinyin: tàishàng huáng; Wade–Giles: T'ai4-shang4 Huang2). The title originated, however, from Liu Bang (Emperor Gao of Han)'s father Liu Taigong,[1] who was honored as such after Liu Bang declared himself emperor in 202, even though Liu Taigong was never emperor himself.
Japan
[edit]In Japan the title was Daijō-tennō (kanji: 太上天皇; Hepburn: daijō-tennō), or just Jōkō (kanji: 上皇; Hepburn: jōkō). In Japan, there was a political system called Cloistered rule, in which Jōkō exerted power and influence from behind the scenes even after retirement.
The last Daijō-tennō died in 1840. During the 2019 Japanese imperial transition, the term Jōkō was revived as a special exception to the house law on retirement, and given the official English translation "Emperor Emeritus".
Korea
[edit]In Korean the title was Sang-hwang (Hangul: 상황; Hanja: 上皇), or sometimes even Taesang-hwang (hangul: 태상황; hanja: 太上皇). After 1897, when the Joseon dynasty became the dynasty of the Korean Empire, only two emperors were still to ascend to the throne. One was Emperor Gojong, who was forced to abdicate by the Japanese in 1907. However, he was given the title Tae-hwangje (Hangul: 태황제; Hanja: 太皇帝). Another emperor was Emperor Sunjong, but after the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910, the Imperial Household was demoted by the Empire of Japan.
Vietnam
[edit]
In Vietnam the title was Thái thượng hoàng (Chữ Nôm: 太上皇), or just Thượng Hoàng (chữ Nôm: 上皇). Many there have been many prominent Thái thượng hoàng throughout the history of Vietnam, most of them was of the Trần dynasty, one of the golden ages of Vietnam. Trần Thái Tổ (陳太祖) was the first Thái thượng hoàng of the Trần dynasty, the father of Trần Thái Tông (陳太宗) who had great contributions to the rise of the dynasty, was one of two Thái thượng hoàng in Vietnam's history who had not previously been Emperor. Another well-known Retired Emperor is Trần Nhân Tông (陳仁宗) of the same dynasty, whose reign was marked by multiple decisive victories over the invading Mongol-dominated Yuan dynasty, and was also the founder of Trúc Lâm Yên Tử (竹林安子), a Vietnamese zen Buddhist sect. Thái Thượng Hoàng typically hold significant power and influence over the Imperial Court and the governing of the country, though it was not the case for the Revival Lê dynasty, as Trịnh lords held real governing power while the Emperor was only a figurehead, making the power of Retired Emperors even more insignificant.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Liu Taigong is a common reference to him, but not his name. His name is disputed.