Arthur D. Houghton: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American politician and botanist (1870–1938)}} |
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⚫ | '''Arthur Duvernoix Houghton |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
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[[File:Arthur_D._Houghton,_botanist_and_politician.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<center>Houghton in 1904</center>]] |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
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{{TOC left|limit=3}} |
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| name = |
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| image = Arthur D. Houghton, botanist and politician.jpg |
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| caption = Houghton in 1904 |
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| office = [[Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909|Member of the Los Angeles City Council]] |
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| term_start = 1904 |
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| term_end = 1906 |
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| predecessor = [[James Potter Davenport]] |
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| successor = [[Henry H. Yonkin]] |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1870|06|06}} |
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| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]], U.K. |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1938|01|23|1870|06|06}} |
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| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. |
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| education = |
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| alma_mater = [[Oxford University]]<br />[[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Military School of Engineers]] |
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| parents = |
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| spouse = {{marriage|Florence Gildersleeve<br />|June 1913||reason=}} |
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| children = |
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| relations = |
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| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] <br> [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (from 1914) |
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}} |
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⚫ | '''Arthur Duvernoix Houghton''' (June 8, 1870 - January 23, 1938) was a medical doctor, a [[botanist]] specializing in [[cacti]], a member of the [[Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909|Los Angeles, California, City Council from 1904 to 1906]] and one of the founders of the [[American Legion]]. In his early years he was a showman who presented [[Stage hypnosis|performances in hypnotism]] and conducted [[seances]]. |
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==Personal== |
==Personal== |
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Houghton was born in London, England, on June 8, 1871, and was educated at [[Oxford University]] and the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Military School of Engineers]]. He served in the British Army. Houghton had a [[medical degree]] and a [[doctorate of philosophy]]. He lived in Chicago, Illinois, where he was secretary of the South Side Business Men's League, and he was said to be in Los Angeles in November 1894, when he conducted [[seances]] in that city. He moved to Los Angeles around 1902. He was married to Florence Gildersleeve of Chicago in June 1913.<ref name=LAPL>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/webpics/calindex/documents/06/1847.pdf Los Angeles Public Library reference file]</ref><ref name=ExaminerObit/><ref name=CharacterBut/><ref name=DrHoughtonCant>[ |
Houghton was born in [[London]], [[England]], on June 8, 1871, and was educated at [[Oxford University]] and the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Military School of Engineers]]. He served in the British Army. Houghton had a [[medical degree]] and a [[doctorate of philosophy]]. He lived in Chicago, Illinois, where he was secretary of the South Side Business Men's League, and he was said to be in Los Angeles in November 1894, when he conducted [[seances]] in that city. He moved to Los Angeles around 1902. He was married to Florence Gildersleeve of Chicago in June 1913.<ref name=LAPL>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/webpics/calindex/documents/06/1847.pdf Los Angeles Public Library reference file]</ref><ref name=ExaminerObit/><ref name=CharacterBut/><ref name=DrHoughtonCant>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164259659 "Dr. Houghton Can't Make Denial Stick," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 16, 1904, page A-1]</ref><ref name=DrHoughtonSuccumbs>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164849264 "Dr. Houghton Succumbs," ''Los Angeles Times,'' January 25, 1938]</ref> |
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Houghton played the role of Doctor Caius, a French physician, in a [[benefit]] Los Angeles performance of William Shakespeare's ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' in April 1904.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040417.2.115&srpos=47&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--41--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Players in 'The Merry Wives of Windsor,' |
Houghton played the role of Doctor Caius, a French physician, in a [[benefit performance|benefit]] Los Angeles performance of William Shakespeare's ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' in April 1904.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040417.2.115&srpos=47&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--41--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Players in 'The Merry Wives of Windsor,' " ''Los Angeles Herald,'' April 17, 1904]</ref> He was said to be of slight build<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19060316.2.133.11&srpos=22&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-21--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Mayor Ejects Sixth Warder," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' March 16, 1906]</ref> and to have "auburn" or "pink topped" hair.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19051128.2.109.7&srpos=91&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-81--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Says Examiner Is Liar and Devoid of Truth," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' November 28, 1905]</ref><ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19060220.2.118.38&srpos=140&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-121--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Rantings of Dock Are Brought to Close," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' February 29, 1906]</ref> |
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Houghton suffered a heart attack on November 29, 1933, as he was waiting to testify as an [[expert witness]] in a lawsuit.<ref>[ |
Houghton suffered a heart attack on November 29, 1933, as he was waiting to testify as an [[expert witness]] in a lawsuit.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/163180866 "Expert Witness in Insurance Case Suddenly Becomes Ill While Waiting to Testify," ''Los Angeles Times,'' November 30, 1933, page A-3]</ref> |
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He died on January 23, 1938, after being stricken on the train as he was returning to California from a trip to New York with others in a successful bid to have the 1938 American Legion convention held in Los Angeles. He was survived by his widow; their home was at 14714 Chatsworth Drive, [[San Fernando, California|San Fernando]]. His body lay in state in the [[rotunda]] of the [[Los Angeles City Hall]], guarded by a [[phalanx]] of American Legionnaires; services were held at |
He died on January 23, 1938, after being stricken on the train as he was returning to California from a trip to New York with others in a successful bid to have the 1938 American Legion convention held in Los Angeles. He was survived by his widow; their home was at 14714 Chatsworth Drive, [[San Fernando, California|San Fernando]]. His body lay in state in the [[rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] of the [[Los Angeles City Hall]], guarded by a [[phalanx]] of American Legionnaires; services were held at St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral and private cremation followed.<ref name=ExaminerObit>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/webpics/calindex/documents/06/1847.pdf "Dr. Houghton Casket Will Lie in State," ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' January 25, 1938]</ref><ref name=HeraldObit>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/webpics/calindex/documents/06/1847.pdf "Late Dr. Houghton to Lie in State," ''Los Angeles Herald-Express,'' January 25, 1938]</ref> |
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==Botany== |
==Botany== |
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Houghton was a noted botanist. He was author of ''The Cactus Book,'' published in 1931 by the [[Macmillan Company]]<ref name=ExaminerObit/ |
Houghton was a noted [[botanist]]. He was author of ''The Cactus Book,'' published in 1931 by the [[Macmillan Company]]<ref name=ExaminerObit/> He was said to have discovered a "purple orange" in 1911, and he "boasted he was one of the few persons who could grow orchids in an open flower bed."<ref name=ExaminerObit/> He developed a [[succulent]] called "Houghton's Hybrid," ''Kalanchoe'' ×''houghtoni'' (''Kalanchoe delagoensis × daigremontiana''). ''Kalanchoe'' ×''houghtoni'' 'Pink Butterflies' has pink plantlets on its phylloclades. |
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In Los Angeles, his collection was a notable one, valued at $20,000 in 1906, with specimens of 800 varieties from "inaccessible deserts," from "Argentina, [[Patagonia]], Mexico and other places. |
In Los Angeles, his collection was a notable one, valued at $20,000 in 1906, with specimens of 800 varieties from "inaccessible deserts," from "Argentina, [[Patagonia]], Mexico and other places. . . . German and Italian botanists have sent him specimens of the rarest kinds." He offered to donate it to the city for a park in [[Boyle Heights]], but the offer was refused by the parks commission because the property offered by J. Harvey McCarthy on Stephenson Avenue between Pioneer Drive and Fresno Street already had a wooded ravine with an assortment of "magnificent trees."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19060617.2.119.9&srpos=35&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--21--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- |title="Bridge to Cost About $40,000," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' June 17, 1906 |access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195921/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19060617.2.119.9&srpos=35&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--21--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19060713.2.105&srpos=160&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-141--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Accept Pioneer Park; Reject Dock's Cacti," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' July 13, 1906]</ref> |
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By 1928, Houghton had moved to [[San Fernando, California]], at 11224 Chatsworth Road, and he was specializing in development of the [[Watsonia]]. "This is the finest crop I have had in twenty years," Houghton told a reporter.<ref>[ |
By 1928, Houghton had moved to [[San Fernando, California]], at 11224 Chatsworth Road, and he was specializing in development of the [[Watsonia (plant)|Watsonia]]. "This is the finest crop I have had in twenty years," Houghton told a reporter.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/162097361 "Scientist Has Newest Flower," ''Los Angeles Times,'' May 11, 1928, page A-12]</ref> In 1929 Houghton was president of the [[Cactus and Succulent Society of America|Cactus Society of America]]<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/162125719 "Cactus Show at Pasadena Draws Crowd," ''Los Angeles Times,'' March 17, 1929, page C-27]</ref> |
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{{botanist|Houghton}} |
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==Municipal service== |
==Municipal service== |
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===1904–1906 term === |
===1904–1906 term === |
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Ciry Councilman [[James Potter Davenport|James P. Davenport]], a Republican, was recalled by the voters on September 16, 1904, because he had voted in favor of a city printing contract awarded to the ''Los Angeles Times'' even though the ''Times''' bid was $10,000 higher than its nearest competitor.<ref>"Recall Elections," ''Los Angeles A to Z,'' Leonard Pitt and Dale Pitt, University of California Press (1997)</ref> The recall petition also accused him of "aiding and abetting in the erection of a large and offensive [[slaughterhouse|slaughter-house]]."<ref>[ |
Ciry Councilman [[James Potter Davenport|James P. Davenport]], a Republican, was recalled by the voters on September 16, 1904, because he had voted in favor of a city printing contract awarded to the ''Los Angeles Times'' even though the ''Times''' bid was $10,000 higher than its nearest competitor.<ref>"Recall Elections," ''Los Angeles A to Z,'' Leonard Pitt and Dale Pitt, University of California Press (1997)</ref> The recall petition also accused him of "aiding and abetting in the erection of a large and offensive [[slaughterhouse|slaughter-house]]."<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164254515 "History of the Davenport Case," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 16, 1904, page A-1]</ref> |
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Houghton, a nonpartisan,<ref name=CharacterBut>"Character, But No Beauty Is His Abode," ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' September 18, 1904, page 1</ref> was elected on the same ballot to fill the balance of Potter's term.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19040917.2.62.22&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-SFC-1--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Los Angeles Voters Sustain City's Charter," ''San Francisco Call,'' September 17, 1904]</ref> Houghton thus became the first person in the United States to succeed an ousted public official after a recall.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040917.2.10&srpos=115&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-101--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Recall Candidate Wins," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' September 17, 1904]</ref> He was seated in the council on September 20, 1904.<ref name=HowtonGoes/> |
Houghton, a nonpartisan,<ref name=CharacterBut>"Character, But No Beauty Is His Abode," ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' September 18, 1904, page 1</ref> was elected on the same ballot to fill the balance of Potter's term.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19040917.2.62.22&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-SFC-1--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Los Angeles Voters Sustain City's Charter," ''San Francisco Call,'' September 17, 1904]</ref> Houghton thus became the first person in the United States to succeed an ousted public official after a recall.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040917.2.10&srpos=115&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-101--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Recall Candidate Wins," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' September 17, 1904]</ref> He was seated in the council on September 20, 1904.<ref name=HowtonGoes/> |
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Houghton was elected to serve only until the end of Davenport's term, on December 8, 1904, so he faced another election on December 5, which he won in a plurality vote over Scholl, a Republican, and Weber, a Democrat.<ref>[ |
Houghton was elected to serve only until the end of Davenport's term, on December 8, 1904, so he faced another election on December 5, which he won in a plurality vote over Scholl, a Republican, and Weber, a Democrat.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164376344 ''Los Angeles Times,'' December 6, 1904, page 8]</ref> |
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Shortly after he was elected, Houghton told a reporter he supported the ideas of [[Herbert Spencer]], the prominent classical liberal political theorist of the [[Victorian era]], and he said that he was "in favor of less [[grade crossings]] and more [[statues]]."<ref name=CharacterBut/> |
Shortly after he was elected, Houghton told a reporter he supported the ideas of [[Herbert Spencer]], the prominent classical liberal political theorist of the [[Victorian era]], and he said that he was "in favor of less [[grade crossings]] and more [[statues]]."<ref name=CharacterBut/> |
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===== ''Los Angeles Times'' ===== |
===== ''Los Angeles Times'' ===== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Arthur D. Houghton shown in political cartoon 1904.png|thumb|right|''Times'' cartoon of Houghton (with umbrella), December 3, 1904]] |
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The ''Times'' questioned whether Houghton had ever become a U.S. citizen, and after the September election it hired a Chicago firm to check the records in that city. When none were found, the ''Times'' stated that "He has not shown that he is an American citizen."<ref name=CanA>[ |
The ''Times'' questioned whether Houghton had ever become a U.S. citizen, and after the September election it hired a Chicago firm to check the records in that city. When none were found, the ''Times'' stated that "He has not shown that he is an American citizen."<ref name=CanA>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164298680 "Can a Spook Be a Citizen?" ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 20, 1904, page A-1]</ref> The ''Examiner,'' however, was able to produce a telegram from Chicago verifying that Arthur Howton, as the name was spelled, "took out his naturalization papers on March 31, 1892." The telegram was presented to the City Council by an ''Examiner'' reporter, and the council on September 20 thereupon seated Houghton by a unanimous vote.<ref>''Los Angeles Examiner,'' September 21, 1904</ref><ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040921.2.45&srpos=10&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-howton----- "In Stormy Session Houghton Is Seated," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' September 21, 1904]</ref> |
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The ''Times,'' at that time edited by the publisher, [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)|Harrison Gray Otis]], generally spelled Houghton's name as "Howton."<ref name= |
The ''Times,'' at that time edited by the publisher, [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)|Harrison Gray Otis]], generally spelled Houghton's name as "Howton."<ref name=HowtonGoes>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164298077 "Howton Goes Into Council, Admits His Identity, Confesses Assumed Name," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 21, 1904, page 2]</ref><ref name=DocHowtons/><ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164281645 "More Malicious Falsehoods," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 22, 1904, page A-4]</ref><ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19090421.2.59&srpos=51&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--41--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Bearded Fish," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' April 21, 1909] "We notice with interest the demotion of Doctor Houghton in the columns of a morning pro-vice contemporary. This sheet used to refer to him as 'Doc' Howton. When he was advocating causes dear to the heart of our contemporary he was promoted to 'Dr. A.D. Houghton.' But he is demoted, and again he is 'Doc' Howton."</ref> and called him a "seancer" and a "spook"<ref name=CanA/> or a "spook doctor."<ref name=HowtonGoes/> |
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In a front-page article published on September 21, 1904, the ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' owned by [[William Randolph Hearst]], claimed that reporter Fred Hopewell of the ''Times'' had stated in front of witnesses that: |
In a front-page article published on September 21, 1904, the ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' owned by [[William Randolph Hearst]], claimed that reporter Fred Hopewell of the ''Times'' had stated in front of witnesses that: |
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<blockquote>General Otis says that he will drive you and your woman out of Los Angeles penniless. . . . we are to make a personal canvass among your friends and patients to prevent you from getting a practice. Before you go into the council we will make you sweat blood. We will make you cringe and go upon your knees and sue us for peace.<ref>"General Otis' Threat to Dr. Houghton," ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' page 1</ref></blockquote> |
<blockquote>General Otis says that he will drive you and your woman out of Los Angeles penniless. . . . we are to make a personal canvass among your friends and patients to prevent you from getting a practice. Before you go into the council we will make you sweat blood. We will make you cringe and go upon your knees and sue us for peace.<ref>"General Otis' Threat to Dr. Houghton," ''Los Angeles Examiner,'' page 1</ref></blockquote> |
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Hopewell denied the accusation in a signed statement in the ''Times'' the next day.<ref>[ |
Hopewell denied the accusation in a signed statement in the ''Times'' the next day.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164281449 "Malicious Lie Nailed Hard," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 22, 1904, page A-2]</ref> |
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On September 22, 1904, the ''Times'' published a story alleging that "Arthur Howton" had moved from Chicago to San Francisco during the [[California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894]] and took work as an electrical wireman. "He soon announced that this work was too strenuous and soon blossomed forth as a professor of hypnotism." The ''Times'' quoted articles from the ''San Francisco Examiner'' and the ''San Francisco Call,'' published on February 28, 1894, stating that Howton had attempted suicide by swallowing [[morphine]] and that authorities had discovered a note he had written expressing anguish over his unreturned love for a woman, The ''Times'' said Howton had then come to Los Angeles where he was "ordained a minister in the [[Spiritualist church]] and in little more than a week . |
On September 22, 1904, the ''Times'' published a story alleging that "Arthur Howton" had moved from Chicago to San Francisco during the [[California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894]] and took work as an electrical wireman. "He soon announced that this work was too strenuous and soon blossomed forth as a professor of hypnotism." The ''Times'' quoted articles from the ''San Francisco Examiner'' and the ''San Francisco Call,'' published on February 28, 1894, stating that Howton had attempted suicide by swallowing [[morphine]] and that authorities had discovered a note he had written expressing anguish over his unreturned love for a woman, The ''Times'' said Howton had then come to Los Angeles where he was "ordained a minister in the [[Spiritualist church]] and in little more than a week . . . he was exposed as a fake [[medium (spirituality)|medium]]." The newspaper then said that "Prof. Arthur" subsequently made appearances in Denver, Colorado, and in Kenwood Hall, Chicago.<ref name=HowtonHistory>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164329436 "Howton History: Many 'Warm' Chapters," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 22, 1904, page A-2]</ref> |
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The ''Times'' continued: |
The ''Times'' continued: |
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==== 'Resignation'==== |
==== 'Resignation'==== |
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In a council session on June 9, 1905, Houghton submitted his resignation and left the council chamber after the council refused to bar Attorney C.C. Wright from speaking. He was insulted, Houghton said, because Wright had referred to him as ''[[Mr.|Mister]],'' rather than ''[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]].''<ref name=DocHowtons>[ |
In a council session on June 9, 1905, Houghton submitted his resignation and left the council chamber after the council refused to bar Attorney C.C. Wright from speaking. He was insulted, Houghton said, because Wright had referred to him as ''[[Mr.|Mister]],'' rather than ''[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]].''<ref name=DocHowtons>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164340086 "Doc Howton's Resignation," ''Los Angeles Times,'' June 10, 1905, page II-1]</ref> Houghton returned in person on June 19 and, saying that his previous action had been "temporary," requested his seat be returned to him. After some public discussion and a closed meeting, the council allowed him to retain his position.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164398074 "For Election in Ward Six" ''Los Angeles Times,''June 20, 1905, page II-2]</ref> |
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===1917 and 1919 elections=== |
===1917 and 1919 elections=== |
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By 1917, Los Angeles had adopted a new [[city charter]], by which all City Council members ran on |
By 1917, Los Angeles had adopted a new [[city charter]], by which all City Council members ran on an [[at-large]] basis, with the top eighteen who survived the [[Primary election|primary]] facing a [[Two-round system|runoff]] and the top nine of those being chosen at the second election. Houghton put his name in [[nomination]], with one of his [[election platform|election plank]]s being the construction of a new city jail with a modern receiving hospital. He survived the primary but in the final balloting in June 1917 he placed twelfth and so was not chosen.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160371681 "Big Reception Planned for Tomorrow Evening," ''Los Angeles Times'', April 11, 1917, page II-6]</ref><ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160392838 "City Election Final Figures," ''Los Angeles Times,'' June 7, 1905, page II-2]</ref> |
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Two days after the election, Houghton was walking near the City Hall with one of the victors, John R. Reeves, when Reeves was stricken by a heart attack but was revived when Houghton administered an injection of [[strychnine]].<ref>[ |
Two days after the election, Houghton was walking near the City Hall with one of the victors, John R. Reeves, when Reeves was stricken by a heart attack but was revived when Houghton administered an injection of [[strychnine]].<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160445146 "Heart Attack Fells Reeves," ''Los Angeles Times,'' June 9, 1917, page II-1]</ref> |
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In 1919, Houghton ran again, but this time he |
In 1919, Houghton ran again, but this time he came in 19th in the primary and so was defeated there.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160715421 "Politics: The Watchman," ''Los Angeles Times,'' May 11, 1919, page II-8]</ref> |
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===Hospital=== |
===Hospital=== |
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In September 1917, Houghton was appointed by Receiving Hospital Director John B. Gilmer to oversee the medical facilities at the city jail.<ref>[ |
In September 1917, Houghton was appointed by Receiving Hospital Director John B. Gilmer to oversee the medical facilities at the city jail.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160434246 "Politics," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 30, 1917, page 19]</ref> |
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==Arrest== |
==Arrest== |
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No longer a City Council member, Houghton was arrested along with Sherman L. Dodge, a house painter, at Seventh Street and Grand Avenue on July 11, 1908, for speaking on the street without permission of the Police Commission. The arrest before a crowd of about 2,000 was "dramatic in the extreme," the ''Herald'' reported. "The crowd was largely composed of persons who had followed the Socialist speakers from Seventh and Main |
No longer a City Council member, Houghton was arrested along with Sherman L. Dodge, a house painter, at Seventh Street and Grand Avenue on July 11, 1908, for speaking on the street without permission of the Police Commission. The arrest before a crowd of about 2,000 was "dramatic in the extreme," the ''Herald'' reported. "The crowd was largely composed of persons who had followed the Socialist speakers from Seventh and Main {{sic|strets}} when it was found that speaking at that point would seriously interfere with the movement of street car traffic."<ref name=HoughtonRun>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19080712.2.42&srpos=241&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-241--txt-txIN-houghton----- "Houghton Run In for Speech," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' July 12, 1908]</ref> |
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Houghton said: |
Houghton said: |
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<blockquote>I was a member of the council when this unfair and unAmerican ordinance went through. I voted against it because I believed it to be not only [[unconstitutional]] but [also] iniquitous. . . . I believe the safety of the republic and the welfare of the nation demands that the principal of freedom of speech and of the press be held sacred.<ref name=HoughtonRun/></blockquote> |
<blockquote>I was a member of the council when this unfair and unAmerican ordinance went through. I voted against it because I believed it to be not only [[unconstitutional]] but [also] iniquitous. . . . I believe the safety of the republic and the welfare of the nation demands that the principal of freedom of speech and of the press be held sacred.<ref name=HoughtonRun/></blockquote> |
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After "a vigorous street speaking campaign . |
After "a vigorous street speaking campaign . . . waged by Socialists,of whom more than a score were arrested," the ordinance was repealed and all those taken into custody were freed without trial.<ref>[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19080814.2.45.3&srpos=12&dliv=none&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22A.+D.+Houghton%22----- "Street Speaking Charge Against Houghton Dropped," ''Los Angeles Herald,'' August 14, 1908]</ref> |
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==World War I and American Legion== |
==World War I and American Legion== |
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In April 1917 Houghton helped organize a medical reserves unit of the [[United States Guards|Home Guard]], in which he had the rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]].<ref>[ |
In April 1917 Houghton helped organize a medical reserves unit of the [[United States Guards|Home Guard]], in which he had the rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]].<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160358300 "Reception for the Incumbent," ''Los Angeles Times,'' April 8, 1917, page VII-2]</ref> In June 1918 he helped begin a move to compel all [[British subject#Prior to 1949|British subjects]] between the ages of 18 and 50 "to enlist for service abroad," except for those "supporting dependents." He said aid in the campaign would come from the [[American Protective League]].<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160503779 "Britishers to Be Recruited," ''Los Angeles Times,'' June 4, 1918, page II-2]</ref> |
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Houghton resigned from city service in June 1918 to accept a [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[Army Medical Corps]]. He left for his assignment in San Francisco, accompanied by his wife.<ref>[ |
Houghton resigned from city service in June 1918 to accept a [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[Army Medical Corps]]. He left for his assignment in San Francisco, accompanied by his wife.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160550226 "Joins Medical Corps," ''Los Angeles Times,'' June 30, 1918, page 17]</ref> At his death he was reported to have served in the [[60th Coast Artillery]].<ref name=DrHoughtonSuccumbs/> |
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After the war, Houghton was one of the 11 men who formed the [[American Legion]] veterans organization.<ref name=ExaminerObit/> |
After the war, Houghton was one of the 11 men who formed the [[American Legion]] veterans organization.<ref name=ExaminerObit/> |
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==Syndicalism trial== |
==Syndicalism trial== |
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Houghton was "the star witness" in the 1920 trial of Sydney R. Flowers, who was charged in a Los Angeles court with [[criminal syndicalism]]. Houghton told of his conversation with Flowers at the Soldiers' and Sailors' War Replacement Bureau, in which Flowers made a "general tirade against government" and "lauded the [[Centralia Massacre (Washington)|I.W.W. in Seattle]]." Defense attorney John Beardsley subjected Houghton to a "rigid [[cross-examination]]" in an effort to show that Houghton had been opposed by Flowers "in one of his ambitions and for that reason felt hostile toward him."<ref>[ |
Houghton was "the star witness" in the 1920 trial of Sydney R. Flowers, who was charged in a Los Angeles court with [[criminal syndicalism]]. Houghton told of his conversation with Flowers at the Soldiers' and Sailors' War Replacement Bureau, in which Flowers made a "general tirade against government" and "lauded the [[Centralia Massacre (Washington)|I.W.W. in Seattle]]." Defense attorney John Beardsley subjected Houghton to a "rigid [[cross-examination]]" in an effort to show that Houghton had been opposed by Flowers "in one of his ambitions and for that reason felt hostile toward him."<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160805805 "Avers Flowers Talked Revolt," ''Los Angeles Times,'' March 19, 1920]</ref> |
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The defense called three witnesses to testify that Houghton's reputation for "truth, honesty and integrity" was "bad." Houghton, however, was vouched for by eleven witnesses, including [[Buron Fitts]] of the American Legion.<ref>[ |
The defense called three witnesses to testify that Houghton's reputation for "truth, honesty and integrity" was "bad." Houghton, however, was vouched for by eleven witnesses, including [[Buron Fitts]] of the American Legion.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160763634 "Flowers Case to Jury Today," ''Los Angeles Times,'' March 26, 1920, page II-11]</ref> Flowers eventually fled to Canada.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/160948831 "Heavy Flowers Bail Forfeited," ''Los Angeles Times'', November 4, 1920, page II-1]</ref> |
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== Honors == |
== Honors == |
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Houghton had fellowships in the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] of England,<ref name=ExaminerObit/> the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name=DrHoughtonSuccumbs/> In 1939 a tree was planted in his honor in an observance by more than a hundred military veterans at the [[United States Veterans Administration|Veterans Administration]] facility in today's [[North Hills, Los Angeles]].<ref>[ |
Houghton had fellowships in the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] of England,<ref name=ExaminerObit/> the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name=DrHoughtonSuccumbs/> In 1939 a tree was planted in his honor in an observance by more than a hundred military veterans at the [[United States Veterans Administration|Veterans Administration]] facility in today's [[North Hills, Los Angeles]].<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/164955574 "Tree Planting Honors Legion Founder," ''Los Angeles Times,'' April 17, 1939, page A-2]</ref> |
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== |
==Further reading== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Stage hypnotist Arthur D. Houghton, with subject, probably in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|upright|Houghton as a hypnotist.]] |
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* Statement in 1894 by M.A. Wright of the First Spiritualist Society that Arthur Howton "has not, nor will not, receive any [[ordination]] papers" from the society "until he shows himself worthy of such."[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18941114.2.28.5&srpos=11&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-howton-----] |
* Statement in 1894 by M.A. Wright of the First Spiritualist Society that Arthur Howton "has not, nor will not, receive any [[ordination]] papers" from the society "until he shows himself worthy of such."[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18941114.2.28.5&srpos=11&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-howton-----] |
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⚫ | |||
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* A 1906 article by James M. Harris concerning some of Arthur Houghton's time as a hypnotist in Chicago.[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19061125.2.65.1&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-houghton-----] |
* A 1906 article by James M. Harris concerning some of Arthur Houghton's time as a hypnotist in Chicago.[http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19061125.2.65.1&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=-------en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-houghton-----] |
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* A 1916 letter from Houghton in the [[Alice Eastwood]] collection of the California Academy of Sciences archives.[http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/library/special/BOXLISTS/Eastwood_Correspondents.htm] |
* A 1916 letter from Houghton in the [[Alice Eastwood]] collection of the California Academy of Sciences archives.[http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/library/special/BOXLISTS/Eastwood_Correspondents.htm] |
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⚫ | |||
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* Photograph and description of cactus ''Kalanchoe kalanchoe.'' "Houghton’s Hybrid" or "Pink Butterflies."[http://succulents.us/kalabutt.html] |
* Photograph and description of cactus ''Kalanchoe kalanchoe.'' "Houghton’s Hybrid" or "Pink Butterflies."[http://succulents.us/kalabutt.html] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{succession box | before = [[James Potter Davenport]] | title = [[Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909]]<br>6th Ward | years = 1904–06 | after = [[ |
{{succession box | before = [[James Potter Davenport]] | title = [[Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909]]<br />6th Ward | years = 1904–06 | after = [[Henry H. Yonkin]]}} |
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{{LosAngelesCityCouncil1889-1909}} |
{{LosAngelesCityCouncil1889-1909}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Houghton, Arthur D.}} |
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[[Category:1870 births]] |
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[[Category:1938 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Botanists active in North America]] |
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[[Category:Los Angeles City Council members]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:50, 1 April 2024
Arthur D. Houghton | |
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![]() Houghton in 1904 | |
Member of the Los Angeles City Council | |
In office 1904–1906 | |
Preceded by | James Potter Davenport |
Succeeded by | Henry H. Yonkin |
Personal details | |
Born | London, England, U.K. | June 6, 1870
Died | January 23, 1938 Los Angeles, California, U.S. | (aged 67)
Political party | Democrat Republican (from 1914) |
Spouse |
Florence Gildersleeve
(after 1913) |
Alma mater | Oxford University Royal Military School of Engineers |
Arthur Duvernoix Houghton (June 8, 1870 - January 23, 1938) was a medical doctor, a botanist specializing in cacti, a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council from 1904 to 1906 and one of the founders of the American Legion. In his early years he was a showman who presented performances in hypnotism and conducted seances.
Personal
[edit]Houghton was born in London, England, on June 8, 1871, and was educated at Oxford University and the Royal Military School of Engineers. He served in the British Army. Houghton had a medical degree and a doctorate of philosophy. He lived in Chicago, Illinois, where he was secretary of the South Side Business Men's League, and he was said to be in Los Angeles in November 1894, when he conducted seances in that city. He moved to Los Angeles around 1902. He was married to Florence Gildersleeve of Chicago in June 1913.[1][2][3][4][5]
Houghton played the role of Doctor Caius, a French physician, in a benefit Los Angeles performance of William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor in April 1904.[6] He was said to be of slight build[7] and to have "auburn" or "pink topped" hair.[8][9]
Houghton suffered a heart attack on November 29, 1933, as he was waiting to testify as an expert witness in a lawsuit.[10]
He died on January 23, 1938, after being stricken on the train as he was returning to California from a trip to New York with others in a successful bid to have the 1938 American Legion convention held in Los Angeles. He was survived by his widow; their home was at 14714 Chatsworth Drive, San Fernando. His body lay in state in the rotunda of the Los Angeles City Hall, guarded by a phalanx of American Legionnaires; services were held at St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral and private cremation followed.[2][11]
Botany
[edit]Houghton was a noted botanist. He was author of The Cactus Book, published in 1931 by the Macmillan Company[2] He was said to have discovered a "purple orange" in 1911, and he "boasted he was one of the few persons who could grow orchids in an open flower bed."[2] He developed a succulent called "Houghton's Hybrid," Kalanchoe ×houghtoni (Kalanchoe delagoensis × daigremontiana). Kalanchoe ×houghtoni 'Pink Butterflies' has pink plantlets on its phylloclades.
In Los Angeles, his collection was a notable one, valued at $20,000 in 1906, with specimens of 800 varieties from "inaccessible deserts," from "Argentina, Patagonia, Mexico and other places. . . . German and Italian botanists have sent him specimens of the rarest kinds." He offered to donate it to the city for a park in Boyle Heights, but the offer was refused by the parks commission because the property offered by J. Harvey McCarthy on Stephenson Avenue between Pioneer Drive and Fresno Street already had a wooded ravine with an assortment of "magnificent trees."[12][13]
By 1928, Houghton had moved to San Fernando, California, at 11224 Chatsworth Road, and he was specializing in development of the Watsonia. "This is the finest crop I have had in twenty years," Houghton told a reporter.[14] In 1929 Houghton was president of the Cactus Society of America[15]
Municipal service
[edit]1904–1906 term
[edit]Ciry Councilman James P. Davenport, a Republican, was recalled by the voters on September 16, 1904, because he had voted in favor of a city printing contract awarded to the Los Angeles Times even though the Times' bid was $10,000 higher than its nearest competitor.[17] The recall petition also accused him of "aiding and abetting in the erection of a large and offensive slaughter-house."[18]
Houghton, a nonpartisan,[3] was elected on the same ballot to fill the balance of Potter's term.[19] Houghton thus became the first person in the United States to succeed an ousted public official after a recall.[20] He was seated in the council on September 20, 1904.[21]
Houghton was elected to serve only until the end of Davenport's term, on December 8, 1904, so he faced another election on December 5, which he won in a plurality vote over Scholl, a Republican, and Weber, a Democrat.[22]
Shortly after he was elected, Houghton told a reporter he supported the ideas of Herbert Spencer, the prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era, and he said that he was "in favor of less grade crossings and more statues."[3]
Newspaper endorsements
[edit]Davenport was supported by the Los Angeles Times and the Los Angeles Herald. Houghton had the backing of the Los Angeles Examiner, the Los Angeles Express and the Los Angeles Record.[23]
Los Angeles Times
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arthur_D._Houghton_shown_in_political_cartoon_1904.png/220px-Arthur_D._Houghton_shown_in_political_cartoon_1904.png)
The Times questioned whether Houghton had ever become a U.S. citizen, and after the September election it hired a Chicago firm to check the records in that city. When none were found, the Times stated that "He has not shown that he is an American citizen."[24] The Examiner, however, was able to produce a telegram from Chicago verifying that Arthur Howton, as the name was spelled, "took out his naturalization papers on March 31, 1892." The telegram was presented to the City Council by an Examiner reporter, and the council on September 20 thereupon seated Houghton by a unanimous vote.[25][26]
The Times, at that time edited by the publisher, Harrison Gray Otis, generally spelled Houghton's name as "Howton."[21][27][28][29] and called him a "seancer" and a "spook"[24] or a "spook doctor."[21]
In a front-page article published on September 21, 1904, the Los Angeles Examiner, owned by William Randolph Hearst, claimed that reporter Fred Hopewell of the Times had stated in front of witnesses that:
General Otis says that he will drive you and your woman out of Los Angeles penniless. . . . we are to make a personal canvass among your friends and patients to prevent you from getting a practice. Before you go into the council we will make you sweat blood. We will make you cringe and go upon your knees and sue us for peace.[30]
Hopewell denied the accusation in a signed statement in the Times the next day.[31]
On September 22, 1904, the Times published a story alleging that "Arthur Howton" had moved from Chicago to San Francisco during the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 and took work as an electrical wireman. "He soon announced that this work was too strenuous and soon blossomed forth as a professor of hypnotism." The Times quoted articles from the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Call, published on February 28, 1894, stating that Howton had attempted suicide by swallowing morphine and that authorities had discovered a note he had written expressing anguish over his unreturned love for a woman, The Times said Howton had then come to Los Angeles where he was "ordained a minister in the Spiritualist church and in little more than a week . . . he was exposed as a fake medium." The newspaper then said that "Prof. Arthur" subsequently made appearances in Denver, Colorado, and in Kenwood Hall, Chicago.[32]
The Times continued:
In 1902 he came to Los Angeles and commenced to practice medicine without the formality of taking out a physician's certificate. This was objected to by the health officers and he later secured a certificate which passed the muster of the Health Office.[32]
Los Angeles Express and Los Angeles Tribune
[edit]Houghton received financial support from Edwin T. Earl, publisher of the evening Express and the morning Tribune, according to Houghton's testimony when he was a witness in a $150,000 libel action that Earl unsuccessfully brought in 1917 against the Los Angeles Record. Houghton said he had had two conferences with Earl during the 1904 councilmanic campaign, the second including a question from Earl asking "Why didn't you tell me that you had a past?" "He was very angry that I didn't go into my past, from the cradle up," Houghton testified, adding that the publisher said he had assigned a detective to follow Houghton for six weeks "and that he had the goods on me."[33]
'Resignation'
[edit]In a council session on June 9, 1905, Houghton submitted his resignation and left the council chamber after the council refused to bar Attorney C.C. Wright from speaking. He was insulted, Houghton said, because Wright had referred to him as Mister, rather than Doctor.[27] Houghton returned in person on June 19 and, saying that his previous action had been "temporary," requested his seat be returned to him. After some public discussion and a closed meeting, the council allowed him to retain his position.[34]
1917 and 1919 elections
[edit]By 1917, Los Angeles had adopted a new city charter, by which all City Council members ran on an at-large basis, with the top eighteen who survived the primary facing a runoff and the top nine of those being chosen at the second election. Houghton put his name in nomination, with one of his election planks being the construction of a new city jail with a modern receiving hospital. He survived the primary but in the final balloting in June 1917 he placed twelfth and so was not chosen.[35][36]
Two days after the election, Houghton was walking near the City Hall with one of the victors, John R. Reeves, when Reeves was stricken by a heart attack but was revived when Houghton administered an injection of strychnine.[37]
In 1919, Houghton ran again, but this time he came in 19th in the primary and so was defeated there.[38]
Hospital
[edit]In September 1917, Houghton was appointed by Receiving Hospital Director John B. Gilmer to oversee the medical facilities at the city jail.[39]
Arrest
[edit]No longer a City Council member, Houghton was arrested along with Sherman L. Dodge, a house painter, at Seventh Street and Grand Avenue on July 11, 1908, for speaking on the street without permission of the Police Commission. The arrest before a crowd of about 2,000 was "dramatic in the extreme," the Herald reported. "The crowd was largely composed of persons who had followed the Socialist speakers from Seventh and Main strets [sic] when it was found that speaking at that point would seriously interfere with the movement of street car traffic."[40]
Houghton said:
I was a member of the council when this unfair and unAmerican ordinance went through. I voted against it because I believed it to be not only unconstitutional but [also] iniquitous. . . . I believe the safety of the republic and the welfare of the nation demands that the principal of freedom of speech and of the press be held sacred.[40]
After "a vigorous street speaking campaign . . . waged by Socialists,of whom more than a score were arrested," the ordinance was repealed and all those taken into custody were freed without trial.[41]
World War I and American Legion
[edit]In April 1917 Houghton helped organize a medical reserves unit of the Home Guard, in which he had the rank of lieutenant-colonel.[42] In June 1918 he helped begin a move to compel all British subjects between the ages of 18 and 50 "to enlist for service abroad," except for those "supporting dependents." He said aid in the campaign would come from the American Protective League.[43]
Houghton resigned from city service in June 1918 to accept a commission in the Army Medical Corps. He left for his assignment in San Francisco, accompanied by his wife.[44] At his death he was reported to have served in the 60th Coast Artillery.[5]
After the war, Houghton was one of the 11 men who formed the American Legion veterans organization.[2]
Syndicalism trial
[edit]Houghton was "the star witness" in the 1920 trial of Sydney R. Flowers, who was charged in a Los Angeles court with criminal syndicalism. Houghton told of his conversation with Flowers at the Soldiers' and Sailors' War Replacement Bureau, in which Flowers made a "general tirade against government" and "lauded the I.W.W. in Seattle." Defense attorney John Beardsley subjected Houghton to a "rigid cross-examination" in an effort to show that Houghton had been opposed by Flowers "in one of his ambitions and for that reason felt hostile toward him."[45]
The defense called three witnesses to testify that Houghton's reputation for "truth, honesty and integrity" was "bad." Houghton, however, was vouched for by eleven witnesses, including Buron Fitts of the American Legion.[46] Flowers eventually fled to Canada.[47]
Honors
[edit]Houghton had fellowships in the Royal Horticultural Society of England,[2] the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[5] In 1939 a tree was planted in his honor in an observance by more than a hundred military veterans at the Veterans Administration facility in today's North Hills, Los Angeles.[48]
Further reading
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stage_hypnotist_Arthur_D._Houghton%2C_with_subject%2C_probably_in_the_1890s.jpg/170px-Stage_hypnotist_Arthur_D._Houghton%2C_with_subject%2C_probably_in_the_1890s.jpg)
- Statement in 1894 by M.A. Wright of the First Spiritualist Society that Arthur Howton "has not, nor will not, receive any ordination papers" from the society "until he shows himself worthy of such."[1]
- Description of Arthur Howton, a "celebrated medium," performing a seance in 1894.[2]
- A 1906 article by James M. Harris concerning some of Arthur Houghton's time as a hypnotist in Chicago.[3]
- A 1916 letter from Houghton in the Alice Eastwood collection of the California Academy of Sciences archives.[4]
- Column by Alma Whitaker of the Los Angeles Times criticizing a speech Houghton had made about military training and the coddling of soldiers.[5]
- Photograph and description of cactus Kalanchoe kalanchoe. "Houghton’s Hybrid" or "Pink Butterflies."[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Los Angeles Public Library reference file
- ^ a b c d e f "Dr. Houghton Casket Will Lie in State," Los Angeles Examiner, January 25, 1938
- ^ a b c "Character, But No Beauty Is His Abode," Los Angeles Examiner, September 18, 1904, page 1
- ^ "Dr. Houghton Can't Make Denial Stick," Los Angeles Times, September 16, 1904, page A-1
- ^ a b c "Dr. Houghton Succumbs," Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1938
- ^ "Players in 'The Merry Wives of Windsor,' " Los Angeles Herald, April 17, 1904
- ^ "Mayor Ejects Sixth Warder," Los Angeles Herald, March 16, 1906
- ^ "Says Examiner Is Liar and Devoid of Truth," Los Angeles Herald, November 28, 1905
- ^ "Rantings of Dock Are Brought to Close," Los Angeles Herald, February 29, 1906
- ^ "Expert Witness in Insurance Case Suddenly Becomes Ill While Waiting to Testify," Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1933, page A-3
- ^ "Late Dr. Houghton to Lie in State," Los Angeles Herald-Express, January 25, 1938
- ^ ""Bridge to Cost About $40,000," Los Angeles Herald, June 17, 1906". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ "Accept Pioneer Park; Reject Dock's Cacti," Los Angeles Herald, July 13, 1906
- ^ "Scientist Has Newest Flower," Los Angeles Times, May 11, 1928, page A-12
- ^ "Cactus Show at Pasadena Draws Crowd," Los Angeles Times, March 17, 1929, page C-27
- ^ International Plant Names Index. Houghton.
- ^ "Recall Elections," Los Angeles A to Z, Leonard Pitt and Dale Pitt, University of California Press (1997)
- ^ "History of the Davenport Case," Los Angeles Times, September 16, 1904, page A-1
- ^ "Los Angeles Voters Sustain City's Charter," San Francisco Call, September 17, 1904
- ^ "Recall Candidate Wins," Los Angeles Herald, September 17, 1904
- ^ a b c "Howton Goes Into Council, Admits His Identity, Confesses Assumed Name," Los Angeles Times, September 21, 1904, page 2
- ^ Los Angeles Times, December 6, 1904, page 8
- ^ "Houghton Defeats Davenport by a Large Majority," Los Angeles Examiner, September 17, 1904, page 1
- ^ a b "Can a Spook Be a Citizen?" Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1904, page A-1
- ^ Los Angeles Examiner, September 21, 1904
- ^ "In Stormy Session Houghton Is Seated," Los Angeles Herald, September 21, 1904
- ^ a b "Doc Howton's Resignation," Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1905, page II-1
- ^ "More Malicious Falsehoods," Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1904, page A-4
- ^ "Bearded Fish," Los Angeles Herald, April 21, 1909 "We notice with interest the demotion of Doctor Houghton in the columns of a morning pro-vice contemporary. This sheet used to refer to him as 'Doc' Howton. When he was advocating causes dear to the heart of our contemporary he was promoted to 'Dr. A.D. Houghton.' But he is demoted, and again he is 'Doc' Howton."
- ^ "General Otis' Threat to Dr. Houghton," Los Angeles Examiner, page 1
- ^ "Malicious Lie Nailed Hard," Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1904, page A-2
- ^ a b "Howton History: Many 'Warm' Chapters," Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1904, page A-2
- ^ Roger M. Grace, "E.T. Earl Pulls the Strings of Woolwine's Election Challenger," Metropolitan News-Enterprise, June 5, 2007
- ^ "For Election in Ward Six" Los Angeles Times,June 20, 1905, page II-2
- ^ "Big Reception Planned for Tomorrow Evening," Los Angeles Times, April 11, 1917, page II-6
- ^ "City Election Final Figures," Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1905, page II-2
- ^ "Heart Attack Fells Reeves," Los Angeles Times, June 9, 1917, page II-1
- ^ "Politics: The Watchman," Los Angeles Times, May 11, 1919, page II-8
- ^ "Politics," Los Angeles Times, September 30, 1917, page 19
- ^ a b "Houghton Run In for Speech," Los Angeles Herald, July 12, 1908
- ^ "Street Speaking Charge Against Houghton Dropped," Los Angeles Herald, August 14, 1908
- ^ "Reception for the Incumbent," Los Angeles Times, April 8, 1917, page VII-2
- ^ "Britishers to Be Recruited," Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1918, page II-2
- ^ "Joins Medical Corps," Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1918, page 17
- ^ "Avers Flowers Talked Revolt," Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1920
- ^ "Flowers Case to Jury Today," Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1920, page II-11
- ^ "Heavy Flowers Bail Forfeited," Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1920, page II-1
- ^ "Tree Planting Honors Legion Founder," Los Angeles Times, April 17, 1939, page A-2