James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Scottish noble}} |
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[[Image:1stEarlOfCallendar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Earl of Callendar.]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} |
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| ⚫ | '''James Livingston, |
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{{infobox officeholder |
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| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] |
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| name = The Earl of Callendar |
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| image = 1stEarlOfCallendar.jpg |
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| birth_date = {{Circa|1590}}s |
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| death_date = March 1674 |
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| parents = [[Alexander Livingston, 1st Earl of Linlithgow]]<br>[[Helenor Hay]] |
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| spouse = {{marriage|Hon. Margaret Seton<br>|1633||reason=}} |
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| relatives = [[Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll]] (grandfather)<br>[[William Livingstone, 6th Lord Livingston]] (grandfather) |
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| battles = [[Bishops' War]]<br>[[Second Bishops' War]]<br>[[Second English Civil War]] |
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| allegiance = [[Cavalier|Royalists]] |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | '''James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar''' ({{Circa|1590}}s – March 1674), was a Scottish army officer who fought on the Royalist side in the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].<ref>Livingston is also spelt '''Livingstone''' in some sources, Earl of Callendar is also spelt '''Earl of Calendar''' and '''Earl of Calender'''</ref><ref>Staff. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101016808/ James Livingston] Oxford Biography Index entry</ref> |
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==Early life== |
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Livingston was the third son of [[Alexander Livingston, 1st Earl of Linlithgow]] and [[Helenor Hay]] (the eldest daughter of [[Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll]]). He was probably born during the 1590s. Around 1616 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Dutch army under the command of his brother, Sir Henry Livingston.{{cn|date=September 2022}} |
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==Career== |
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| ⚫ | By 1629, he was an experienced soldier and lieutenant-colonel of one of the three regiments of the Scottish brigade. By 1633, he was a full colonel in the [[Dutch army]]. During the same period he also served both [[James I of England|James VI]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] receiving both a pension and a knighthood for his services to [[the Crown]]. During a royal visit to Scotland, Livingston was created [[Lord Livingston of Almond]] on 19 June 1633 by Charles I.<ref>Almond is also spelt Amont in some sources</ref><ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
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During the opening phases of the [[Bishops' War]], Livingston at first appeared to support the King by supporting a rival to the [[National Covenant]] called the King's Covenant, but then declared that it too upheld [[Presbyterianism]]. Pleading the need to go abroad for treatment of [[gallstone]]s (something he had first suffered in 1637), he avoided any further entanglement in the war. After consulting his surgeon it was decided he did not need an operation, but instead of returning to Scotland he went to Holland and took command of his regiment.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
During the opening phases of the [[Bishops' War]], Livingston at first appeared to support the King by supporting a rival to the [[National Covenant]] called the King's Covenant, but then declared that it too upheld [[Presbyterianism]]. Pleading the need to go abroad for treatment of [[gallstone]]s (something he had first suffered in 1637), he avoided any further entanglement in the war. After consulting his surgeon it was decided he did not need an operation, but instead of returning to Scotland he went to Holland and took command of his regiment.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
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During the [[Second Bishops' War]] Livingston served as lieutenant-general of the [[Covenanters]]' army and played a leading role during the invasion of England, but he opposed the policies of the [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]] and his faction, and signed the [[Cumbernauld Bond]] along with the [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Earl of Montrose]] and others.<ref>Stevenson citing "Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, 1.390"</ref> After the Cumbernauld Bond was discovered by Argyll, the [[Committee of Estates]] considered the matter but in the end it was hushed up and Livingston retained the lieutenant-generalship.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
During the [[Second Bishops' War]] Livingston served as lieutenant-general of the [[Covenanters]]' army and played a leading role during the invasion of England, but he opposed the policies of the [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]] and his faction, and signed the [[Cumbernauld Bond]] along with the [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Earl of Montrose]] and others.<ref>Stevenson citing "Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, 1.390"</ref> After the Cumbernauld Bond was discovered by Argyll, the [[Committee of Estates]] considered the matter but in the end it was hushed up and Livingston retained the lieutenant-generalship.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
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Livingston's support for the Covenanters' caused lost him his Dutch command at the request of Charles I. However during negotiations between Charles I and the Covenanters Charles hoped to persuade Livingston to be sympathetic to his proposals by offering Livingston the position of Treasurer of Scotland; however Livingston declined, putting the public good before private gain.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
Livingston's support for the Covenanters' caused lost him his Dutch command at the request of Charles I. However, during negotiations between Charles I and the Covenanters Charles hoped to persuade Livingston to be sympathetic to his proposals by offering Livingston the position of Treasurer of Scotland; however Livingston declined, putting the public good before private gain.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
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Livingston was involved in a planned Royalist ''[[coup d'état]]'' known to history as "[[The Incident (conspiracy)|The Incident]]". It was alleged that a conspiracy to arrest the Earl of Argyll and the [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton|Marquess of Hamilton]] was discussed in Livingston's house, and that Livingston would have played a leading part in the arrests. However it suited neither the King or the Covenanters to investigate the conspiracy too rigorously as they were close to an agreement; as part of the settlement Livingston was created [[Earl of Callendar]] on 6 October 1641.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
Livingston was involved in a planned Royalist ''[[coup d'état]]'' known to history as "[[The Incident (conspiracy)|The Incident]]". It was alleged that a conspiracy to arrest the Earl of Argyll and the [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton|Marquess of Hamilton]] was discussed in Livingston's house, and that Livingston would have played a leading part in the arrests. However it suited neither the King or the Covenanters to investigate the conspiracy too rigorously as they were close to an agreement; as part of the settlement Livingston was created [[Earl of Callendar]] on 6 October 1641.<ref name=OED-bio>Stevenson</ref> |
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Livingston declined the offer of a high position in the army raised by Charles, and instead led a division of the Scottish forces into England in 1644 and helped [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Earl of Leven]] to capture [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]. In 1645 Livingston, who often imagined himself slighted, left the army, and in 1647 he was one of the promoters of [[The Engagement]] for the release of King Charles I.<ref name=EB-JALJL>[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] article "John Adrian Louis Hope Linlithgow"</ref> |
Livingston declined the offer of a high position in the army raised by Charles, and instead led a division of the Scottish forces into England in 1644 and helped [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Earl of Leven]] to capture [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]. In 1645 Livingston, who often imagined himself slighted, left the army, and in 1647 he was one of the promoters of [[The Engagement (1647)|The Engagement]] for the release of King Charles I.<ref name=EB-JALJL>[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] article "John Adrian Louis Hope Linlithgow"</ref> |
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In 1648, when the Scots marched into England in the [[Second English Civil War#Campaign of Preston|Campaign of Preston]], Livingston served as lieutenant-general under the Duke of Hamilton, but Hamilton found him as difficult to work with as Leven had done previously, and his advice was mainly responsible for the defeat at the [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]]. After Preston, Livingston escaped to Holland. In 1650 he was allowed to return to Scotland, but in 1654 his estates were seized and he was imprisoned. He came into prominence once more at the [[English Restoration|Restoration]].<ref name=EB-JALJL/> |
In 1648, when the Scots marched into England in the [[Second English Civil War#Campaign of Preston|Campaign of Preston]], Livingston served as lieutenant-general under the Duke of Hamilton, but Hamilton found him as difficult to work with as Leven had done previously, and his advice was mainly responsible for the defeat at the [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]]. After Preston, Livingston escaped to Holland. In 1650 he was allowed to return to Scotland, but in 1654 his estates were seized and he was imprisoned (See [[Cromwell's Act of Grace]]). He came into prominence once more at the [[English Restoration|Restoration]].<ref name=EB-JALJL/> |
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==Personal life== |
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In 1633, he was married to the Hon. Margaret Seton, the widow of [[Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline]]. Margaret was the sister of [[Earl of Tweeddale|John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale]] and the only daughter of [[James Hay, 7th Lord Hay of Yester]] and Lady Margaret Kerr (third daughter of [[Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian]]).<ref name="EarlCallendar">{{cite web |title=Callendar, Earl of (S, 1641 - forfeited 1716) |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/callendar1641.htm#CALLENDAR_1641_3 |website=cracroftspeerage.co.uk |publisher=Heraldic Media Limited |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> |
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When Livingston died in March 1674, leaving no children, according to a special remainder, he was succeeded in [[Earl of Callendar|the earldom]] by his nephew [[Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Callendar|Alexander Livingston]], the second son of [[Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow]].<ref name=EB-JALJL/> |
When Livingston died in March 1674, leaving no children, according to a special remainder, he was succeeded in [[Earl of Callendar|the earldom]] by his nephew [[Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Callendar|Alexander Livingston]], the second son of [[Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow]].<ref name=EB-JALJL/> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*{{cite ODNB |last=Stevenson |first=David |id=16808 |title=Livingston , James, first earl of Callendar (d. 1674)|year=2004}} Cites: |
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*{{1911|article=John Adrian Louis Hope Linlithgow}} |
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*Stevenson, David. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16808 Livingston , James, first earl of Callendar (d. 1674)], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 29 May 2008. Cites: |
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** DNB |
** DNB |
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** Scots peerage |
** Scots peerage |
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** Cokayne, ''[[The Complete Peerage]]'' |
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** James Turner, ''Memoirs of his own life and times, 1632–1670'', ed. [[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], Bannatyne Club, 28 (1829) |
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** The letters and journals of Robert Baillie, ed. D. Laing, 3 vols., Bannatyne Club, 73 (1841–2) |
** The letters and journals of Robert Baillie, ed. D. Laing, 3 vols., Bannatyne Club, 73 (1841–2) |
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** The memoirs of Henry Guthry, late bishop, ed. G. Crawford, 2nd edn (1748) |
** The memoirs of Henry Guthry, late bishop, ed. G. Crawford, 2nd edn (1748) |
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** J. G. Fotheringham, ed., The diplomatic correspondence of Jean de Montereul and the brothers de Bellièvre: French ambassadors in England and Scotland, 1645–1648, 2 vols., Scottish History Society, 29–30 (1898–9) (See [[Pompone de Bellièvre]]) |
** J. G. Fotheringham, ed., The diplomatic correspondence of Jean de Montereul and the brothers de Bellièvre: French ambassadors in England and Scotland, 1645–1648, 2 vols., Scottish History Society, 29–30 (1898–9) (See [[Pompone de Bellièvre]]) |
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;Attribution |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Linlithgow, John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of|volume=16|page=730–731}} |
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{{s-reg|sct}} |
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{{s-new|rows=2|creation}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Callendar]]|years=1641–1674}} |
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{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Andrew Livingston, 2nd Earl of Callendar|Andrew Livingston]]}} |
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|- |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Callendar|Lord Livingston of Almond]]|years=1633–1674}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:1590s births]] |
[[Category:1590s births]] |
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[[Category:1674 deaths]] |
[[Category:1674 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Nobility from Falkirk (council area)]] |
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[[Category:Earls of Callendar|1]] |
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[[Category:Peers of Scotland created by Charles I]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1643–44]] |
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[[Category:Scottish soldiers]] |
[[Category:Scottish soldiers]] |
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[[Category:Younger sons of earls]] |
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[[th:เจมส์ ลิฟวิงสตัน เอิร์ลแห่งคัลแลนเดอร์ที่ 1]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:17, 1 April 2024
The Earl of Callendar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1590s |
| Died | March 1674 |
| Spouse |
Hon. Margaret Seton
(after 1633) |
| Parent(s) | Alexander Livingston, 1st Earl of Linlithgow Helenor Hay |
| Relatives | Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll (grandfather) William Livingstone, 6th Lord Livingston (grandfather) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Royalists |
| Battles/wars | Bishops' War Second Bishops' War Second English Civil War |
James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar (c. 1590s – March 1674), was a Scottish army officer who fought on the Royalist side in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.[1][2]
Early life
[edit]Livingston was the third son of Alexander Livingston, 1st Earl of Linlithgow and Helenor Hay (the eldest daughter of Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll). He was probably born during the 1590s. Around 1616 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Dutch army under the command of his brother, Sir Henry Livingston.[citation needed]
Career
[edit]By 1629, he was an experienced soldier and lieutenant-colonel of one of the three regiments of the Scottish brigade. By 1633, he was a full colonel in the Dutch army. During the same period he also served both James VI and Charles I receiving both a pension and a knighthood for his services to the Crown. During a royal visit to Scotland, Livingston was created Lord Livingston of Almond on 19 June 1633 by Charles I.[3][4]
During the opening phases of the Bishops' War, Livingston at first appeared to support the King by supporting a rival to the National Covenant called the King's Covenant, but then declared that it too upheld Presbyterianism. Pleading the need to go abroad for treatment of gallstones (something he had first suffered in 1637), he avoided any further entanglement in the war. After consulting his surgeon it was decided he did not need an operation, but instead of returning to Scotland he went to Holland and took command of his regiment.[4]
During the Second Bishops' War Livingston served as lieutenant-general of the Covenanters' army and played a leading role during the invasion of England, but he opposed the policies of the Earl of Argyll and his faction, and signed the Cumbernauld Bond along with the Earl of Montrose and others.[5] After the Cumbernauld Bond was discovered by Argyll, the Committee of Estates considered the matter but in the end it was hushed up and Livingston retained the lieutenant-generalship.[4]
Livingston's support for the Covenanters' caused lost him his Dutch command at the request of Charles I. However, during negotiations between Charles I and the Covenanters Charles hoped to persuade Livingston to be sympathetic to his proposals by offering Livingston the position of Treasurer of Scotland; however Livingston declined, putting the public good before private gain.[4]
Livingston was involved in a planned Royalist coup d'état known to history as "The Incident". It was alleged that a conspiracy to arrest the Earl of Argyll and the Marquess of Hamilton was discussed in Livingston's house, and that Livingston would have played a leading part in the arrests. However it suited neither the King or the Covenanters to investigate the conspiracy too rigorously as they were close to an agreement; as part of the settlement Livingston was created Earl of Callendar on 6 October 1641.[4]
Livingston declined the offer of a high position in the army raised by Charles, and instead led a division of the Scottish forces into England in 1644 and helped Earl of Leven to capture Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1645 Livingston, who often imagined himself slighted, left the army, and in 1647 he was one of the promoters of The Engagement for the release of King Charles I.[6]
In 1648, when the Scots marched into England in the Campaign of Preston, Livingston served as lieutenant-general under the Duke of Hamilton, but Hamilton found him as difficult to work with as Leven had done previously, and his advice was mainly responsible for the defeat at the Battle of Preston. After Preston, Livingston escaped to Holland. In 1650 he was allowed to return to Scotland, but in 1654 his estates were seized and he was imprisoned (See Cromwell's Act of Grace). He came into prominence once more at the Restoration.[6]
Personal life
[edit]In 1633, he was married to the Hon. Margaret Seton, the widow of Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline. Margaret was the sister of John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale and the only daughter of James Hay, 7th Lord Hay of Yester and Lady Margaret Kerr (third daughter of Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian).[7]
When Livingston died in March 1674, leaving no children, according to a special remainder, he was succeeded in the earldom by his nephew Alexander Livingston, the second son of Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow.[6]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Livingston is also spelt Livingstone in some sources, Earl of Callendar is also spelt Earl of Calendar and Earl of Calender
- ^ Staff. James Livingston Oxford Biography Index entry
- ^ Almond is also spelt Amont in some sources
- ^ a b c d e Stevenson
- ^ Stevenson citing "Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, 1.390"
- ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "John Adrian Louis Hope Linlithgow"
- ^ "Callendar, Earl of (S, 1641 - forfeited 1716)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
References
[edit]- Stevenson, David (2004). "Livingston , James, first earl of Callendar (d. 1674)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16808. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Cites:
- DNB
- Scots peerage
- Cokayne, The Complete Peerage
- James Turner, Memoirs of his own life and times, 1632–1670, ed. Thomas Thomson, Bannatyne Club, 28 (1829)
- The letters and journals of Robert Baillie, ed. D. Laing, 3 vols., Bannatyne Club, 73 (1841–2)
- The memoirs of Henry Guthry, late bishop, ed. G. Crawford, 2nd edn (1748)
- D. Stevenson, The Scottish revolution, 1637–44: the triumph of the covenanters (1973)
- D. Stevenson, Revolution and counter-revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651, Royal Historical Society Studies in History, 4 (1977)
- The historical works of Sir James Balfour, ed. J. Haig, 4 vols. (1824–5)
- APS
- Reg. PCS, 1st ser.
- Reg. PCS, 2nd ser.
- Reg. PCS, 3rd ser.
- C. H. Firth, ed., Scotland and the Commonwealth: letters and papers relating to the military government of Scotland, from August 1651 to December 1653, Scottish History Society, 18 (1895)
- C. H. Firth, ed., Scotland and the protectorate: letters and papers relating to the military government of Scotland from January 1654 to June 1659, Scottish History Society, 31 (1899)
- J. G. Fotheringham, ed., The diplomatic correspondence of Jean de Montereul and the brothers de Bellièvre: French ambassadors in England and Scotland, 1645–1648, 2 vols., Scottish History Society, 29–30 (1898–9) (See Pompone de Bellièvre)
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Linlithgow, John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 730–731.
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